What do people want in a smart city? Exploring the stakeholders’ opinions, priorities and perceived barriers in a medium-sized city in the United States

References

• Agbali, M., Trillo, C., Ibrahim, I. A., Arayici, Y., & Fernando, T. (2019). Are smart innovation ecosystems really seeking to meet citizens’ needs? Insights from the stakeholders’ vision on smart city strategy implementation. Smart Cities, 2(2), 307–327. doi:10.3390/smartcities2020019
   Google Scholar
• Anthopoulos, L. G. (2017). Understanding smart cities: A tool for smart government or an industrial trick? (Vol. 22). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57015-0
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, D., Pérez-Bustamante, D., & Medrano, M.-L. (2017). Challenges for smart cities in the UK. In M. Peris-Ortiz, D. Bennett, & D. Pérez-Bustamante (Eds.), Sustainable smart cities: Creating spaces for technological, social and business development (pp. 1–14). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bjørner, T. (2021). The advantages of and barriers to being smart in a smart city: The perceptions of project managers within a smart city cluster project in greater Copenhagen. Cities, 114, 103187. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollier, D. (1998). How smart growth can stop sprawl: A fledgling citizen movement expands. Washington: Essential Books.
   Google Scholar
• Borghys, K., van der Graaf, S., Walravens, N., & Van Compernolle, M. (2020). Multi-stakeholder innovation in smart city discourse: Quadruple Helix thinking in the age of “platforms”. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 2(5), 1–6. doi:10.3389/frsc.2020.00005
   Google Scholar
• Calzada, I. (2016). (Un)plugging smart cities with urban transformations towards multi-stakeholder city-regional complex urbanity? URBS: Revista de estudios urbanos y ciencias sociale, 6(2), 25–45.
   Google Scholar
• Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011). Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology, 18(2), 65–82. doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardullo, P., Di Felicaiantonio, C., & Kitchin, R. (Eds.). (2019). The right to the smart city (1st ed.). Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Cardullo, P., & Kitchin, R. (2019). Smart urbanism and smart citizenship: The neoliberal logic of ‘citizen-focused’ smart cities in Europe. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37(5), 813–830. doi:10.1177/0263774X18806508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelnovo, W., Misuraca, G., & Savoldelli, A. (2016). Smart cities governance: The need for a holistic approach to assessing urban participatory policy making. Social Science Computer Review, 34(6), 724–739. doi:10.1177/0894439315611103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Intelligence Agency. (2020). The world Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/349.html
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2004). Premises, principles, and practices in qualitative research: Revisiting the foundations. Qualitative Health Research, 14(7), 976–993. doi:10.1177/1049732304266795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chifor, B.-C., Bica, I., & Patriciu, V.-V. (2017). Sensing service architecture for smart cities using social network platforms. Soft Computing, 21(16), 4513–4522. doi:10.1007/s00500-016-2053-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, J. (2020). Uneven innovation: The work of smart cities (1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coletta, C., Evans, L., Heaphy, L., & Kitchin, R. (Eds.). (2019). Creating smart cities. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Los Angeles: Sage publications.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, F. D. (1986). A technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems: Theory and results [Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15192
   Google Scholar
• Doyon, A. (2018). Emerging theoretical space: Urban planning and sustainability transitions. In T. Moore, F. de Haan, R. Horne, & B. J. Gleeson (Eds.), Urban sustainability transitions (pp. 213–231). Springer Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4792-3_12
   Google Scholar
• Eremia, M., Toma, L., & Sanduleac, M. (2017). The smart city concept in the 21st century. Procedia Engineering, 181, 12–19. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.357
   Google Scholar
• Falconer, G., & Mitchell, S. (2012). A systematic process for enabling smart+connected communities. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Fell, N., True, H. H., Allen, B., Harris, A., Cho, J., Hu, Z., … Salstrand, R. (2019). Functional measurement post-stroke via mobile application and body-worn sensor technology. mHealth, 5, 47–47. doi:10.21037/mhealth.2019.08.11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez-Anez, V., Fernández-Güell, J. M., & Giffinger, R. (2018). Smart city implementation and discourses: An integrated conceptual model. The case of Vienna. Cities, 78, 4–16. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2017.