Distribution pattern of white snakeroot as an invasive alien plant and restoration strategy to inhibit its expansion in Seoripool park, Seoul

References

• Abensperg‐Traun , M , Atkins , L , Hobbs , R and Steven , D . 1998 . Exotic plant invasion and understory species richness: a comparison of two types of eucalypt woodland in agricultural Western Australia . Pacific Conserv Biol , 4 : 21 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Aronson , J , Floret , C , Le floc'h , E , Ovalle , C and Pontainer , P . 1993 . Restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems in arid and semi‐arid lands. I. A review from the South . Restor Ecol , 1 : 8 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Baird , K . 1989 . High quality restoration of riparian ecosystems . Restor Manage Notes , 7 : 60 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , HG . 1986 . “ Patterns of plant invasion in North America ” . In Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii , Edited by: Mooney , HA and Drake , JA . 44 – 57 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Baldacchino , AE and Pizzuto , A . Introduction of Alien Species of Flora and Fauna . Proceedings of a Seminar Held at Qawra . Maltra .
   Google Scholar
• Berger , JJ . 1993 . Ecological restoration and nonindigenous plant species: a review . Restor Ecol , 1 : 74 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradshaw , AD . 1984 . Ecological principles and land reclamation practice . Lands Plann , 11 : 35 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun‐Blanquet , J . 1964 . Pflanzensoziologie. Grundze der Vegetationskunde , Wien : Springer‐Verlaq .
   Google Scholar
• Cadenasso , ML and Pickett , STA . 2001 . Linking forest edge structure to edge function: mediation of herbivore damage . J Ecol , 88 : 31 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun , YJ , Lee , HW and Lee , EJ . 2001 . Allozyme variation and population genetic structure of an invasive plant (Ageratina altissima), in Seoul Korean . J Biol Sci , 5 : 309 – 312 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , MA , Grime , JP and Thompson , K . 2000 . Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility . J Ecol , 88 : 528 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggin , JA and Gentle , CB . 1998 . Experimental evidence on the importance of disturbance intensity for invasion of Lantana camara L. in dry rainforest‐open forest ecotones in northeastern NSW, Australia . For Ecol Manage , 109 : 279 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elton , CS . 1958 . The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI) . 1996 . ArcView GIS , New York : Environmental System Research Institute, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Forman , RTT . 1995 . Land Mosaics: the Ecology of Landscapes and Regions , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grove , RH and Burdon , JJ . 1986 . Ecology of Biological Invasions , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , JL . 1965 . “ Establishment, aggression, and cohabitation in weedy species ” . In The Genetics of Colonizing Species , Edited by: Baker , HG and Stebbins , GL . 243 – 265 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hedgpeth , JW . 1993 . Foreign invaders . Science , 261 : 34 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs , RJ . 1991 . Disturbance as a precursor to weed invasion in native vegetation . Plant Protec Quart , 6 : 99 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs , RJ and Huenneke , LF . 1992 . Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation . Conserv Biol , 6 : 324 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huston , MA and Smith , TM . 1987 . Plant succession: life history and competition . Am Nat , 130 : 168 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyun , CS . 1998 . “ Study on the Factors Affecting the Distribution of White Snakeroot Introduced in Mt. Nam ‐ in the Concentration on the Coverage of White Snakeroot and Abiotic Environmental Factors ” . Seoul : Seoul National University . M.Ed. Thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone , IM . 1986 . Plant invasion windows: a time‐based classification of invasion potential . Biol Rev , 61 : 369 – 394 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kil , BS , Jeon , ES , Kim , YS , Kim , CH , Yun , KW , Yoo , HG , Kim , BS and Kim , HC . 1998 . Flora and distribution of Mt. Nam park, Seoul . Korean J Ecol , 21 : 603 – 631 .
   Google Scholar
• Kil , JH . 2003 . “ Ecological Characteristics and Environmental Risk Assessment of Eupatorium rugosum ” . Seoul : Konkuk University . Ph.D. Thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Kim , JM , Yim , YJ and Jeon , ES . 2000 . Invasive Alien Plants in Korea , Seoul : Science Books .
   Google Scholar
• Kowarik , I . 1999 . Neophytes in Germany: quantitative overview, introduction and dispersal pathways, ecological consequences and open questions. In: Doyle U (ed), Alien Organisms in Germany. Proceedings of a Conference on Legal Regulations Concerning Alien Organisms in Comparison to Genetically Modified Organisms: Federal Environmental Agency, Berlin . Texte , 18/99 : 12 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , CS , Lee , WS , Cho , HJ and Rhim , SJ . 2002a . Ecology of Seoul , Seoul : Dangdae Publication Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , CS , You , YH and Robinson , GR . 2002b . Secondary succession and natural habitat restoration in abandoned rice fields of central Korea . Restor Ecol , 10 : 306 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , EB . 1987 . An Investigation for flora on Namsan park of Seoul . Nat Conserv , 59 : 36 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , WT and Yim , YJ . 1978 . Studies on the distribution of vascular plants in the Korean peninsula . Korean J Plant Tax , 8 : 1 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , JM and D'Antonio , CM . 1999 . Elton revisited: a review of evidence linking diversity and invasibility . Oikos , 87 : 15 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonsdale , WM . 1999 . Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility . Ecology , 80 : 1522 – 1536 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lugo , AE . 1997 . “ Maintaining an open mind on exotic species ” . In Principles of Conservation Biology , Edited by: Meffe , GK and Carroll , CR . 245 – 247 . Sunderland : Sinauer Associates .
   Google Scholar
• MacArthur , RH and Wilson , EO . 1967 . The Theory of Island Biogeography , Princeton : Princeton University, Press .
   Google Scholar
• McNaughton . 1983 . Serengeti grassland ecology: the role of composite environmental factors and contingency in community organization . Ecol Monogr , 53 : 291 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeeley , JA , Mooney , HA , Naville , LE , Schei , PJ and Waage , JK . 2001 . Global strategy on invasive alien species , IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, in collaboration with the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) .
   Google Scholar
• Meffe , GK , Carroll , CR and Pimm , SL . 1997 . “ Community‐ and ecosystem‐level conservation: species interactions, disturbance regimes, and invading species ” . In Principles of Conservation Biology , Edited by: Meffe , GK and Carroll , CR . 236 – 267 . Sunderland : Sinauer Associates, Inc. Pub. .
   Google Scholar
• Mooney , HA and Drake , JA . 1986 . Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii , New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Mooney , HA and Hobbs , HA . 2000 . Invasive Species in a Changing World , Washington D.C. : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , JW . 1998 . Patterns of invasion of a remnant of a species‐rich grassland in southwestern Australia by non‐native plant species . J Veg Sci , 9 : 181 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) . 1995 . Survey for Ecological Impact by Naturalized Organisms(I) , Seoul : NIER .
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) . 1996 . Survey for Ecological Impact by Naturalized Organisms(II) , Seoul : NIER .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 1991 . The Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy , Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Panetta , FD and Hopkins , AJM . 1991 . “ Weeds in corridors: invasion and management ” . In Nature Conservation. 2. The Role of Corridors , Edited by: Saunders , DA and Hobbs , RJ CR . 341 – 351 . Chipping Norton : Surrey Beatty and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Parendes , LA and Jones , JA . 2000 . Role of light availability and dispersal in exotic plant invasion along roads and streams in the HJ Andrew's Experimental Forest, Oregon . Conserv Biol , 14 : 64 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett , STA and Cadenasso , ML . 1995 . Landscape ecology: spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems . Science , 269 : 331 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett , STA and White , PS , eds. 1985 . Disturbance and patch dynamics , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pimm , SL . 1991 . The Balance of Nature? , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schofield , EK . 1989 . Effects of introduced plants and animals on island vegetation: examples from Galapagos Archipelago . Conserv Biol , 3 : 227 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seoul City . 1999 . A Survey on Changes of Biological Species Distribution in Seoul , Seoul : Seoul City .
   Google Scholar
• Seoul City . 2000 . A Survey on Biotope and Establishment of Guideline to Construct Eco‐polis in Seoul City (The First Year's Report) , Seoul : Seoul City .
   Google Scholar
• Simberloff , D , Schmitz , DC and Brown , TC . 1997 . Strangers in Paradise: Impact Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida , Washington, D.C. : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Suh , MH , Lee , YM , Kil , JH and Kim , KD . 1997 . Characteristics and distribution pattern of Eupatorium rugosum at Mt. Namsan in Seoul . Korean J Ecol , 20 : 285 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Tilman , D . 1982 . Resource Competition and Community Structure. Monographs in Population Biology , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tilman , D . 1988 . Plant Strategies and the Structure and Dynamics of Plant Communities , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tilman , D . 1997 . Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity . Ecology , 78 : 81 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitousek , PM . 1986 . “ Biological invasions and ecosystem properties: can species make a difference? ” . In Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii , Edited by: Mooney , HA and Drake , JA . 163 – 176 . New York : Springer Verlaq .
   Google Scholar
• Vitousek , PM and Walker , LR . 1989 . Biological invasion by Myrica faya in Hawaii: plant demography, nitrogen fixation, ecosystem effects . Ecol Monogr , 59 : 247 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiens , JA , Stenseth , NC , Horn , Van and Ims , RA . 1993 . Ecological mechanisms and landscape ecology . Oikos , 66 : 369 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , GY . 1989 . “ A Study on the Forest and the Distribution of Naturalized Plants in Seoul ” . Seoul : Chungang University . M.S. Thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Yim , YJ and Jeon , ES . 1980 . Distribution of naturalized plants in the Korean Peninsula . Korean J Bot , 23 : 69 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Yim , YJ , Park , JH and Han , CS . 1987 . Vegetation of Mt. Namsan, Seoul . Bull Nat Sci, Chungang Univ, Seoul , 1 : 31 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 82–2–970–5666, Fax: 82–2–970–5822 E‐mail: [email protected]
   Google Scholar