REFERENCES
- Atton, Chris. 2007. “Current Issues in Alternative Media Research.” Sociology Compass 1 (1): 17–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00005.x
- Bute, Swati. 2014. “The Role of Social Media in Mobilizing People for Riots and Revolutions: Four Case Studies in India.” In Social Media in Politics: Case Studies on the Political Power of Social Media, edited by B. Pătruţ and M. Pătruţ, 355–366. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
- Butler, Judith. 2011. “Bodies in Alliance and the Politics of the Street.” Accessed April 23, 2016. http://www.eipcp.net/transversal/1011/butler/en
- Callon, Michel, and Bruno Latour. 1981. “Unscrewing the Big Leviathan: How Actors Macro-Structure Reality and How Sociologists Help them To Do So.” In Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Towards an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies, edited by K. Knorr-Cetina and A. V. Cicourel, 277–303. Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Castells, Manuel. 2012. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge, MA: Polity press.
- Cayli, Baris. 2013. “Creating Counter-Publics Against the Italian Mafia: Cultural Conquerors of Web-based Media.” Javnost—The Public 20 (3): 59–76. doi: 10.1080/13183222.2013.11453395
- Cho, Glorya. 2010. “Hiplife, Cultural Agency and the Youth Counter-Public in the Ghanaian Public Sphere.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 45 (4): 406–423. doi: 10.1177/0021909610373888
- Cho, Younghan. 2008. “The National Crisis and De/Reconstructing Nationalism in South Korea during the IMF Intervention.” Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 9 (1): 82–95. doi: 10.1080/14649370701789666
- Chu, Yin-wah. 2009. “Eclipse or Reconfigured? South Korea’s Developmental State and Challenges of the Global Knowledge Economy.” Economy and Society 38 (2): 278–303. doi: 10.1080/03085140902786751
- Dahlberg, Lincoln. 2011. “Re-constructing Digital Democracy: An Outline of Four ‘Positions’.” New Media & Society 13 (6): 855–872. doi: 10.1177/1461444810389569
- Della Porta, Donatella, Massimiliano Andretta, Lorenzo Mosca, and Herbert Reiter. 2006. Globalization from Below: Transnational Activists and Protest Networks. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Demirhan, Kamil. 2014. “Social Media Effects on the Gezi Park Movement in Turkey: Politics Under Hashtags.” In Social Media in Politics: Case Studies on the Political Power of Social Media, edited by B. Pătruţ and M. Pătruţ, 355–366. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
- Downey, John, and Natalie Fenton. 2003. “New Media, Counter Publicity and the Public Sphere.” New Media & Society 5 (2): 185–202. doi: 10.1177/1461444803005002003
- Downing, John D. H. 2000. Radical Media: Rebellious Communication and Social Movements. London: Sage.
- Fenton, Natalie. 2008. “Mediating Hope: New Media, Politics, and Resistance.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 11 (2): 230–248. doi: 10.1177/1367877908089266
- Fenton, Natalie. 2016. “The Internet and Radical Politics.” In Misunderstanding The Internet, edited by J. Curran, N. Fenton, and D. Freedman, 149–176. New York: Routledge.
- Fenton, Natalie, and John Downey. 2003. “Counter Public Spheres and Global Modernity.” Javnost—The Public 10 (1): 15–32. doi: 10.1080/13183222.2003.11008819
- Friend, Cecilia, and Jane B. Singer. 2007. Online Journalism Ethics: Traditions and Transitions. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
- Fuchs, Christian. 2014. OccupyMedia!: The Occupy Movement and Social Media in Crisis Capitalism. London: Zero Books.
- Gerbaudo, Paolo. 2012. Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. London: Pluto Press.
- Gillet, James. 2007.” Internet Web Logs as Cultural Resistance: A Case Study of the SARS Arts Project.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 31 (1): 28–43. doi: 10.1177/0196859906294840
- Grossberg, Lawrence. 2010. Cultural Studies in the Future Tense. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Habermas, Jürgen. 1989. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
- Habermas, Jürgen. 1992. “Further Reflections on the Public Sphere.” In Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by C. Calhoun, 421–461. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Habermas, Jürgen. 1999. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
- Hine, Christine. 2000. Virtual Ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Jasper, James M. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Juris, Jeffrey S. 2008. “Performing Politics: Image, Embodiment, and Affective Solidarity during Anti-Corporate Globalization Protests.” Ethnography 9 (1): 61–97. doi: 10.1177/1466138108088949
- Juris, Jeffrey S. 2012. “Reflections on #Occupy Everywhere: Social Media, Public Space, and Emerging Logics of Aggregation.” American Ethnologist 39 (2): 259–279. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01362.x
- Kahn, Richard, and Douglas Keller. 2005. “Oppositional Politics and the Internet: A Critical/Reconstructive Approach.” Cultural Politics 1 (1): 75–100. doi: 10.2752/174321905778054926
- Kim, Chul-Kyoo, and Hae-Jin, Lee. 2010. “Teenage Participants of the 2008 Candlelight Vigil: Their Social Characteristics and Changes in Political Views.” Korea Journal 50 (3): 14–37.
