References
- Carvalho AL, Nishimoto IN, Califano JA, et al. Trends in incidence and prognosis for head and neck cancer in the United States: a site-specific analysis of the SEER database. Int J Cancer. 2005;114(5):806–816.
- McCullough MJ, Prasad G, Farah CS. Oral mucosal malignancy and potentially malignant lesions: an update on the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and management. Aust Dent J. 2010;55:61–65.
- Jerjes W, Upile T, Petrie A, et al. Clinicopathological parameters, recurrence, locoregional and distant metastasis in 115 T1-T2 oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Head Neck Oncol. 2010;2:9.
- Dawood S, Austin L, Cristofanilli M. Cancer stem cells: Implications for cancer therapy. Oncology (Williston Park). 2014;28(12):1101–1107. 1110
- Batlle E, Clevers H. Cancer stem cells revisited. Nat Med. 2017;23(10):1124–1134.
- Fang D, Nguyen TK, Leishear K, et al. A tumorigenic subpopulation with stem cell properties in melanomas. Cancer Res. 2005;65(20):9328–9337.
- Kim CF, Jackson EL, Woolfenden AE, et al. Identification of bronchioalveolar stem cells in normal lung and lung cancer. Cell. 2005;121(6):823–835.
- O’Brien CA, Pollett A, Gallinger S, et al. A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice. Nature. 2007;445(7123):106–110.
- Piccirillo SG, Reynolds BA, Zanetti N, et al. Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit the tumorigenic potential of human brain tumour-initiating cells. Nature. 2006;444(7120):761–765.
- Grünert S, Jechlinger M, Beug H, et al. Diverse cellular and molecular mechanisms contribute to epithelial plasticity and metastasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003;4(8):657–665.
- Oskarsson T, Batlle E, Massagué J. Metastatic stem cells: sources, niches, and vital pathways. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;14(3):306–321.
- Ota I, Masui T, Kurihara M, et al. Snail-induced emt promotes cancer stem cell-like properties in head and neck cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2016;35(1):261–266.
- Voog J, Jones DL. Stem cells and the niche: a dynamic duo. Cell Stem Cell. 2010;6(2):103–115.
- Barbato L, Bocchetti M, Di Biase A, et al. Cancer stem cells and targeting strategies cells. Cells. 2019;8(8):926.
- Tatetsu H, Kong NR, Chong G, et al. SALL4, the missing link between stem cells, development and cancer. Gene. 2016;584(2):111–119.
- Hao L, Y, Zhao Y, Wang Z, et al. Expression and clinical significance of SALL4 and b-catenin in colorectal cancer. J Mol Hist. 2016;47(2):117–128.
- Xiong J. SALL4: engine of cell stemness. Curr Gene Ther. 2014;14(5):400–411.
- Dirican E, Akkiprik M. Functional and clinical significance of SALL4 in breast cancer. Tumour Biol. 2016;37(9):11701–11709.
- Nicolè L, Sanavia T, Veronese N, et al. A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;8(14):22968–22979.
- Shen H, Li L, Wang D, et al. Higher expression of SALL4 predicts poor cancer prognosis: a meta-analysis. Cancer Biomark. 2017;19(4):365–373.
- Yong KJ, Gao C, Lim JSJ, et al. Oncofetal gene SALL4 in aggressive hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(24):2266–2276.
- Wu H, Liu C, Fan X, et al. Spalt-like transcription factor 4 as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker of colorectal cancer. CBM. 2017;20(2):191–198.
- Liu L, Zhang J, Yang X, et al. SALL4 as an epithelial-mesenchymal transition and drug resistance inducer through the regulation of c-Myc in endometrial cancer. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138515.
- Nie X, Guo E, Wu C, et al. SALL4 induces radioresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via the ATM/Chk2/p53 pathway. Cancer Med. 2019;8(4):1779–1792.
- Featherston T, Yu HH, Dunne JC, et al. Cancer stem cells in moderately differentiated buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinoma express components of the renin-angiotensin system. Front Surg. 2016;3:52.
- Ram R, Brasch HD, Dunne JC, et al. The identification of three cancer stem cell subpopulations within moderately differentiated lip squamous cell carcinoma. Front Surg. 2017;4:12.
- Yu HH, Featherston T, Tan ST, et al. Characterization of cancer stem cells in moderately differentiated buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinoma. Front Surg. 2016;3:46.
- Gonzalez-Moles MA, Ruiz-Avila I, Gil-Montoya JA, et al. β-catenin in oral cancer: an update on current knowledge . Oral Oncol. 2014;50(9):818–824.
- Doucas H, Garcea G, Neal CP, et al. Changes in the Wnt signalling pathway in gastrointestinal cancers and their prognostic significance. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41(3):365–379.
- Zhang L, Xu Z, Xu X, et al. SALL4, a novel marker for human gastric carcinogenesis and metastasis. Oncogene. 2014;33(48):5491–5500.
- Baccelli I, Stenzinger A, Vogel V, et al. Co‑expression of MET and CD47 is a novel prognosticator for survival of luminal breast cancer patients. Oncotarget. 2014;5(18):8147–8160.
- Di C, Sun J, Zhang H, et al. High expression of SALL4 is associated with poor prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2018;11(3):1391–1398.
- Papadavid E, Pignatelli M, Zakynthinos S, et al. Abnormal immunoreactivity of the E-cadherin/catenin (alpha-, beta- and gamma-) complex in premalignant and malignant nonmelanocytic skin tumours. J Pathol. 2002;196(2):154–162.
- Yun X, Wang L, Cao L, et al. Immunohistochemical study of β-catenin and functionally related molecular markers in tongue squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with cellular proliferation. Oncol Lett. 2010;1(3):437–443.
- Brabletz T, Jung A, Spaderna S, et al. Opinion: migrating cancer stem cells - an integrated concept of malignant tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(9):744–749.
- Davis SJ, Divi V, Owen JH, et al. Metastatic potential of cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136(12):1260–1266.
- Granit RZ, Slyper M, Ben-Porath I. Axes of differentiation in breast cancer: untangling stemness, lineage identity, and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2014;6(1):93–106.
- Grosse-Wilde A, Fouquier d’Hérouël A, McIntosh E, et al. Stemness of the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal state in breast cancer and its association with poor survival. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126522.
- Sun S, Wang Z. Head neck squamous cell carcinoma c-Met cells display cancer stem cell properties and are responsible for cisplatin-resistance and metastasis. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(10):2337–2348.
- Kobayashi D, Kuribayashi K, Tanaka M, et al. Overexpression of SALL4 in lung cancer and its importance in cell proliferation. Oncol Rep. 2011;26(4):965–970.
- Zhang P, Chang W-H, Fong B, et al. Regulation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell induction by Wnt/β-catenin signaling . J Biol Chem. 2014;289(13):9221–9232.
- Forghanifard MM, Khales SA, Javdani-Mallak A, et al. Stemness state regulators SALL4 and SOX2 are involved in progression and invasiveness of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Med Oncol. 2014;31(4):922.
- Lin SY, Xia W, Wang JC, et al. Beta-catenin, a novel prognostic marker for breast cancer: its roles in cyclin D1 expression and cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(8):4262–4266.
- Lim SC, Lee MS. Significance of E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex and cyclin D1 in breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 2002;9(5):915–928.
- Böhm J, Sustmann C, Wilhelm C, et al. SALL4 is directly activated by TCF/LEF in the canonical wnt signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;348(3):898–907.
- He J, Zhou M, Chen X, et al. Inhibition of SALL4 reduces tumorigenicity involving epithelial-mesenchymal transition via Wnt/β-catenin pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2016;35(1):98.
- Zhang D, Jiang F, Wang X, et al. Knockdown of SALL4 inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion in osteosarcoma cells. Oncol Res. 2017;25(5):763–771.
- Chen M, Li L, Zheng P. SALL4 promotes the tumorigenicity of cervical cancer cells through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via CTNNB1. Cancer Sci. 2019;110(9):2794–2805.
- Yang J, Gao C, Chai L, et al. A novel SALL4/OCT4 transcriptional feedback network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. PLoS One. 2010;5(5):e10766.
- Wang F, Guo Y, Chen Q, et al. Stem cell factor SALL4, a potential prognostic marker for myelodysplastic syndromes. J Hematol Oncol. 2013;6(1):73.
- Gao C, Kong N, Li A, et al. SALL4 is a key transcription regulator in normal human hematopoiesis. Transfusion. 2013;53(5):1037–1049.
- Lu J, Jeong HW, Kong N, et al. Stem cell factor SALL4 represses the transcriptions of PTEN and SALL1 through an epigenetic repressor complex. PLoS One. 2009;4:e5577.
- Yang J, Chai L, Gao C, et al. SALL4 is a key regulator of survival and apoptosis in human leukemic cells. Blood. 2008;112(3):805–813.
- Li A, Jiao Y, Yong KJ, et al. SALL4 is a new target in endometrial cancer. Oncogene. 2015;34(1):63–72.
- Oikawa T, Kamiya A, Zeniya M, et al. Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4), a stem cell biomarker in liver cancers. Hepatology. 2013;57(4):1469–1483.