7,167
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Who is hardest hit by a pandemic? Racial disparities in COVID-19 hardship in the U.S.

ORCID Icon
Pages 149-177 | Received 22 Jul 2020, Accepted 02 Jan 2021, Published online: 22 Jan 2021

References

  • Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on gender equality (No. w26947). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Aucejo, E., French, J., Araya, M. P. U., & Zafar, B. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on student experiences and expectations: Evidence from a survey (No. w27392). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Auger, K. A., Shah, S. S., Richardson, T., Hartley, D., Hall, M., Warniment, A., … Thomson, J. E. (2020). Association between statewide school closure and COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the US. JAMA, 324(9), 859–870.
  • Aum, S., Lee, S. Y. (Tim), & Shin, Y. (2020). COVID-19 doesn’t need lockdowns to destroy jobs: The effect of local outbreaks in Korea (No. w27264). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Balla-Elliott, D. (2020). Business reopening decisions and demand forecasts during the COVID-19 pandemic (No. w27362). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z. B., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. T. (2020). How are small businesses adjusting to COVID-19? Early evidence from a survey (No. w26989). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Bauer, L., Pitts, A., Ruffini, K., & Schanzenbach, D. W. (2020). The effect of pandemic EBT on measures of food hardship. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.
  • Brookings. (2020). COVID-19 updates.
  • Buffington, C., Dennis, C., Dinlersoz, E., Foster, L., & Klimek, S. (2020). Measuring the effect of COVID-19 on U.S. small businesses: The small business pulse survey (CES-20-16; Center for Economic Studies (CES) Working Paper Series). U.S. Census Bureau.
  • Callen, J. (2020a). Weekly census bureau survey provides near-real-time info on businesses (America Counts: Stories Behind the Numbers). U.S. Census Bureau.
  • Callen, J. (2020b). Weekly census bureau survey provides timely info on households during COVID-19 pandemic (America Counts: Stories Behind the Numbers). U.S. Census Bureau.
  • Cheng, W., Carlin, P., Carroll, J., Gupta, S., Rojas, F. L., Montenovo, L., … Weinberg, B. (2020). Back to business and (re)employing workers? Labor market activity during state COVID-19 reopenings (No. w27419). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Chetty, R., Friedman, J., Hendren, N., Stepner, M., & Team, T. O. I. (2020). How did COVID-19 and stabilization policies affect spending and employment? A new real-time economic tracker based on private sector data (No. w27431). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • COVID Tracking Project. (2020). The COVID racial data tracker.
  • Evans, M. K. (2020). Covid’s color line—infectious disease, inequity, and racial justice. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(5), 408–410.
  • Fairlie, R. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 on small business owners: Evidence of early-stage losses from the April 2020 current population survey (No. w27309). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Florida, R., Glaeser, E., Sharif, M. M., Bedi, K., Campanella, T. J., Chee, C. H., … Sadik-Khan, J. (2020, May 1). How life in our cities will look after the coronavirus pandemic. Foreign Policy.
  • Florida, R., & Pedigo, S. (2020, March 24). How our cities can reopen after the COVID-19 pandemic. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
  • Fulton, W. (2020, March 29). How the COVID-19 pandemic will change our cities. Houston, TX: Rice Kinder Institute for Urban Research.
  • Galasso, V., Pons, V., Profeta, P., Becher, M., Brouard, S., & Foucault, M. (2020). Gender differences in COVID-19 related attitudes and behavior: Evidence from a panel survey in eight OECD countries (No. w27359). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: The need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6), 817–818.
  • Gupta, S., Montenovo, L., Nguyen, T., Rojas, F. L., Schmutte, I., Simon, K., … Wing, C. (2020). Effects of social distancing policy on labor market outcomes (No. w27280). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Gupta, S., Nguyen, T., Rojas, F. L., Raman, S., Lee, B., Bento, A., … Wing, C. (2020). Tracking public and private responses to the COVID-19 epidemic: Evidence from state and local government actions (No. w27027). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Hamidi, S., Sabouri, S., & Ewing, R. (2020). Does density aggravate the COVID-19 pandemic?: Early findings and lessons for planners. Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(4), 495–509.
  • Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (2003). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care (p. 12875). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
  • Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy. (2018). Who pays? A distributional analysis of the tax systems in All 50 states. Washington, D.C.: Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy.
  • Johns Hopkins. (2020). Coronavirus Resource Center.
  • Karpman, M., Zuckerman, S., Gonzalez, D., & Kenney, G. M. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic is straining families’ abilities to afford basic needs: Low-income and hispanic families the hardest hit. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
  • Klee, M., Laughlin, L., & Munk, R. (2020). Combining census bureau pulse surveys reveals which workers are hardest hit by COVID-19 (America Counts: Stories Behind the Numbers). U.S. Census Bureau.
  • Knittel, C. R., & Ozaltun, B. (2020). What does and does not correlate with COVID-19 death rates (No. w27391). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Lake, J. (2020). The pandemic has exacerbated housing instability for renters of color. Washington, D.C.: Center for American Progress.
  • Li, Y., & Galea, S. (2020). Racism and the COVID-19 epidemic: Recommendations for health care workers. American Journal of Public Health, 110(7), 956–957.
  • Manville, M., Monkkonen, P., Lens, M., & Green, R. (2020). COVID-19 and renter distress: Evidence from Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies and USC Lusk Center for Real Estate.
  • McLaren, J. (2020). Racial disparity in COVID-19 deaths: Seeking economic roots with census data. (No. w27407). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Mendez-Smith, B., & Klee, M. (2020). Census bureau’s new household pulse survey shows who is hardest hit during COVID-19 pandemic (America Counts: Stories Behind the Numbers). U.S. Census Bureau.
  • Monte, L. M., & O’donnell, S. (2020). Adults in households with children report higher rate of late housing payments and food shortages amid COVID-19 (America Counts: Stories Behind the Numbers). U.S. Census Bureau.
  • National Bureau of Economic Research. (2020). COVID-19 working papers.
  • New York Times. (2020). Coronavirus in the U.S.: Latest map and case count.
  • Nguyen, T., Gupta, S., Andersen, M., Bento, A., Simon, K., & Wing, C. (2020). Impacts of state reopening policy on human mobility (No. w27235). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Oppel, R. A., Gebeloff, R., Lai, R., Wright, W., & Smith, M. (2020, July 5). The fullest look yet at the racial inequity of coronavirus. The New York Times.
  • Rojas, F. L., Jiang, X., Montenovo, L., Simon, K., Weinberg, B., & Wing, C. (2020). Is the cure worse than the problem itself? Immediate Labor Market Effects of COVID-19 case rates and school closures in the U.S. (No. w27127). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Schanzenbach, D., & Pitts, A. (2020). Food insecurity in the census household pulse survey data tables. Evanston, IL: Northwestern Institute for Policy Research.
  • Schuetz, J. (2020). How many households can’t pay next month’s rent? That’s a tricky question. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.
  • Social Science Research Network. (2020). COVID-19 social science research.
  • Sonn, J. W., Kang, M., & Choi, Y. (2020). Smart city technologies for pandemic control without lockdown. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 24(2), 149–151.
  • StataCorp. (2013). Ordered logistic regression. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.
  • Studenmund, A. H. (2011). Using econometrics: A practical guide (6th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Pearson.
  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). COVID-19 data hub.
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Summary of notifiable infectious diseases and conditions—United States, 2002 (51(53); Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Racial disparities in nationally notifiable diseases—United States, 2002 (54(1); Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020a). CDC COVID data tracker.
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020b). CDC’s response to COVID-19.
  • U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2020). The household pulse survey provides data quickly during the pandemic (Spotlight on PD&R Data). U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
  • U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. (2020). Weekly updates by select demographic and geographic characteristics.
  • Wiemers, E. E., Abrahams, S., AlFakhri, M., Hotz, V. J., Schoeni, R. F., & Seltzer, J. A. (2020). Disparities in vulnerability to severe complications from COVID-19 in the United States (No. w27294). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). WHO director-general’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.