Effects of ten years enclosure on vegetation characteristics of a national park in South Tunisia

REFERENCES

• Abdallah , F. , Noumi , Z. , Touzard , B. , Ouled Belgacemc , A. , Neffati , M. and Chaieb , M. 2008 . The influence of Acacia tortilis Forssk. subsp. raddiana Savi and livestock grazing on grass species composition, yield and soil nutrients in arid environments of South Tunisia. . Flora , 203 : 116 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson , J. and Le Floc'h , E. 1995 . Que faire de tant de notions du paysage? . Nat. Sci. Soc. , 4 : 264 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Bakker , J. P. , De Leeuw , J. and Van Wieren , S. E. 1983 . Micro-patterns in grassland vegetation created and sustained by sheep-grazing. . Vegetatio , 55 : 153 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Belsky , J. 1992 . Effects of grazing, competition, disturbance and fire on species composition and diversity in grassland communities. . J. Veg. Sci. , 3 : 187 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. and Al Mazrooei , S. 2003 . Rapid vegetation regeneration in a seriously degraded Rhanterium epapposum community in northern Kuwait after 4 years of protection. . J. Environ. Manag. , 68 : 387 – 395 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Callaway , R. and Tyler , C. 1999 . Facilitation in rangelands: direct and indirect effects. VI^th International Rangeland Congress Proceedings 197 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaieb , M. and Boukhris , M. 1998 . Flore succincte et illustrée des zones arides et sahariennes de Tunisie. 290
   Google Scholar
• Daget , P. and Poissonet , J. 1971 . An ecological analysis method of prairies. Criterias of application. . Ann. Agron. , 22 : 5 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Eweg , H. P.A. , Van Lammeren , R. , Deurloo , H. and Woldu , Z. 1998 . Analysing degradation and rehabilitation for sustainable land management in the highlands of Ethiopia. . Land Degrad. Dev. , 9 : 529 – 542 .
   Google Scholar
• Fernández , R. J. 2002 . Do humans create deserts? . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 17 : 6 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Floret , C. 1981 . The effects of protection on steppic vegetation in the Mediterranean arid zone of southern Tunisia. . Vegetatio , 46 : 117 – 119 .
   Google Scholar
• Floret , C. and Pontanier , R. 1982 . L'aridité en Tunisie présaharienne. Climat, sol, végétation et aménagement. ORSTOM, Paris 544
   Google Scholar
• Hiernaux , P. , Bielders , C. L. , Valentin , C. , Bationo , A. and Fernandez-Rivera , S. 1999 . Effects of livestock grazing on physical and chemical properties of sandy soils in Sahelian rangelands. . J. Arid Environ. , 41 : 231 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauffret , S. and Lavorel , S. 2003 . Are plant functional types relevant to describe degradation in arid Southern Tunisia steppes? . J. Veg. Sci. , 14 : 399 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keya , G. A. 1998 . Herbaceous layer production and utilization by herbivores under different ecological conditions in an arid savanna of Kenya. . Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. , 69 : 55 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavado , R. S. , Sierra , J. O. and Hashimoto , P. N. 1996 . Impact of grazing on soil nutrients in a Pampean grassland. . J. Range Manag. , 49 : 452 – 457 .
   Google Scholar
• Le Houérou , H. N. 1959 . Recherches écologiques et floristiques sur la végétation de la Tunisie méridionale. Institut de recherches sahariennes de l'université d'Alger 520
   Google Scholar
• Le Houérou , H. N. 1977 . Biological recovery versus desertisation. . Econ. Geogr. , 53 : 413 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Houérou , H. N. 1987 . Aspects météorologiques de la croissance et du développement végétal dans les déserts et les zones menacées de désertification. PNUE, Nairobi et OMM, Genève 59
   Google Scholar
• Le Houérou , H. N. 1995 . The Sahara from the bioclima- tic viewpoint, definitions and limits. . Ann. Arid Zones , 34 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Le Houérou , H. N. 2001 . Biogeography of the arid steppe land north of the Sahara. . J. Arid Environ. , 48 : 103 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , C. , Hao , X. , Zhao , M. , Han , G. and Willms , W. D. 2008 . Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a desert steppe in inner Mongolia agriculture. . Ecosyst. Environ. , 128 : 109 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekuria , W. , Veldkampb , E. , Mitiku , H. , Nyssena , J. , Muysd , B. and Gebrehiwota , K. 2007 . Effectiveness of exclosures to restore degraded soils as a result of overgrazing in Tigray, Ethiopia. . J. Arid Environ. , 69 : 270 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noor Alhamad , M. 2006 . Ecological and species diversity of arid Mediterranean grazing land vegetation. . J. Arid Environ. , 66 : 698 – 715 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noy-Meir , I. , Gutman , M. and Kplan , Y. 1989 . Responses of Mediterranean grassland plants to grazing and protection. . J. Ecol. , 77 : 290 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oesterheld , M. and Oyarzábal , M. 2004 . Grass-to-grass protection from grazing in a semi-arid steppe. Facilitation, competition, and mass effect. . Oikos , 107 : 576 – 582 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olff , H. and Ritchie , M. E. 1998 . Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. . Rev. Tree , 13 : 261 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouled Belgacem , A. , Chaieb , M. , Neffeti , M. and Tiedeman , J. 2006 . Response of Stipa lagascae Roem. & Schult. to protection uder arid condition of Southern Tunisia. . Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. , 9 : 465 – 469 .
   Google Scholar
• Ouled Sidi Mohamed , Y. , Neffati , M. and Henchi , B. 2002 . Study of the effect of the vegetation management mode on its dynamics in pre-Saharan Tunisia: the case of the national park of Sidi Toui and its surroundings. . Sécheresse. , 13 : 195 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Pei , S. , Fu , H. and Wan , C. 2008 . Changes in soil properties and vegetation following exclosure and grazing in degraded Alxa desert steppe of inner Mongolia, China. . Agr. Ecosys. Environ. , 124 : 33 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primack , R. B. 1993 . Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA 564
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Marcial , N. , Gonzalez-Espinosa , M. and Williams-Linera , G. 2001 . Anthropogenic disturbance and tree density in montane rain forests in Chiapas, Mexico. . For. Ecol. Manag. , 154 : 311 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich , P. B. , Tilman , D. , Naeem , S. , Ellsworth , D. S. , Knops , J. , Craine , J. , Wedin , D. and Trost , T. 2004 . Species and functional group diversity independently influence biomass accumulation and its response to CO2 and N. . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , 101 : 10101 – 10106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyers , B. 2004 . Incorporating anthropogenic threats into evaluations of regional biodiversity and prioritisation of conservation areas in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. . Biol. Conserv. , 118 : 521 – 531 .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , J. F. , Virginia , R. A. and Schlesinger , W. H. 1997 . “ Defining functional types for models of desertification. ” . In Plant functional types. Edited by: Smith , T. M. , Shugart , H. H. and Woodward , F. I. 195 – 216 . Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Safi , M. I. and Yarranton , G. A. 1973 . Diversity, floristic richness and species evenness during a secondary (post- fire) succession. . Ecology , 54 : 897 – 902 .
   Google Scholar
• Schlesinger , W. H. and Pilmanis , A. M. 1998 . Plant-soil interactions in deserts. . Biogeochemistry , 42 : 169 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaltout , K. H. , El Halawany , E. F. and El Kady , H. F. 1996 . Consequences of protection from grazing on diversity and abundance of the coastl lowland vegetation in Eastern Saudi Arabia. . Biodiv. Conserv. , 5 : 27 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Koppel , J. and Rietkerk , M. 2000 . Herbivore regulation and irreversible vegetation change in semi-arid grazing systems. . Oikos , 90 : 253 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Koppel , J. , Rietkerk , M. , van Langevelde , F. , Kumar , L. , Klausmeier , C. A. , Fryxell , J. M. , Hearne , J. W. , van Andel , J. , de Ridder , N. , Skidmore , A. , Stroosnijder , L. and Prins , H. H.T. 2002 . Spatial heterogeneity and irreversible vegetation change in semiarid grazing systems. . Amer. Natur. , 159 : 209 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• West , N. E. and Smith , E. L. 1997 . Improving the monitoring of rangelands. . J. Rangelands , 19 : 9 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitford , W. G. 1997 . Desertification and animal biodiversity in the desert grasslands of North America. . J. Arid Environ. , 37 : 709 – 720 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitford , W. G. 2002 . Ecology of desert systems. Academic Press, London 343
   Google Scholar
• Yates , C. J. , Norton , D. A. and Hobbs , R. J. 2000 . Grazing effects on plant cover, soil and microclimate in fragmented woodlands in south-western Australia: implications for restoration. . Austr. Ecol. , 25 : 36 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yong-Zhong , S. , Yu-Lin , L. , Jian-Yuan , C. and Wen-Zhi , Z. 2005 . Influences of continuous grazing and livestock exclusion on soil properties in a degraded sandy grassland, inner Mongolia, northern China. . Catena , 59 : 267 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar