New Paenibacillus larvae bacterial isolates from honey bee colonies infected with American foulbrood disease in Egypt

References

• Genersch E, Forsgren E, Pentikäinen J, Ashiralieva A, Rauch S, Kilwinski J, Fries I. Reclassification of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. Pulvifaciens and Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae as Paenibacillus larvae without subspecies differentiation. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2006;56:501–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haseman L. How long can spores of American foulbrood live? Am Bee J. 1961;101:298–299.
   Google Scholar
• Woodrow AW. Susceptibility of honeybee larvae to individual inoculations with spores of Bacillus larvae. J Econ Entomo. 1943;35(6):892–895.
   Google Scholar
• Evans JD. Transcriptional immune responses by honey bee larvae during invasion by the bacterial pathogen, Paenibacillus larvae.J Invertebr Pathol. 2004;85(2):105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsgaard CJ. Response of in vitro reared bee larvae to various doses of Paenibacillus larvae larvae spores. Apidiologie. 1998;29:569–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin RM. Animal import risk analysis: honey bee hive products and used equipment. Wellington (New Zealand): Apicultural Research Unit; 2002 ( Annual Report, HortResearch Client Report).
   Google Scholar
• Sturtevant AP. Relation of commercial honey to the spread of American foulbrood. J Agric Res. 1932;45(5):257–285.
   Google Scholar
• Bakonyi T, Derakhshifar I, Grabensteiner E, Nowotny N. Development and evaluation of PCR assays for the detection of Paenibacillus larvae in honey samples: comparison with isolation and biochemical characterization. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:1504–1510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaplane KS. American foulbrood. Am Bee J. 1991;131:700–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruyn C. Practical beekeeping: disease. London: The Crowood Press Ltd; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Matheson A, Reid M. Strategies for the prevention and control of American foulbrood. Am Bee J. 1992;132:399–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindström A. Distribution of Paenibacillus larvae spores among adult honey bees (Apis mellifera) and the relationship with clinical symptoms of American foulbrood. Microb Ecol. 2008;56(2):100–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Graaf DC, Alippi AM, Brown M, Evans JD, Feldlaufer M, Gregorc A, Hornitzky M, Pernal SF, Schuch DM, Titera D, Tomkies V, Ritter W. Diagnosis of American foulbrood in honey bees: a synthesis and proposed analytical protocols. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006;43:583–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcom TS. Diseases and enemies of the honey bee. University of Florida IFAS Extension; 1987. p. 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Heyndrickx M, Vandeneulebroecke K, Hoste B, Janssen P, Kerters K, De Vos P, Logan NA, Ali N, Kerkeley RC. Reclassification of Paenibacillus (formerly Bacillus) pulvifaciens (Nakamura 1984) Ash et al. 1994, a later subjective synonym of Paenibacillus (formerly Bacillus) larvae (White 1906) Ash et al. 1994, as a subspecies of P. larvae, with emended descriptions of P. larvae as P. larvae subsp. Larvae and P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1996;46:270–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martínez J, Simon V, Gonzalez B, Conget P. A real-time PCR-based strategy for the detection of Paenibacillus larvae vegetative cells and spores to improve the diagnosis and the screening of American foulbrood. The Society Appl. Microbiol., Lett Appl Microbiol. 2010;50:603–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office International des Epizooties. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals (mammals, birds and bees: American foulbrood). Vol. 1. 2009. p. 395–404.
   Google Scholar
• Owayss AA. Preliminary Investigation on American Foulbrood Disease: 1. Recording the Infection in the Apiaries at Fayoum Governorate. Ann Agric Sci Moshtohor. 2007;45(2):903–910.
   Google Scholar
• Abd Al-Fattah MA, El-Awady M, Gelan, MI, Olfat SB. Microbiological and molecular diagnosis of American foulbrood in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Arab J Biotech. 2010;13(1):1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Govan VA, Allsopp MH, Davidson S. A PCR detection method for rapid identification of Paenibacillus larvae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999;65:2243–2245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbelaere W, De Graaf DC, Peeters JE, Jacobs FJ. Development of a fast and reliable method for American foulbrood disease (Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae) using a 16S rRNA gene based PCR. Apidologie. 2001;32:363–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chagas SS, Vaucher RA, Brandelli A. Detection of Paenibacillus larvae by Real-Time PCR. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 2010;38(3):251–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimanuki H, Knox DA. Improved method for the detection of Bacillus larvae spores in honey. Am Bee J. 1988;128:353–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornitzky MAZ, Wilson SC. A system for the diagnosis of the major bacterial brood diseases of honeybees. J Apicult Res. 1989;28:191–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafez EE, Elbestawy E. Molecular characterization of soil microorganisms: effect of industrial pollution on distribution and biodiversity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;25:215–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22:4673–4680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafez EE, Rashad M, Abd-Elsalam HE, El-Hanafy AA. The polyaromatic hydrocarbons as a serious environmental pollutants and the role of bioremediation to overcome this problem, In: Basu SK, Banik SD, editors. Environment and health and nutrition-global issues. New Delhi: APH publishing Corporation; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Lauro FM, Favaretto M, Covolo L, Rassu M, Bertoloni G. Rapid detection of Paenibacillus larvae from honey and hive samples with a novel nested PCR protocol. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;81:195–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alippi AM, Lopez AC, Aguilar OM. A PCR-based method that permits specific detection of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the cause of American foulbrood of honey bees, at the subspecies level. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2004;39:25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genersch E. American foulbrood in honeybees and its causative agent, Paenibacillus larvae. J Invert Pathol. 2010;103:10–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro-Ilan DI, Fuxa JR, Lacey LA, Onstad DW, Kaya HK. Definitions of pathogenicity and virulence in invertebrate pathology. J Invert Pathol. 2005;88:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genersch E, Ashiralieva AI. Strain- and genotype-specific differences in virulence of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, a bacterial pathogen causing American foulbrood disease in honey bees. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(11):7551–7555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornitzky MAZ, Djordjevic SP. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles and western blots of Bacillus larvae. J Apic Res. 1992;31:47–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar