Thyroid dysfunction as a long-term post-COVID-19 complication in mild-to-moderate COVID-19

References

• Desailloud R, Hober D. Viruses and thyroiditis: an update. Virol J. 2009;6:5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scappaticcio L, Pitoia F, Esposito K, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2021;22(4):803–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesan K, Anastasopoulou C, Wadud K. Euthyroid Sick syndrome. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Chen M, Zhou W, Xu W. Thyroid function analysis in 50 patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study. Thyroid. 2021;31(1):8–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao W, Guo W, Guo Y, et al. Thyroid hormone concentrations in severely or critically ill patients with COVID-19. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44(5):1031–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li MY, Li L, Zhang Y, et al. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tis-sues. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels MH, Pillote K, Asher D, et al. Variable effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents on thyroid test results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(12):5710–5716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Tian Y, Li Z, et al. Potential interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and thyroid: a review. Endocrinology. 2021;162:bqab004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lania A, Sandri MT, Cellini M, et al. Thyrotoxicosis in patients with COVID-19: the THYRCOV study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(4):381–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakiba M, Nazemipour M, Heidarzadeh A, et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection using a seroepidemiological survey. Epidemiol Infect. 2020;148:e300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332196. (Accessed on 30 April 2022)
   Google Scholar
• Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 2014;24(12):1670–1751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulgarian Society of Endocrinology. Recommendations for good practice in Thyroid diseases. Bulgarian Society of Endocrinology: Sofia; 2019. [in Bulgarian].
   Google Scholar
• Russ G, Bonnema SJ, Erdogan MF, et al. European Thyroid Association guidelines for ultrasound malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules in adults: the EU-TIRADS. Eur Thyroid J. 2017;6(5):225–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Su X, Ding Y, et al. Thyroid function abnormalities in COVID-19 patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:623792. )
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lui DT, Lee CH, Chow WS, et al. Thyroid dysfunction in relation to immune profile, disease status, and outcome in 191 patients with COVID-19. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(2):e926–e935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanella L, Ruggeri RM, Ovčariček PP, et al. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Clin Transl Imaging. 2021;9(3):233–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoo B, Tan T, Clarke SA, et al. Thyroid function before, during, and after COVID-19. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(2):e803–e811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulgarian Society of Endocrinology. Thyroid dysfunction and cardiovascular risk factors in Bulgarian adults. In Borissova A-M, editor. Epidemiology of endocrine diseases in Bulgaria 2006-2012. Sofia: Paradigma; 2016. p. 277–287. [in Bulgarian]
   Google Scholar
• Shinkov A, Borissova AM, Vlahov J, et al. Male gender differences in the thyroid ultrasound features, thyroid peroxidase antibodies and thyroid hormone levels: a large population-based study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(3):269–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou R, Wu C, Zhang S, et al. Euthyroid sick syndrome in patients with COVID-19. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:566439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal R, Banerjee M. COVID-19 and the endocrine system: exploring the unexplored. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(7):1027–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller I, Cannavaro D, Dazzi D, et al. SARS-CoV-2-related atypical thyroiditis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(9):739–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancatella A, Ricci D, Viola N, et al. Subacute thyroiditis after SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Clin Endo-crinol Metab. 2020;105:dgaa276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asfuroglu Kalkan E, Ates I. A case of subacute thyroiditis associated with Covid-19 infection. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(8):1173–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggeri RM, Campennì A, Siracusa M, et al. Subacute thyroiditis in a patient infected with SARS-COV-2: an endocrine complication linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hormones (Athens). 2021;20(1):219–221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feghali K, Atallah J, Norman C. Manifestations of thyroid disease post COVID-19 illness: report of Hashimoto thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, and subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Transl Endocrinol Case Rep. 2021;22:100094.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burekovic A, Halilovic D, Sahbaz A. Hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism as a consequence of COVID-19 infection. Med Arch. 2022;76(1):12–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarke SA, Phylactou M, Patel B, et al. Normal adrenal and thyroid function in patients who survive COVID-19 infection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(8):2208–2220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lui DTW, Lee CH, Chow WS, et al. Insights from a prospective follow-up of thyroid function and autoimmunity among COVID-19 survivors. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2021;36(3):582–589.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishihara E, Amino N, Kudo T, et al. Moderate frequency of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in the early phase of subacute thyroiditis. Eur Thyroid J. 2019;8(5):268–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed AH, Yousif AM, Jabbar SA, et al. Assessment of thyroid function in COVID-19 patients. Tabari Biomed Stu Res J. 2021;3(3):8–13.
   Google Scholar
• Tang Y, Liu J, Zhang D, et al. Cytokine storm in COVID-19: the current evidence and treatment strategies. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Re RN, Kourides IA, Ridgway EC, et al. The effect of glucocorticoid administration on human pituitary secretion of thyrotropin and prolactin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976;43(2):338–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra IJ, Williams DE, Orgiazzi J, et al. Opposite effects of dexamethasone on serum concentrations of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975;41(5):911–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Noriega Echevarría I, García-Salido A, Muñoz-Calvo MT, et al. Elevación de los niveles de hormonas tiroideas tras administración de heparina de bajo peso molecular [Elevated thyroid hormone levels following low molecular weight heparin administration]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2017;87(1):50–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong BJ. How medications affect thyroid function. West J Med. 2000;172(2):102–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheehan MT. Biochemical testing of the thyroid: TSH is the best and, oftentimes, only test needed - a review for primary care. Clin Med Res. 2016;14(2):83–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar