Publication Cover
Anatolia
An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research
Volume 23, 2012 - Issue 2
605
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Business performance of small tourism enterprises: a comparison among three sub-sectors of the industry

Pages 177-195 | Received 24 Oct 2011, Accepted 30 Jan 2012, Published online: 26 Apr 2012

References

  • Ahrens , T. and Chapman , C. 1998 . “ Sustaining antagonistic harmony – food margin control in a UK restaurant chain ” . In Performance measurement – theory and practice , Edited by: Neely , A. and Waggoner , D. 1 – 6 . Cambridge : Center for Business Performance .
  • Akcakoca District Governor Tourism Bureau . 2010 . Statistics on tourist information inquiries for the last 9 years, January 2010 , Akçakoca : Akcakoca District Governor Tourism Bureau .
  • Anderson , E.W. and Fornell , C. 2000 . “ The customer satisfaction index as a leading indicator ” . In Handbook of service marketing and management , Edited by: Swartz , T.A. and Iacobucci , D. 255 – 268 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Arslan , Ö. 2003 . Küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerde işletme sermayesi ve bazı finansal yönetim uygulamaları [Operational capital in small and medium sized businesses and some financial management practices] . C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi , 4 ( 1 ) : 121 – 135 .
  • Ateljevic , J. 2007 . Small tourism firms and management practices in New Zealand: The centre stage macro region . Tourism Management , 28 ( 1 ) : 307 – 316 .
  • Avci , U. , Madanoglu , M. and Okumus , F. 2011 . Strategic orientation and performance of tourism firms: evidence from a developing country . Tourism Management , 32 : 147 – 157 .
  • Barney , J. 1997 . Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage , New York : Addison-Wesley .
  • Becker , B. and Gerhart , B. 1996 . The impact of human resource management on organizational performance: Progress and prospects . Academy of Management Journal , 39 ( 4 ) : 779 – 801 .
  • Bergin-Seers, S. (2007). (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Victoria University, Australia A conceptual model of performance for small motels: Development and empirical testing
  • Bergin-Seers , S. and Jago , L. 2007 . Performance measurement in small motels in Australia . Tourism and Hospitality Research , 7 ( 2 ) : 144 – 155 .
  • Brush , C. and Wanderwerf , P. 1992 . A comparison of methods and sources for obtaining estimates of new ventures' performance . Journal of Business Venturing , 7 : 157 – 170 .
  • Buultjens , J. and Cairncross , G. 2009 . The Australian hospitality industry's response to formalised enterprise and individual bargaining prior to the Rudd Government . Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management , 16 ( 2009 ) : 45 – 54 .
  • Buttner , E.H. and Moore , D.P. 1997 . Women's organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: Self-reported motivations and correlates with success . Journal of Small Business Management , 35 ( 1 ) : 34 – 47 .
  • Cho , S. , Woods , R.H. , Jang , S. and Erdem , M. 2006 . Measuring the impact of human resource management practices on hospitality firms' performances . International Journal of Hospitality Management , 25 ( 2 ) : 262 – 277 .
  • Chong , H.G. 2008 . Measuring performance of small-and-medium sized enterprises: The grounded theory approach . Journal of Business and Public Affairs , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 – 10 .
  • Chrisman , J.J. , Bauerschmidt , A. and Hofer , C.H. 1998 . The determinants of new venture performance: An extended model . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 23 ( 1 ) : 5 – 29 .
  • Cooper , A.C. , Gimeno-Gascon , F.J. and Woo , C.Y. 1994 . Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance . Journal of Business Venturing , 9 ( 5 ) : 331 – 395 .
  • Covin , J.G. and Slevin , D.P. 1989 . Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments . Strategic Management Journal , 10 : 75 – 87 .
  • Cukier , J. , Norris , J. and Wall , G. 1996 . The involvement of women in the tourism industry of Bali, Indonesia . The Journal of Development Studies , 33 : 248 – 270 .
  • Daft , R.L. 1995 . Organization theory and design , New York : West Publishing .
  • Delmar , F. 1997 . “ Measuring growth: Methodological considerations and empirical results ” . In Entrepreneurship and SME research: On its way to the next millennium , Edited by: Donckles , R. and Miettinen , A. 199 – 215 . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing .
  • Denton , G.A. and White , B. 2000 . Implementing a balanced-scorecard approach to managing hotel operations . Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 41 : 94 – 107 .
  • Department of Trade and Industry . 1999 . Small and medium enterprise (SME) statistics for the UK (1998) (Government Statistical Service P/99/662) , London : Department of Trade and Industry .
  • Dom , S. 2008 . Girişimcilik ve küçük işletme yöneticiliği [Entrepreneurship and small business management] , Ankara : Detay .
  • Doyle , P. 1994 . Setting business objectives and measuring performance . European Management Journal , 12 ( 2 ) : 123 – 132 .
  • Duchesneau , D.A. and Gartner , W.B. 1990 . A profile of new venture success and failure in an emerging industry . Journal of Business Venturing , 5 : 297 – 312 .
  • East Marmara Development Agency (2010). Türkiye'deki küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelere genel bir bakış [An overview on small and medium sized businesses in Turkey]., Retrieved August 27, 2010 from http://www.marka.org.tr/24_icerik_DOKUMAN_ARSİVİ.htm
  • Emerick , R.E. and Emerick , C.A. 1994 . Profiling American bed and breakfast accommodations . Journal of Travel Research , 32 ( 4 ) : 20 – 25 .
  • Emmanuel , C. , Otley , D. and Merchant , K. 1990 . Accounting for management control , London : Chapman & Hall .
  • Euske , K.J. , Lebas , M.J. and McNair , C.J. 1993 . Performance management in an international setting . Management Accounting Research , 4 ( 4 ) : 275 – 299 .
  • Faulkenberry , L. , Coggeshall , J. , Backman , K. and Backman , S. 2000 . A culture of servitude: The impact of tourism and development on South Carolina's Coast . Human Organization , 59 : 86 – 95 .
  • Fick , G.R. and Ritchie , J.R. 1991 . Measuring service quality in the travel and tourism industry . Journal of Travel Research , 30 ( 2 ) : 2 – 9 .
  • Getz , D. and Carlsen , J. 2000 . Characteristics and goals of family and owner-operated businesses in the rural tourism and hospitality sectors . Tourism Management , 21 ( 6 ) : 547 – 560 .
  • Golden , B.R. 1992 . SBU strategy and performance: The moderating effects of the corporate – SBU relationship . Strategy Management Journal , 13 ( 2 ) : 145 – 158 .
  • Haber , S. and Reichel , A. 2005 . Identifying performance measures of small ventures – The case of the tourism industry . Journal of Small Business Management , 43 ( 3 ) : 257 – 286 .
  • Haber , S. and Lerner , M. 1999 . Correlates of tourist satisfaction . Annals of Tourism Research , 26 : 197 – 201 .
  • Hancott, D.E. (2005). The relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance in the largest public companies in Canada., (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Capella University, Minneapolis, MN
  • Harris , P.J. and Mongiello , M. 2001 . Key performance indicators in European hotel properties: General managers' choices and company profiles . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 13 ( 3 ) : 120 – 127 .
  • Hilton , R. 1994 . Managerial accounting , 2nd ed. , London : McGraw-Hill .
  • Huselid , M.A. 1995 . The impact of human resource management on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance . Academy of Management Journal , 38 : 635 – 670 .
  • Ichniowski , C. , Shaw , K. and Prennushi , G. 1995 . The effects of human resources management practices on productivity , Working Paper 5333 City of New York, NY : Columbia University .
  • Johannisson , B. 1993 . “ Designing supportive contexts for emerging enterprises ” . In Small business dynamics: International, national and regional perspectives , Edited by: Karlsson , C. , Johannisson , B. and Storey , D. 117 – 142 . London : Routledge .
  • Kaplan , R.S. and Norton , D.P. 1992 . The balanced scorecard: Measures that drive performance . Harvard Business Review , 70 ( 1 ) : 71 – 79 .
  • Kean , R. , Gaskill , L. , Leistritz , L. , Jasper , C. , Bastow-Shoop , H. , Jolly , L. and Sternquist , B. 1998 . Effects of community characteristics, business environment, and competitive strategies on rural retail business performance . Journal of Small Business Management , 36 ( 2 ) : 45 – 57 .
  • Kim , H. and Kim , W.G. 2005 . The Relationship between brand equity and firms' performance in luxury hotels and chain restaurants . Tourism Management , 26 : 549 – 560 .
  • Kula , V. and Erkan , M. 2001 . Yatırım proje hazırlanmasında gerçekleştirdikleri finansal etüdler açısından kobi ve büyük işletmelerin karşılaştırılması [Comparison of small and medium sized businesses and large businesses from the perspective of financial analysis they conduct in investment project preparation] . C.Ü. İİB Dergisi , 2 ( 1 ) : 145 – 160 .
  • Law , J. , Pearce , P.L. and Woods , B.A. 1995 . Stress and coping in tourist attraction employees . Tourism Management , 16 ( 4 ) : 277 – 284 .
  • Lemmetyinen , A. and Go , F.M. 2009 . The key capabilities required for managing tourism business networks . Tourism Management , 30 ( 1 ) : 31 – 40 .
  • Lerner , M. and Haber , S. 2001 . Performance factors of small tourism ventures: The interface of tourism, entrepreneurship and the environment . Journal of Business Venturing , 16 : 77 – 100 .
  • Levy , D. and Lerch , P. 1991 . Tourism as a factor in development: Implications for gender and work in Barbados . Gender and Society , 5 : 67 – 85 .
  • Lynch, P. (1996). Micro-enterprises and micro-firms in the hospitality industry: The case of bed and breakfast enterprises., Paper presented at the Spring Symposium of the International Association of Hotel Management Schools, Leeds Metropolitan University, West Yorkshire, England
  • Lynch , P. 1998 . Female micro entrepreneurs in the host family sector: Key motivations and socio-economic variables . International Journal of Hospitality Management , 17 : 319 – 342 .
  • Lynch , R.L. and Cross , K.F. 1991 . Measure up! Yardsticks for continuous improvement , Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Main , H. 2002 . The expansion of technology in small and medium hospitality enterprises with a focus on net technology . Information Technology and Tourism , 4 ( 1 ) : 167 – 174 .
  • Miller , A. , Wilson , B. and Adams , M. 1988 . Financial performance patterns of new corporate ventures: An alternative to traditional measures . Journal of Business Venturing , 3 ( 4 ) : 287 – 299 .
  • Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey (2011). Konaklama işletmeleri istatistikleri [Statistics of accommodation establishments]. Retrieved February 16, 2011 from http://www.kultur.gov.tr
  • Morrison , A. 1996 . “ Marketing the small tourism business ” . In Marketing tourism products: Concepts, issues, cases , Edited by: Seaton , A.V. and Bennett , M.M. 399 – 418 . London : International Thomson Business Press .
  • Morrison , A. and Teixeira , R. 2004 . Small business performance: A tourism sector focus . Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development , 11 ( 2 ) : 166 – 173 .
  • Naman , J.L. and Slevin , D.P. 1993 . Entrepreneurship and the concept of fit: A model and empirical tests . Strategic Management Journal , 14 : 137 – 153 .
  • Neely , A. and Bourne , M. 2000 . Why measurement initiatives fail . Measuring Business Excellence , 4 ( 4 ) : 3 – 6 .
  • Nemasetoni , I. and Rogerson , C.M. 2005 . Developing small firms in township tourism: Emerging tour operators in Gauteng . South Africa. Urban Forum , 16 ( 2-3 ) : 196 – 213 .
  • Nuntsu , N. , Tassiopoulos , D. and Haydam , N. 2004 . The bed and breakfast market of Buffalo City (BC) . South Africa: Present status, constraints and success factors. Tourism Management , 25 ( 4 ) : 515 – 522 .
  • O'Regan , N. , Sims , M. and Ghobadian , A. 2004 . The impact of management techniques on the performance of technology based firms . Technovation , 24 ( 3 ) : 265 – 273 .
  • Okan , K. 1996 . Akçakoca-dünü ve bugünü [Akcakoca-its past and today] , Ankara : Yıldızlar Ofset Ltd .
  • Oktay, E., & Guney, A. (2002). Türkiye'deki küçük ve orta büyüklükteki işletmelerin finans sorunları ve çözüm önerileri [Finance problem of small and medium sized businesses in Turkey and solution proposals]., Paper presented at the Symposium on SMSBs in 21. Century: Problems, Opportunities and Solution Proposal, The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Famagusta, The East Mediterranean University
  • Öktem , S.V. 2001 . Marketing orientation and business performance of the five star hotels in Turkey . Maltepe Üniversitesi Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi , 1 : 1 – 16 .
  • Opperman , M. 1995 . Holidays on the farm: A case study of German hosts and guests . Journal of Travel Research , 33 : 57 – 61 .
  • Orser , B.J. , Hogarth-Scott , S. and Riding , A.L. 2000 . Performance, firm size and management problem solving . Journal of Small Business Management , 38 ( 4 ) : 42 – 58 .
  • Page , S.J. , Forer , P. and Lawton , G.R. 1999 . Small business development and tourism: Terra incognita? . Tourism Management , 20 ( 4 ) : 435 – 459 .
  • Reichel , A. and Haber , S. 2005 . A three-sector comparison of the business performance of small tourism enterprises: An exploratory study . Tourism Management , 26 ( 5 ) : 681 – 690 .
  • Reijonen , H. and Komppula , R. 2007 . Perception of success and its effect on small firm performance . Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development , 14 ( 4 ) : 689 – 701 .
  • Richard , O.C. 2000 . Racial diversity, business strategy and firm performance: A resource based view . Academy of Management Journal , 43 ( 2 ) : 164 – 177 .
  • Sainaghi , R. 2010 . Hotel performance: State of the art . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 22 ( 7 ) : 920 – 952 .
  • Sapienza , H.J. and Grimm , C.M. 1997 . Founder characteristics, start-up process and strategy/structure variables as predictors of shortline railroad performance . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 22 ( 1 ) : 5 – 22 .
  • Skalpe , O. 2007 . The CEO gender pay gap in the tourism industry – evidence from Norway . Tourism Management , 28 ( 3 ) : 845 – 853 .
  • Smith , N.R. , Bracker , J.S. and Miner , J.B. 1987 . “ Correlates of firms and entrepreneur success in technologically innovative companies ” . In Frontiers of entrepreneurship research , Edited by: Churchill , N.C. 57 – 71 . Wesley, MA : Babson College Press .
  • State Planning Organization . 1989 . Yıllık raporlar [Annual reports] , Turkey : Ankara .
  • TAMU & TSOT . 1999 . Developing tourism in your community , College Station, TX : Texas Agricultural Extension Service and Texas Department of Economic Development .
  • Thomas , R. 2000 . Small firms in the tourism industry: Some conceptual issues . International Journal of Tourism Research , 2 ( 5 ) : 345 – 353 .
  • Thomas , R. , Friel , M. , Jameson , S. and Parsons , D. 1997 . The national survey of small tourism and hospitality firms: Annual report 1996-1997 , Leeds : Leeds Metropolitan University .
  • Thomas , R. , Shaw , G. and Page , S.J. 2011 . Understanding small firms in tourism: A perspective on research trends and challenges . Tourism Management , 32 ( 5 ) : 936 – 976 .
  • TURSAB (2011). Turizm istatistikleri [Tourism statistics]., Retrieved February 16, 2011 from http://www.tursab.org.tr
  • Uriely , N. , Yonay , Y. and Simchai , D. 2002 . Backpacking and tourist experience: A type and form analysis . Annals of Tourism Research , 10 ( 1 ) : 87 – 107 .
  • Walker , E. and Brown , A. 2004 . What success factors are important to small business owners? . International Small Business Journal , 22 ( 6 ) : 577 – 594 .
  • Williams, A.M. (2000). Old wine in new bottles., Paper presented at Tourism Seminar, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington
  • Yılmaz , Y. and Bitici , U.S. 2006 . Performance measurement in tourism: A value chain model . International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 18 ( 4 ) : 341 – 349 .
  • Yuchtman , E. and Seashore , S. 1967 . A system resource approach to organizational effectiveness . Academy of Management Review , 9 : 606 – 616 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.