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, A. L. (2020). Smart city visions: Pathways to participatory planning in two American cities. Foresight, 22(5/6), 689–702. doi:10.1108/FS-04-2020-0036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanović, N., & Meijers, E. (2007). Smart cities. Ranking of European medium-sized cities (p. 28). Centre of Regional Science (SRF). Retrieved from http://www.smart-cities.eu/download/smart_cities_final_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gollin, D., Jedwab, R., & Vollrath, D. (2016). Urbanization with and without industrialization. Journal of Economic Growth, 21(1), 35–70. doi:10.1007/s10887-015-9121-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield, A. (2013). Against the smart city. New York: Do Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Habib, A., Alsmadi, D., & Prybutok, V. R. (2020). Factors that determine residents’ acceptance of smart city technologies. Behaviour & Information Technology, 39(6), 610–623. doi:10.1080/0144929X.2019.1693629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefetz, A., & Warner, M. (2007). Beyond the market versus planning dichotomy: Understanding privatisation and its reverse in US cities. Local Government Studies, 33(4), 555–572. doi:10.1080/03003930701417585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up?: Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial? City, 12(3), 303–320. doi:10.1080/13604810802479126
   Google Scholar
• Hollands, R. G. (2015). Critical interventions into the corporate smart city. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8(1), 61–77. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsu011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, T., Chen, J.-H., Wei, H.-H., & Su, Y.-C. (2021). Towards people-centric smart city development: Investigating the citizens’ preferences and perceptions about smart-city services in Taiwan. Sustainable Cities and Society, 67, 102691. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchin, R. (2016). The ethics of smart cities and urban science. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society. A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 374(2083), 1–15. doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchin, R. (2018). Reframing, reimagining, and remaking smart cities. In R. Kitchin, C. Coletta, L. Evans, & L. Heaphy (Eds.), Creating smart cities (1st ed., pp. 219–230). Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kitchin, R. (2019). Toward a genuinely humanizing smart urbanism. In P. Cardullo, C. Di Feliciantonio, & R. Kitchin (Eds.), The right to the smart city (pp. 193–204). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/978-1-78769-139-120191014
   Google Scholar
• Kollar, M., Bubbico, R. L., & Arsalides, N. (2018). Smart cities, smart investment in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (p. 46). Brussels: European Investment Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Laflamme, E. M., Way, P., Roland, J., & Sartipi, M. (2020). Using generalized linear mixed models to predict the number of roadway accidents: A case study in Hamilton County, Tennessee. The Open Transportation Journal, 14(1), 1–13. doi:10.2174/1874447802014010001
   Google Scholar
• Lin, C., Zhao, G., Yu, C., & Wu, Y. (2019). Smart city development and residents’ well-being. Sustainability, 11(3), 676. doi:10.3390/su11030676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loorbach, D., & Rotmans, J. (2010). The practice of transition management: Examples and lessons from four distinct cases. Futures, 42(3), 237–246. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2009.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundy, D. (2019, marzo 3). Moments in Memory: How Chattanooga cleaned up its act after being named the dirtiest city in America. Times Free Press. Retrieved from https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2019/mar/03/moments-memory-how-chattanoogcleaned-its-act/489833/
   Google Scholar
• Lytras, M., Visvizi, A., & Sarirete, A. (2019). Clustering smart city services: Perceptions, expectations, responses. Sustainability, 11(6), 1669. doi:10.3390/su11061669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark, R., & Anya, G. (2019). Ethics of using smart city AI and Big Data: The case of four large European cities. The ORBIT Journal, 2(2), 1–36. doi:10.29297/orbit.v2i2.110
   Google Scholar
• Marvin, R. (2018, mayo 4). Gig city: How Chattanooga became a tech hub. PC Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.pcmag.com/news/gig-city-how-chattanooga-became-a-tech-hub
   Google Scholar
• Mattern, S. (2013). Methodolatry and the art of measure: The new wave of urban data science. Design Observer: Places, 5. Retrieved from https://placesjournal.org/article/methodolatry-and-the-art-of-measure/
   Google Scholar
• Mattern, S. (2017). A city is not a computer. Places Journal, 2017. doi:10.22269/170207
   Google Scholar
• McLaren, D., & Agyeman, J. (2018). Smart for a reason: Sustainability and social inclusion in the sharing city. In C. Coletta, L. Evans, L. Heaphy, & R. Kitchin (Eds.), Creating smart cities (1st ed., pp. 13). Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. L., Krueger, R. A., & King, J. A. (Eds.). (1998). The focus group kit Vols. 1–6. London: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Musulin, K. (2020, noviembre 19). G20 invites 2 US cities to adopt global policy roadmap. Smart Cities Dive. Retrieved from https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/g20-invites-2-us-cities-to-adopt-global-policy-roadmap/589352/
   Google Scholar
• Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In Proceedings of the 12th annual international digital government research conference on digital government innovation in challenging times – Dg.o ‘11, 282. doi:10.1145/2037556.2037602
   Google Scholar
• Ooms, W., Caniëls, M. C. J., Roijakkers, N., & Cobben, D. (2020). Ecosystems for smart cities: Tracing the evolution of governance structures in a Dutch smart city initiative. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(4), 1225–1258. doi:10.1007/s11365-020-00640-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. doi:10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagiotopoulou, M., & Stratigea, A. (2017). Spatial data management and visualization tools and technologies for enhancing participatory e-planning in smart cities. In A. Stratigea, E. Kyriakides, & C. Nicolaides (Eds.), Smart cities in the Mediterranean. Coping with sustainability objectives in small and medium-sized cities and Island communities (pp. 31–57). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Paroutis, S., Bennett, M., & Heracleous, L. (2014). A strategic view on smart city technology: The case of IBM smarter cities during a recession. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 89, 262–272. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.08.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praharaj, S., & Han, H. (2019). Cutting through the clutter of smart city definitions: A reading into the smart city perceptions in India. City, Culture and Society, 18, 100289. doi:10.1016/j.ccs.2019.05.005
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sassen, S. (2001). The global city: New York, London, Tokyo (2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Satyam, A., & Calzada, I. (2017). The smart city transformations: The revolution of the 21st century. New Delhi: Bloomsbury Academic and Professional Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher, E. F. (1993). Small is beautiful: A study of economics as if people mattered. London: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Shelton, T., & Lodato, T. (2019). From smart cities to smart citizens? Searching for the ‘actually existing smart citizen’ in Atlanta, Georgia. In C. Coletta, L. Evans, L. Heaphy, & R. Kitchin (Eds.), Creating Smart cities (pp. 144–154). Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sonn, J. W., Kang, M., & Choi, Y. (2020). Smart city technologies for pandemic control without lockdown. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 24(2), 149–151. doi:10.1080/12265934.2020.1764207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, T., Hou, J., Fay, D. L., & Annis, C. (2019). Revisit the drivers and barriers to e-governance in the mobile age: A case study on the adoption of city management mobile apps for smart urban governance. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(3), 1–23. doi:10.1080/07352166.2019.1572455
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, V., Wang, D., Mullagh, L., & Dunn, N. (2016). Where’s Wally? In search of citizen perspectives on the smart city. Sustainability, 8(3), 207. doi:10.3390/su8030207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, & Population Division. (2019). World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). Annual estimates of the resident population for incorporated places (Tennessee) [Official government website]. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-cities-and-towns.html
   Google Scholar
• Vanolo, A. (2014). Smartmentality: The smart city as disciplinary strategy. Urban Studies, 51(5), 883–898. doi:10.1177/0042098013494427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Waart, P., Mulder, I., & de Bont, C. (2016). A participatory approach for envisioning a smart city. Social Science Computer Review, 34(6), 708–723. doi:10.1177/0894439315611099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidiasova, L., & Cronemberger, F. (2020). Discrepancies in perceptions of smart city initiatives in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Sustainable Cities and Society, 59, 102158. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, S. (1998). Focus group methodology: A review. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 1(3), 181–203. doi:10.1080/13645579.1998.10846874
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., Xu, J., Yin, H., Jin, W., Li, H., & He, Z. (2019). Urban river pollution control in developing countries. Nature Sustainability, 2(3), 158–160. doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0249-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yigitcanlar, T., Kankanamge, N., & Vella, K. (2021). How are smart city concepts and technologies perceived and utilized? A systematic Geo-Twitter analysis of smart cities in Australia. Journal of Urban Technology, 28(1-2), 135–154. doi:10.1080/10630732.2020.1753483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, C., Xiong, Z., Chen, H., Wang, J., Cooper, D., & David, B. (2015). A literature survey on smart cities. Science China Information Sciences, 58(10), 1–18. doi:10.1007/s11432-015-5397-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandbergen, D., & Uitermark, J. (2020). In search of the smart citizen: Republican and cybernetic citizenship in the smart city. Urban Studies, 57(8), 1733–1748. doi:10.1177/0042098019847410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar