13,350
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review; Agriculture and Environmental Biotechnology

Genetic analysis of rust resistance genes in global wheat cultivars: an overview

, , &
Pages 431-445 | Received 31 Jul 2016, Accepted 06 Mar 2017, Published online: 21 Mar 2017

References

  • Todorovska E, Christov N, Slavov S, et al. Biotic stress resistance in wheat breeding and genomic selection implications. Biotechnol Biotec Eq. 2009;23(4):417–1426.
  • Draz IS, Abou-Elseoud MS, Kamara, A-EM, et al. Screening of wheat genotypes for leaf rust resistance along with grain yield. Ann Agric Sci. 2015;60(1):29–39.
  • Zadoks JC. Epidemiology of wheat rust in Europe. FAO Plant Pro Bull. 1963;13:97–108.
  • Leonard KJ, Szabo LJ. Stem rust of small grains and grasses caused by Puccinia graminis. Mol Plant Pathol. 2005;6(2):99–111. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00273.
  • Oliver RP. A reassessment of the risk of rust fungi developing resistance to fungicides. Pest Manag Sci. 2014;70(11):1641–1645.
  • Sumikova T, Hanzalova A. Multiplex PCR assay todetect rust resistance genes Lr26 and Lr37 in wheat, Czech. Genet Plant Breed. 2010;46:85–89.
  • Kadkhodaei M, Dadkhodaie A, Assad MT, et al. Identification of the leaf rust resistance genes Lr9, Lr26,Lr28, Lr34, and Lr35 in a collection of Iranian wheat genotypes using STS and SCAR markers. J Crop Sci Biotechnol. 2012;15(4):267–274. doi:10.1007/s12892-012-0035–9.
  • Gold J, Harder D, Townsley-Smith F, et al. Development of a molecular marker for rust resistancegenes Sr39 and Lr35 in wheat breeding lines. Electron J Biotechnol.1999;2:1–6.
  • Roelfs AP. Epidemiology of the cereal rusts in North America. Can J Plant Pathol. 1989;11:86–90. doi:10.1080/07060668909501153.
  • Pedersen WL, Leath S. Pyramiding major genes forresistance to maintain residual effects. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1988;26:369–378.
  • Jiang J, Friebe B, Gill BS. Recent advances in alien gene transfer in wheat. Euphytica. 1994;73:199–212.
  • Johnson R, Law CN. Genetic control of durable resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) in the wheat cultivar Hybride de Bersee. Ann Appl Biol.1975;81:385–391.
  • Naik S, Gill KS, Prakasa RVS, et al. Identification of a STS marker linked to the Aegilops speltoides–derived leaf rust resistance gene Lr28 in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 1998;97:535–540.
  • Anderson JA. Plant genomics and its impact on wheat breeding. Plant Mol Breed. 2003; 184–215.
  • Mohan M, Nai S, Bhagwat A, et al. Genome mapping, molecular markers and marker-assisted selection in crop plants. Mol Breed. 1997;3:87–103.
  • Babar M, Mashhadi AF, Mehvish A, et al. Identification of rust resistance genes Lr10 and Sr9a in Pakistani wheat germplasm using PCR based molecular markers. Afr J Biotechnol. 2010;9(8):1144–1150. doi:10.5897/AJB10.1551.
  • Kolmer JA. Tracking wheat rust on a continental scale. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005;8:441–449.
  • Winzeler M, Mesterhazy A, Park RF, et al. Resistance of European winter wheat germplasm to leaf rust. Agronomie. 2000;20:783–792.
  • Bolton MD, Kolmer JA, Garvin DF. Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina. Mol Plant Pathol. 2008;9:563–575.
  • German S, Barcellos A, Chaves M, et al. The situation of common wheat rusts in the Southern Cone of America and perspectives for control. J Agric Res. 2007;58:620–630.
  • Herrera-Foessel SA, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, et al. Effect of leaf rust on grain yield and yield traits of durum wheats with race-specific and slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust. Plant Dis. 2006;90:1065–1072.
  • Khan MH, Bukhari A, Dar ZA, et al. Status and strategies in breeding for rust resistance in wheat. Agric Sci. 2013;4:292–301.
  • Mains EB, Leighty CE, Johnston CO. Inheritance of resistance to leaf rust Puccinia triticinaErikss, in crosses in common wheat Triticum vulgare Vill. J Agric Res. 1926;32:931–971.
  • Ausemus ER, Harrington JB, Reitz LP, Worzella WW. A summary of genetic studies in hexploid wheats. J Am Soc Agron. 1946;38:1082–1099.
  • Soliman AS, Heyne EG, Johnston CO. Genetic analysis for leaf rust resistance in the eight differential varieties of wheat. Crop Sci. 1964;4:246–248.
  • McIntosh RA, Wellings CR, Park RF. Wheat rusts: an atlas of resistance genes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1995.
  • McIntosh RA, Devos KM, Dubcovsky J et al., Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat. 2007; Available from supplement: http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/wheat/komugi/genes/macgene/supplement2007.pdf.
  • McCallum BD, Hiebert C, Huerta-Espino J, Cloutier S. Wheat leaf rust. In: Sharma I, editor. Disease resistance in wheat. Wallingford: CAB International; 2012. p. 33–62.
  • Flor HH. Inheritance of pathogenicity in Melampsora lini. Phytopathology. 1942;32:653–669.
  • McIntosh RA, Devos KM, Dubcovsky YJ, et al. Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat: 2008 supplement. Ann Wheat Newslett. 2008;54:209–225.
  • Samsapour D, Maleki Zanjani B, Pallavi JK, et al. Identification of molecular markers linked to adult plant leaf rust resistance gene Lr48 in wheat and detection of Lr48 in the Thatcher near-isogenic line with gene Lr25. Euphytica. 2010;174(3):337–342.
  • Schnurbusch T, Paillard S, Schori A, et al. Dissection of quantitative and durable leaf rust resistance in Swiss winter wheat reveals a major resistance QTL in the Lr34 chromosomal region. Theor Appl Genet. 2004;108:477–484.
  • Roelfs AP, Hughes ME, Long DL. Rust resistance genes in wheat lines and cultivars. U.S. Departtment of Agricultural Research Services, Cereal Division Lab; 2000. Online, Publication CDL–EP #006 (2000) Accessed 7 Nov 2002. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=10103.
  • McIntosh RA, Yamazaki Y, Devos KM, et al. Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat. In: Pogna NE Romano M Pogna A Galterio G, editors. Proceedings of the 10th International Wheat Genetics Symposium; 2003 Sep 1-6; Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura; Paestum, Italy.
  • Wisniewska H, Stêpieñ L, Kowalczyk K. Resistance of spring wheat cultivars and lines to leaf rust. J Appl Genet. 2003;44(3):361–368.
  • Neu C, Stein N, Keller B. Genetic mapping of the Lr20-Pm1 resistance locus reveals suppressed recombination on chromosome arm 7AL in hexaploid wheat. Genome. 2002;45(4):737–744.
  • Nelson JC, Singh RP, Autrique JE, et al. Mapping genes conferring and suppressing leaf rust resistance in wheat. Crop Sci. 1997;37:1928–1935.
  • Shahin SI, El-Orabey WM. Relationship between partial resistance and inheritance of adult plant resistance gene Lr46 of leaf rust in six bread wheat varieties. Adv Crop Sci Technol. 2015;3(1):1–6.
  • Da-Silva PR, Brammer SP, Guerra D, et al. Monosomic and molecular mapping of adult plant leaf rust resistance genes in the Brazilian wheat cultivar Toropi. Genet Mol Res. 2012;11(3):2823–2834.
  • Hussein S, Spies JJ, Pretorius ZA, et al. Chromosome locations of leaf rust resistance genes in selected tetraploid wheat through substitution lines. Euphytica 2005;141:209–216.
  • Wamishe YA, Milus EA. Seedling resistance genes to leaf rust in soft red winter wheat. Plant Dis. 2004;88(2):136–146.
  • Feuillet C, Messmer M, Schachermayr G, et al. Genetical and physical characterization of the Lr1 leaf rust resistance locus in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). Mol Geno Genet. 1995;248:553–562.
  • Schachermayr G, Siedler H, Gale MD, et al. Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat. Theoret Appl Genet. 1994;88:110–115.
  • McVey DV. Genes for rust resistance in international winter wheat nurseries XII through VXII. Crop Sci. 1992;32:891–895.
  • Vanzetti LS, Campose P, Demichelis M, et al. Identification of leaf rust resistance genes in selected Argentinean bread wheat cultivars by gene postulation and molecular markers. Electron J Biotechnol. 2011;14(3): 1–17.
  • Shepherd KW, Finley KW, editors. Breeding for general and/or specific plant disease resistance. Proceedings of the Third International Wheat Genetics Symposium; 1968 Aug 5-9; Canberra: Butterworths Australian Academy of Sciences; p. 263–272.
  • Prins R, Groenewald JZ, Marais GF, et al. AFLP and STS tagging of Lr19, a gene conferring resistance to leaf rust in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2001;103(4):618–624.
  • Prabhu KV, Gupta SK, Charpe A, et al. SCAR marker tagged to the alien leaf rust resistance gene Lr19 uniquely marking the Agropyron elongatum-derived gene Lr24 in wheat: a revision. Plant Breed. 2004;123:417–420.
  • Lagudah ES, McFadden H, Singh RP, et al. Molecular characterization of the Lr34/Yr18 slow rusting gene region in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2006;114:21–30.
  • Błaszczyk L, Chełkowski J, Korzun V, et al. Verification of STS markers or leaf rust resistance genes of wheat by seven European laboratories. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2004;9:805–817.
  • Herrera-Foessel SA, Lagudah ES, Huerta-Espino J, et al. New slow-rusting leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr67 and Yr46 in wheat are pleiotropic or closely linked. Theor Appl Genet. 2011;122:239–249.
  • Herrera-Foessel SA, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, et al. Lr68: a new gene conferring slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2012;124(8):1475–1486.
  • Gill BS, Sharma HC, Raupp WJ, et al. Resistance in Aegilops squarrosa to wheat leaf rust, wheat powdery mildew, greenbug, and Hessian fly. Plant Dis. 1986;70:553–556.
  • Rowland GG, Kerber ER. Telocentric mapping in hexaploid wheat of genes for leaf rust resistance and other characters derived from Aegilops squarrosa. Can J Genet Cytol. 1974;16:137–144.
  • Raupp WJ, Gill BS, Browder LE. Leaf rust resistance in Aegilops squarrosa L., its transfer and expression in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Phytopathology. 1983;73:818.
  • Kerber ER. Resistance to leaf rust in hexaploid wheat: Lr32, a third gene derived from Triticum tauschii. Crop Sci. 1987;27:204–206.
  • Cox TS, Raupp WJ, Gill BS. Leaf rust resistance genes Lr41, Lr42 and Lr43 transferred from Triticum tauschii to common wheat. Crop Sci. 1994;34:339–343.
  • Hussein T, Bowden RL, Gill BS, et al. Chromosomal location of leaf rust resistance gene Lr43 from Aegilops tauschii in common wheat. Crop Sci. 1997;37:1764–1766.
  • Mago R, Spielmeyer W, Lawrence GJ, et al. Identification and mapping of molecular markers linked to rust resistance genes located on chromosome 1RS of rye using wheat-rye translocation lines. TAG Theor Appl Genet. 2002;104(8):1317–1324.
  • Obert DE, Fritz AK, Moran JL, et al. Identification and molecular tagging of a gene from PI 289824 conferring resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2005;110:1439–1444.
  • Cherukuri DP, Gupta SK, Charpe A, et al. Identification of a molecular marker linked to an Agropyron elongatum derived gene Lr19 for leaf rust resistance in wheat. Plant Breed. 2003;122:204–208.
  • Dedryver F, Jubier MF, Thouvenin J, et al. Molecular markers linked to the leaf rust resistance gene Lr24 in different wheat cultivars. Genome 1996;39:830–835.
  • Procunier JD, Townley-Smith TF, Prashar S, et al. PCR-based RAPD/DGGE markers linked to leaf rust resistance genes Lr29 and Lr25 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J Genet Breed. 1995;49(1):87–92.
  • Heleguera M, Khan IA, Dubcovsky J. Development of PCR markers for the wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr47. TAG Theor Appl Genet. 2000;100(7):1137–1143.
  • Helguera M, Vanzetti L, Soria M, et al. PCR markers for Triticum speltoides leaf rust resistance gene Lr51 and their use to develop isogenic hard red spring wheat lines. Crop Sci. 2005;45(2):728–734.
  • Oliver R, Christine A, Françoise D. Identification of molecular markers for the detection of the yellow rust resistance gene Yr17 in wheat. Mol Breed. 1999;5(2):167–175.
  • Rowland GG, Kerber ER. Telocentric mapping in hexaploid wheat of genes for leaf rust resistance and other characters derived from Aegilops squarrosa. Can J Genet Cytol. 1974;16:137–144.
  • Dadkhodaie NA, Karaoglou H, Wellings CR, et al. Mapping genes Lr53 and Yr35 on the short armof chromosome 6B of common wheat with microsatellite markers and studies of their association with Lr36. Theor Appl Genet. 2011;122(3):479–487.
  • Marais GF, McCallum B, Snyman JE, et al. Leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr54 and Yr37 transferred to wheat from Aegilops kotschyi. Plant Breed. 2005;124(4):538–541.
  • Clayton WD, Vorontsova MS, Harman KT et al., GrassBase - The online world grass flora. 2006. [ Online] Available from: http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp00042.htm Accessed: 4 June 2013.
  • Marais GF, McCallum B, Marais AS. Leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes derived from Aegilops sharonensis. Euphytica 2006;149:373–380.
  • Marais GF, Badenhorst PE, Eksteen A, et al. Reduction of Aegilops sharonensis chromatin associated with resistance genes Lr56 and Yr38 in wheat. Euphytica 2010a;171:15–22.
  • Marais GF, McCallum B, Marais AS. Wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr59 derived from Aegilops peregrine. Plant Breed. 2008;127:340–345.
  • Kotze L. Verkorting van dieAe. peregrina-verhaaldeLr59-translokasie van koring [MSc thesis]. South Africa: Stellenbosch University; 2009.
  • Marais F, Marais A, McCallum B, et al. Transfer of leaf rust and stripe rust resistance genes Lr62 and Yr42 from Aegilops neglecta Req. ex Bertol. to common wheat. Crop Sci. 2009;49(3):871–879.
  • Marais GF, Marais AS, Eksteen A, et al. Modification of the Aegilops neglecta-common wheat Lr62/Yr42 translocation through allosyndetic pairing induction. S Afr J Plant Soil. 2010b;27(2):142–151.
  • Huerta-Espino J, Roelfs AP. Leaf rust on durum wheats. Vortr Pflanzenzuchtg. 1992;24:100–102.
  • Ordóñez ME, Kolmer JA. Virulence phenotypes of a worldwide collection of Puccinia triticina from durum wheat. Phytopathology. 2007;97:344–351.
  • Herrera-Foessel SA, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, et al. Identification and molecular characterization of leaf rust resistance gene Lr14a in durum wheat. Plant Dis. 2008;92:469–473.
  • Law CN. The location of genetic factors controlling a number of quantitative characters in wheat. Genetics. 1967;56:445–461.
  • Law CN, Johnson R. A genetic study of leaf rust resistance in wheat. Can J Genet Cytol. 1967;9:805–822.
  • Law CN, Wolfe MS. Location of genetic factors for mildew resistance and ear emergence time on chromosome 7B of wheat. Can J Genet Cytol. 1966;8:462–470.
  • McIntosh RA, Luig NH, Baker EP. Genetic and cytogenetic studies of stem rust, leaf rust, and powdery mildew resistance in Hope and related wheat cultivars. Aust J Biol Sci. 1967;20:1181–1192.
  • McIntosh RA, Dyck PL. Cytogenetical studies in wheat VII.geneLr23 for reaction to Puccinia recondita in Gabo and related cultvars. Aust J Biol Sci. 1975;28:201–211.
  • Admassu B, Embet F, Zerihun K. Physiological races and virulence diversity of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici on wheat in Ethiopia. Kinyua MG Kamwaga J Owuoche JO Ndiema AC Nj au PN Friesen DK Ouya D, editors. Proceedings of the12th Regional wheat Workshop for Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa; 22–26 Nov 2004; Nakuru, Kenya: CIMMYT and KARI. p. 145–150.
  • Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Wagoire WW, et al. Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Uganda. Phytopathology. 2000;84(2):203.
  • Singh RP, Hodson DP, Jin Y, et al. Current status, likely migration and strategies to mitigate the threat to wheat production from race Ug99 (TTKS) of stem rust pathogen. Perspect Agric Veter Sci Nutr Nat Resour. 2006;1:1–13.
  • Long-Xi Y, Barbier H, Rouse NM, et al. A consensus map for Ug99 stem rust resistance loci in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2014;127:1561–1581.
  • Haile JK, Hammer K, Badebo A, et al. Haplotype analysis of molecular markers linked to stem rust resistance genes in Ethiopian improved durum wheat varieties and tetraploid wheat landraces. Genet Resour Crop Ev. 2013;60:853–864.
  • McIntosh RA, Dubcovsky J, Rogers WJ, et al. Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat: 2011 Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat: 2011 supplement. Ann Wheat Newslett. 2011;56:273–282. Available from:http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/wheat/komugi/genes/symbolClassList.jsp.
  • Faris JD, Xu SS, Cai X, et al. Molecular and cytogenetic characterization of a durum wheat–Aegilops speltoides chromosome translocation conferring resistance to stem rust. Chromosome Res. 2008;16:1097–1105.
  • Ghazvini H, Hiebert CW, Zegeye T, et al. Inheritance of resistance to Ug99 stem rust in wheat cultivar Norin 40 and genetic mapping of Sr42. Theor Appl Genet. 2012;125:817–824.
  • Kolmer JA, Garvin, DF, Jin Y. Expression of a Thatcher wheat adult plant stem rust resistance QTL on chromosome arm 2BL is enhanced by Lr34. Crop Sci. 2011;51:526–533.
  • Jin Y, Singh RP. Resistance in U.S. wheat to recent Eastern African isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with virulence to resistance gene Sr31. Plant Dis. 2006;90:476–480.
  • Jin Y, Singh RP, Ward RW, et al. Characterization of seedling infection types and adult plant infection responses of monogenic Sr gene lines to race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Dis. 2007;91:1096–1099.
  • Liu WX, Rouse M, Friebe B, et al. Discovery and molecular mapping of a new gene conferring resistance to stem rust, Sr53, derived from Aegilops geniculata and characterization of spontaneous translocation stocks with reduced alien chromatin. Chromosome Res. 2011;19:669–682.
  • Liu WX, Jin Y, Rouse M, et al. Development and characterization of wheat Ae . searsii Robertsonian translocations and a recombinant chromosome conferring resistance to stem rust. Theor Appl Genet. 2011;122:1537–1545.
  • McIntosh RA, Dubcovsky J, Rogers WJ et al., 2012. Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat: 2012 supplement. Available from: http://www.shigen.nig.ac.jp/wheat/komugigenes/symbolClassList.jsp.
  • Rouse MN, Olson EL, Gill BS, et al. Stem rust resistance in Aegilops tauschii germplasm. Crop Sci. 2011;51:2074–2078.
  • Rouse MN, Jin Y. Stem rust resistance in A-genome diploid relatives of wheat. Plant Dis. 2011;95:941–944.
  • Singh RP, Hodson DP, Huerta-Espino J, et al. Will stem rust destroy the world's wheat crop? Adv Agron. 2008;98:271–309.
  • Yu LX, Liu S, Anderson JA, et al. Haplotype diversity of stem rust resistance loci in uncharacterized wheat lines. Mol Breed. 2010;26:667–680.
  • Yu LX, Lorenz A, Rutkoski J, et al. Association mapping and gene–gene interaction for stem rust resistance in CIMMYT spring wheat germplasm. Theor Appl Genet. 2011;123:1257–1268.
  • Klindworth D, Miller J, Jin Y, et al. Chromosomal locations of genes for stem rust resistance in monogenic lines derived from tetraploid wheat accession STS464. Crop Sci. 2007;47:1441–1450.
  • Olivera PD, JinY, Rouse M, et al. Races of Puccinia graminis f sp. tritici with combined virulence to Sr13 and Sr9 in a field stem rust screening nursery in Ethiopia. Plant Dis. 2012;96:623–628.
  • Khan R, Bariana H, Dholakia B, et al. Molecular mapping of stem and leaf rust resistance in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2005;111:846–850.
  • Olson EL, Brown-Guedira G, Marshall D, et al. Development of wheat lines having a small introgressed segment carrying stem rust resistance gene Sr22. Crop Sci. 2010;50:1823–1830.
  • Periyannan KS, Bansal UK, Bariana HS, et al. A robust molecular marker for the detection of shortened introgressed segment carrying the stem rust resistance gene Sr22 in common wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2010;122:1–7.
  • Liu SX, Yu LX, Singh RP, et al. Diagnostic and co-dominant PCR markers for wheat stem rust resistance genes Sr25 and Sr26. Theor Appl Genet. 2010;120:691–697.
  • Mago R, Bariana HS, Dundas IS, et al. Development of PCR markers for the selection of wheat stem rust resistance genes Sr24 and Sr26 in diverse wheat germplasm. Theor Appl Genet. 2005;111:496–504.
  • Martin RH. Eagle; a new wheat variety. Agric Gaz NSW. 1971;82:206–207.
  • Singh RP, Hodson DP, Huerta-Espino J, et al. The emergence of Ug99 races of the stem rust fungus is a threat to world wheat production. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2011;49:465–481.
  • Rouse MN, Nava IC, Chao SJ, et al. Identification of markers linked to the race Ug99 effective stem rust resistance gene Sr28 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet. 2012;125:877–885.
  • Bariana HS, Hayden MJ, Ahmad NU, et al. Mapping of durable adult plant and seedling resistance to stripe and stem rust disease in wheat. Aust J Agric Res. 2001;52:1247–1255.
  • Dundas IS, Anugrahwati DR, Verlin DC, et al. New sources of rust resistance from alien species: meliorating linked defects and discovery. Aust J Agric Res. 2007;58:545–549.
  • Yu LX, Abate Z, Anderson JA, et al. Developing and optimizing markers for stem rust resistance in wheat. McIntosh R editor. Proceedings oral paers of Borlaug global rust initiative technical workshop; 2009 Mar 17-20; Sonora; Mexico p. 117–130.
  • Sambasivam PK, Bansal UK, Hayden MJ, Dvorak J, Lagudah ES, Bariana HS. Identification of markers linked with stem rust resistance genes Sr33 and Sr45, In: Appels R Eastwood R Lagudah E Langridge P Mackay M McIntye L Sharp P, editors. Proceedings of the 11th International Wheat Genet Symposium. 2008 Aug 24-29; Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Plant Industry. p. 351–353.
  • McIntosh RA. Alien sources of disease resistance in bread wheats. In: Sasakuma T Kinoshita T, editors. Proceedings of the Kihara Memorial International Symposium on Cytoplasmic Engineering in Wheat 1991 Jul 3-6; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan. p. 320–332.
  • Zhang Q, Klindworth DL, Friesen TL, et al. Development and characterization of wheat lines with Sr37 for stem rust resistance derived from wild Timopheev's wheat. Meeting Abstract, 2012 Jan 14; Fargo, Noth Dakota. p. 316.
  • Niu Z, Klindworth DL, Friesen TL, et al. Targeted introgression of a wheat stem rust resistance gene by DNA marker-assisted chromosome engineering. Theor Appl Genet. 2011;187:1011–1021.
  • Dyck PL. Transfer of a gene for stem rust resistance from Triticum araraticum to hexaploid wheat. Genome. 1992;35:788–792.
  • Singh RP, Kinyua MG, Wanyera R, et al. Spread of a highly virulent race of Puccinia graminis tritici in Eastern Africa: challenges and opportunities. In: Buck HT Nisi JE Salomón N, editors. Wheat production in stressed environments, Proceedings of the 7th International Wheat Conference; 2005 27 Nov–2 Dec, Mar del Plata, Argentina: Springer; 2007. p. 51–57.
  • Klindworth DL, Niu Z, Chao S, et al. Introgression and characterization of a goatgrass gene for a high level of resistance to Ug99 stem rust in tetraploid wheat. G3. 2012;2:665–673.
  • Qi LL, Pumphrey MO, Friebe B, et al. A novel Robertsonian event leads to transfer of a stem rust resistance gene (Sr52) effective against race Ug99 from Daspyrum villosum into wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2011;123:159–167.
  • Hare RA, McIntosh RA. Genetics and cytogenetics studies of durable adult-plant resistance in ‘Hope’ and related cultivars to wheat rusts. Z Pflanzenzu Chtung. 1979;83:350–367.
  • McIntosh RA. The role of specific genes in breeding for durable stem rust resistance in wheat and triticale. In: Simmonds NW Rajaram S, editors. Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat. Mexico: CIMMYT; 1988. p. 1–9.
  • Mago R, Guedira, GB, Dreisigacker S, et al. An accurate DNA marker assay for stem rust resistance gene Sr2 in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2011;122:735–744.
  • Lagudah E, Krattinger SG, Herrera-Foessel S, et al. Gene-specific markers for the wheat gene Lr34/Yr18/Pm38 which confers resistance to multiple fungal pathogens. TAG Theor Appl Genet. 2009;119(5):889–898.
  • Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, Bhavani S, et al. Breeding for minor gene-based resistance to stem rust of wheat. Proceedings of the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative; 2009 Mar 17-20 ; Sonora, Mexico.
  • Sunderlund SD, Roelfs AP. Greenhouse evaluation of the adult plant resistance of Sr2 to wheat stem rust. Phytopathology. 1980;70:634–637.
  • Hale JK, Roder MS. Status of genetic research for resistance to Ug99 race of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici; a review of current research and implications. Afr J Agric Res. 2013;8:6670–6680.
  • Wu S. Molecular mapping of stem rust resistance genes in wheat [M Sc thesis]. Manhattan (KS): Kansas State University; 2008.
  • Joshi RK, Nayak S. Gene pyramiding-a broad spectrum technique for developing durable stress resistance in crops. Biotechnol Mol Biol Rev. 2010;5(3):51–60.
  • Chen X. Epidemiology and control of stripe rust on wheat. Can J Plant Pathol. 2005.27:314–337.
  • Winzeler W, Winzeler H, Keller B. Endopeptidase polymorphism and linkage of the Ep-D1c null allele with the Lrl9 leaf-rust-resistance gene in hexaploid wheat. Plant Breed. 1995;114:24–28.
  • Purnhauser L, Gyulai G, Csosz M, et al. Identification of leaf rust resistance genes in common wheat by molecular markers. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung. 2000;35(1–4):31–36.
  • Chełkowski J, Golka L, Stępień L. Application of STS markers for leaf rust resistance genes in near-isogenic lines of spring wheat cv. Thatcher J Appl Genet. 2003;44:323–338.
  • Gupta SK, Charpe A, Koul S, et al. Development and validation of molecular markers linked to an Aegilops umbellulata-derived leaf rust- resistance gene, Lr9, for marker-assisted selection in bread wheat. Genome 2005;48(5):823–830.
  • Gupta SK, Prabhu KV, Haq QMR. Identification and validation of molecular markers linked to the leaf rust resistance gene Lr19 in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2006;113:1027–1036.
  • Hiebert C, Thomas J, McCallum B. Locating the broad-spectrum wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr52 (LrW) to chromosome 5B by a new cytogenetic method. Theor Appl Genet. 2005;110(8):1453–1457.
  • Cloutier S, McCallum BD, Loutre C, et al. Leaf rust resistance gene Lr1, isolated from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a member of the large psr567 gene family. Plant Mol Biol. 2007;65:93–106.
  • Feuillet C, Travella S, Stein N, et al. Map-based isolation of the leaf rust disease resistance gene Lr10 from the hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100(25):15253–15258.
  • Huang L, Brooks SA, Li W, et al. Map-based cloning of leaf rust re- sistance gene Lr21 from the large and polyploid genome of bread wheat. Genetics. 2003;164:655–664.
  • Hayden MJ, Kuchel H, Chalmers KJ. Sequence tagged microsatellites for the Xgwm533 locus provide new diagnostic markers to select for the presence of stem rust resistance gene Sr2 in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet. 2004;109:1641–1647.
  • Tsilo TJ, Jin Y, Anderson JA. Microsatellite markers linked to stem rust resistance allele Sr9a in wheat. Crop Sci. 2007;47:2013–2020.
  • Kham RR, Bariana HS, Dholakia BV, et al. Molecular mapping of stem and leaf rust resistance in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2005;111:846–850.