- Kim, Yeojin. 2011. “To You.” Kim Yeojin’s Blog, January 26. Accessed April 23, 2016. http://kimyeojin.tistory.com/?page=3
- Kowal, Donna M. 2002. “Digitizing and Globalizing Indigenous Voices: The Zapatista Movement.” In Critical Perspectives on the Internet, edited by G. Elmer, 105–129. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
- Kyunghyang Shinmoon. 2011. “Why do they Fight?” Accessed April 23, 2016. http://weekly.khan.co.kr/khnm.html?mode=view&code=115&artid=201102241113321
- Langman, Lauren. 2005. “From Virtual Public Spheres to Global Justice: A Critical Theory of Internetworked Social Movements.” Sociological Theory 23 (1): 42–74. doi: 10.1111/j.0735-2751.2005.00242.x
- Lee, Paul S. N., Clement Y. K. So, and Louis Leung. 2015. “Social Media and Umbrella Movement: Insurgent Public Sphere in Formation.” Chinese Journal of Communication 8 (4): 356–375. doi: 10.1080/17544750.2015.1088874
- Lee, Sook Jong, and Kevin Hewison. 2010. “Introduction: South Korea and the Antinomies of Neo-liberal Globalisation.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 40 (2): 181–187. doi: 10.1080/00472331003597539
- Liu, Shih-Diing. 2008. “Undomesticated Hostilities: The Affective Space of Internet Chat Rooms across the Taiwan Strait.” Positions 16 (2): 435–455. doi: 10.1215/10679847-2008-008
- Lowrey, Wilson, and John Latta. 2008. “The Routines of Blogging.” In Making Online News: The Ethnography of New Media Production, edited by C. Paterson and D. Domingo, 185–197. New York: Peter Lang.
- Marcus, George E. 1995. “Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography.” Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 95–117. doi: 10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.000523
- Mare, Admire. 2014. “Social Media: The New Protest Drums in Southern Africa?” In Social Media in Politics: Case Studies on the Political Power of Social Media, edited by B. Pătruţ and M. Pătruţ, 355–366. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
- McDorman, Todd F. 2001. “Crafting a Virtual Counterpublic: Right-to-Die Advocates on the Internet.” In Counterpublics and the State, edited by R. Asen and D. C. Brouwer, 187–210. Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Milan, Stefania. 2015. “When Algorithms Shape Collective Action: Social Media and the Dynamics of Cloud Protesting.” Social Media + Society July–December: 1–10.
- Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. 2005. The Past Within Us: Media, Memory, History. London: Verso.
- Naghibi, Nima. 2011. “Diasporic Disclosures: Social Networking, Neda, and the 2009 Iranian Presidential Elections.” Biography 34 (1): 56–69. doi: 10.1353/bio.2011.0004
- Nanabhay, Mohamed, and Roxane Farmanfarmaian. 2011. “From Spectacle to Spectacular: How Physical Space, Social Media and Mainstream Broadcast Amplified the Public Sphere in Egypt’s ‘Revolution.’” The Journal of North African Studies 16 (4): 573–603. doi: 10.1080/13629387.2011.639562
- Negt, Oskar, and Alexander Kluge. 1972. Public Sphere and Experience: Towards an Analysis of the Bourgeois and Proletarian Public Sphere. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Ohmynews. 2011a. “Letter from One Graduate of Hongik University.” Accessed April 23, 2016. http://5505.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/Thumb/thumb_view.aspx?TN_CD=TN000031003&CMPT_CD=T0001
- Ohmynews. 2011b. “Frivolous Outsider Group’s Successful Fundraising.” Accessed April 23, 2016. http://www.ohmynews.com/nws_web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001510085
- Ohmynews. 2011c. “We Became Close by Drinking Over Ten Cups of Coffee.” Accessed April 23, 2016. http://www.ohmynews.com/nws_web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001510234
- Palczewski, Catherine H. 2001. “Cyber-movements, New Social Movements and Counterpublics.” In Counterpublics and the State, edited by R. Asen and D. C. Brouwer, 161–187. New York: State University of New York Press.