  • Paul JG, Pallota MA, Langridge P. FLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum. Theor Appl Genet. 1994;89:1039–1045.
  • Ejaz M, Iqbal M, Shahzad A, et al. Genetic Variation for Markers Linked to Stem Rust Resistance Genes in Pakistani Wheat Varieties. Crop Sci. 2012;52:2638–2648.
  • Zhang Q, Klindworth DL, Friesen TL, et al. Development and characterization of wheat lines with Sr37 for stem rust resistance derived from wild Timopheev's wheat. Meeting Abstract. 2012 Jan 14, Fargo, North Dakota. p. 316.
  • Tsilo TJ, Jin Y, Anderson JA. Diagnostic microsatellite markers for the detection of stem rust resistance gene Sr36 in diverse genetic backgrounds of wheat. Crop Sci. 2008;48:253–261.
  • Helguera M, Khan AI, Kolmer J, PCR assays for the Lr37-Yr17-Sr38 cluster of rust resistance genes and their use to develop isogenic hard red spring wheat lines. Crop Sci. 2003;43:1839–1847.
  • Shuangye W, Pumphrey M, Bai G. Molecular mapping of stem-rust resistance gene Sr40 in wheat. Crop Sci. 2009;49:1681–1686.
  • Hiebert CW, Fetch TG, Zegeye T, et al. Genetics and mapping of seedling resistance to Ug99 stem rust in Canadian wheat cultivars ‘Peace’ and ‘AC Cadillac. Theor Appl Genet. 2011;122:143–149.
  • Hiebert CW, Thomas JB, McCallum BD, et al. A new gene, Lr67, from the wheat accession PI250413 confers resistance to leaf rust at the adult plant stage. Theor Appl Genet. 2010;12:1083–1091.
  • Seyfarth R, Feuillet C, Schachermayr G, et al. Development of a molecular marker for the adult plant leaf rust resistance gene Lr35 in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 1999;99:554–560.
  • Dyck PL, Samborski DJ, Anderson RG. In- heritance of adult-plant leaf rust resistance derived from the common wheat varieties exchange and frontana. Can J Genet Cytol. 1966;8:665–671.
  • Singh RP. Association between Gene Lr34 for leaf rust resistance and leaf tip necrosis in wheat. Crop Sci. 1992;32(4):874–878.
  • Lagudah ES, McFadden H, Singh RP, et al. Molecular characterization of the Lr34/Yr18 slow rusting gene region in wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2006;114:21–30.
  • Lillemo M, Asalf B, Singh RP, et al. The adult plant rust resistance loci Lr34/Yr18 and Lr46/Yr29 are important determinants of partial resistance to powdery mildew in bread wheat line saar. Theor Appl Genet. 2008;116(8):1155–1166.
  • William HM, Singh RP, Huerta–Espino J, et al. Molecular marker mapping of leaf rust resistance gene Lr46 and its association with stripe rust gene Yr29 in wheat. Phytopathology. 2003;93:153–159.
  • Spielmeyer W, Sharp PJ, Lagudah ES. Identification and validation of markers linked to broad-spectrum stem rust resistance gene Sr2 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crop Sci. 2003;43:333–336.
  • Das KB, Saini A, Bhagwat SG, et al. Development of SCAR markers for identifi cation of stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in the homozygous or heterozygous condition in bread wheat. Plant Breed. 2006;125:544–549. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2006.01282.x.
  • Wu S. Molecular mapping of stem rust resistance genes in wheat [MS thesis]. Manhattan (KS): B. S., Kansas State University; 2003.
  • Ma H, Singh RP. Contribution of adult plant resistant gene Yr18 in protecting wheat from yellow rust. Plant Dis. 1996;80:66–69.
  • Johnson R. Durable resistance to yellow (stripe) rust in wheat and its implications in plant breeding. In Simmonds NW, Rajaram S, editors. Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat. Mexic: CIMMYT; 1988.
  • Johnson R. A critical analysis of durable resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1984;22:309–330.
  • McIntosh RA, Baker EP. In: Finlay KW Shepard KW, editors. 3rd International Wheat Genetics Symposium; 1968; Canberra; Australian Academy of Science; Australia: Butterworth; 1968. p. 305–308.
  • Roelfs AP. Resistance to leaf and stem rusts in wheat. In Simmonds NW Rajaram S, editors. Breeding strategies for resistance to rust of wheat. Mexico, DF: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center; 1988. p. 10–22.
  • Dyck PL. Identification of the gene for adult-plant leaf rust resistance in Thatcher. Can J Plant Sci. 1979;59:499–501.
  • Dyck PL. The association of a gene for leaf rust resistance with the chromosome 7D suppressor of stem rust resistance in common wheat. Genome. 1987;29:467–469.
  • Kerber ER, Dyck PL. Transfer to hexaploid wheat of linked genes for adult-plant leaf rust and seedling stem rust resistance from an amphiploid of Aegilops speltoides x Triticum monococcum. Genome. 1990;33:530–537.
  • Bariana HS, McIntosh RA. Cytogenetic studies in wheat. XV. Location of rust resistance genes in VPM1 and their genetic linkage with other disease resistance genes in chromosome 2A. Genome. 1993;36:476–482.
  • Singh RP, Mujeebkazi A, Huerta-Espino J. Lr46: a gene conferring slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat. Phytopathology. 1998;88(9):890–894.
  • German SE, Kolmer JA. Effect of gene Lr34 on the enhancement of resistance to leaf rust of wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 1992;84:97–105.
  • Kolmer JA, Singh RP, Gravin DF, Analysis of Lr34/Yr18 rust resistance region in wheat germplasm. Crop Sci. 2008;48:1841–1852.
  • Dakouri AD, McCallum B, Radovanovic N, et al. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of seedling and adult plant leaf rust resistance in a world wheat collection. Mol Breed. 2013;32:663–677.
  • Mebrate SA, Dehne HW, Pillen K, et al. Postulation of seedling leaf rust resistance genes in selected Ethiopian and German bread wheat cultivars. Crop Sci. 2008;48:507–516.
  • Singh D, Park RF, Mcintosh RA. Postulation of leaf (brown) rust resistance genes in 70 wheat cultivars grown in the United Kingdom. Euphytica. 2001;120(2):205–218.
  • Singh RP, Chen WQ, He ZH. Leaf rust resistance of spring, facultative, and winter wheat cultivars from China. Plant Dis. 1999;83:644–651.
  • Oelke LM, Kolmer JA. Characterization of leaf rust resistance in hard red spring wheat cultivars. Plant Dis. 2004;88(10):1127–1133.
  • Singh RP, Gupta AK. Genes for leaf rust resistance in Indian and Pakistani wheats tested with Mexican pathotypes of Pucciniarecondita f. sp. tritici. Euphytica 1991;57:27–36.
  • Singh RP, Rajaram S. Resistance to Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici in 50 Mexican bread wheat cultivars. Crop Sci. 1991;31:1472–1479.
  • Zoldan SM, Barcellos AL. Postulation of genes (Lr) for resistance to leaf rust in Brazilian wheat cultivars. Fitopatol Bras. 2002;27:517–524.
  • Kolmer JA. Virulence phenotypes of Puccinia triticina in the South Atlantic States in 1999. Plant Dis. 2002;86:288–291.
  • Long DL, Leonard KJ, Roberts JJ. Virulence and diversity of wheat leaf rust in the United States in 1993–1995. Plant Dis. 1998;82:1391–1400.
  • Long DL, Leonard KJ, Hughes ME. Virulence of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States from 1996 to 1998. Plant Dis. 2000;84:1334–1341.
  • Kolmer JA, Long DL, Hughes ME. Physiological specialization of Puccinia triticina on wheat in the United States. Plant Dis. 2004;88:1079–1084.
  • Nagarajan S, Nayar SK, Bahadur P, et al. Wheat pathology and wheat improvement. Chandrigarh: Azad Hind Stores; 1986.
  • Mesterhazy A, Bartos LP, Henriette G, et al. European virulence survey for leaf rust in wheat. Agronomie 2000;20:793–804.
  • Kolmer JA, Liu JQ. Virulence and molecular polymorphism in international collections of the wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia triticina. Phytopathology. 2000;90:427–436.
  • Imbaby IA, Mahmoud MA, Hassan MEM, et al. Identification of leaf rust resistance genes in selected egyptian wheat cultivars by molecular markers. Scientific World J. 2014: 574285; p. 7.
  • Krattinger SG, Lagudah ES, Spielmeyer W, et al. Putative ABC transporter confers durable resistance to multiple fungal pathogens in wheat. Science. 2009;323(5919):1360–1363.
  • Dyck PL, Samborski DJ. The genetics of two alleles for leaf rust resistance at the Lr14 locus in wheat. Can J Genet Cytol. 1970;12:689–694.
  • Gul'tyaeva EI, Kanyuka IA, Alpateva NV, et al. Approaches in identifying leaf rust resistance genes in russian wheat varieties. Russ Agric Sci. 2009;35(5):316–319.
  • Ogbonnaya FC, Abdalla O, Nazari K, et al. Characterization of stem rust resistance in ICARDA/CWANA elite wheat germplasm using linked molecular markers. Proceedings of the 8th International Wheat Conference. 2010 Jun 1-4; Petersburg; Russia.
  • Rajaram S, Singh RP, Torres E. Current CIMMYT approaches in breeding for rust resistance. In: Simmonds NW Rajaram S, editors. Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat. Mexico: CIMMYT; 1988. p. 101–118.
  • Jin Y, Szabo L, Pretorius ZA, et al. Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr24 within race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. trit Plant Dis. 2008;92
  • Roux L, Rijkenberg FH. Pathotypes of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race with virulence for Sr24. Plant Dis. 1987;71:1115–1119.