- Papacharissi, Zizi A. 2011. “On Convergent Supersurfaces and Public Spheres Online.” International Journal of Electronic Governance 4 (1/2): 9–17.
- Pătruţ, Bogdan, and Monica Pătruţ. 2014. Social Media in Politics: Case Studies on the Political Power of Social Media. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
- Pirie, Iain. 2008. The Korean Developmental State: From Dirigisme to Neo-liberalism. London: Routledge.
- Poell, Thomas, and José Van Dijck. 2015. “Social Media and Activist Communication.” In The Routledge Companion to Alternative and Community Media, edited by C. Atton, 527–537. London: Routledge.
- Postill, John. 2013. “Democracy in an Age of Viral Reality: A Media Epidemiography of Spain’s Indignados Movement.” Ethnography 15 (1): 51–69. doi: 10.1177/1466138113502513
- Rahimi, Babak. 2011. “The Agonistic Social Media: Cyberspace in the Formation of Dissent And consolidation of State Power in Postelection Iran.” The Communication Review 14 (3): 158–178. doi: 10.1080/10714421.2011.597240
- Salazar, Juan F. 2003. “Articulating an Activist Imaginary: Internet as Counter Public Sphere in the Mapuche Movement, 1997/2002.” Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture & Policy 107: 19–30.
- Shirky, Clay. 2011. “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change.” Foreign Affairs. Accessed April 23, 2016. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2010-12-20/political-power-social-media,
- Song, Yonghoi. 2008. “Internet News Media and Issue Development: A Case Study on the Roles of Independent Online News Services as Agenda-Builder for anti-U.S. Protests in South Korea.” New Media & Society 9 (1): 71–92. doi: 10.1177/1461444807072222
- Sonn, Hochul. 2006. “The Post-Cold-War World Order and Domestic Conflicts in South Korea: Neoliberal and Armed Globalization.” In Empire and Neoliberalism in Asia, edited by V. R. Hadiz, 202–217. London: Routledge.
- Sonn, Hochul. 2009. “Neoliberalism and Democracy in South Korea.” Korean Political Science Review 43 (5): 75–91. doi: 10.18854/kpsr.2009.43.5.004
- Sreberny, Annabelle, and Gholam Khiabany. 2010. Blogistan: The Internet and Politics in Iran. New York: I. B. Tauris.
- Srinvasan, Ramesh. 2014. “What Tahrir Square Has Done for Social Media: A 2012 Snapshot in the Struggle for Political Power in Egypt.” The Information Society: An International Journal 30 (1): 71–80. doi: 10.1080/01972243.2013.856363
- Sunstein, Cass R. 2008. “Neither Hayek nor Habermas.” Public Choice 134: 87–95. doi: 10.1007/s11127-007-9202-9
- Tufekci, Zeynep, and Christopher Wilson. 2012. “Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations from Tahir Square.” Journal of Communication 62 (2): 363–379. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x
- Van Aelst, Peter, and Stefaan Walgrave. 2002. “New Media, New Movements? The Role of the Internet in Shaping The ‘Anti-globalization’ Movement.” Information, Communication & Society 5 (4): 465–493. doi: 10.1080/13691180208538801
- Wimmer, Jeffrey. 2008. “The Publics behind Political Web Campaigning: The Digital Transformation of ‘Classic’ Counter-public Spheres.” In Political Campaigning on the Web, edited by S. Baringhorst, V. Kneip, and J. Niesyto, 31–52. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.
- Wood, Elisabeth J. 2001. “The Emotional Benefit of Insurgency in El Salvador.” In Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements, edited by J. Goodwin, J. M. Jasper and P. Polletta, 267–381. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Xing, Guoxin. 2012. “Online Activism and Counter-Public Spheres: A Case Study of Migrant Labour Resistance.” Javnost—The Public 19 (2): 63–82. doi: 10.1080/13183222.2012.11009085
- Zhang, Weiyu. 2006. “Constructing and Disseminating Subaltern Public Discourse in China.” Javnost—The Public 13 (2): 41–64. doi: 10.1080/13183222.2006.11008912