The silver economy on wheels: a narrative review of the mature-aged, hypermobile gig worker phenomena

References

• Aalbers, M. B. (2008). The financialization of homes and the mortgage market crisis. Competition and Change, 12(2), 148–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1179/102452908X289802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, S., & Ussher, S. (2012). The voluntary simplicity movement: A multi-national survey analysis in theoretical context. Journal of Consumer Culture, 12(1), 66–86. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10. 1177/1469540512444019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audretsch, D. B., & Heger, D. (2015). Infrastructure and entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 44(2), 219–230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9600-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruder, J. (2017). Nomadland. Swift Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caravan Industry Association of Australia. (2020). 2020 Caravan and camping state of Industry. https://caravanstats.com.au/product/state-of-the-industry-2020/.
   Google Scholar
• Carlos. (2021). 63 surprising digital nomad statistics in 2021. A brother abroad. https://abrotherabroad.com/digital-nomad-statistics/.
   Google Scholar
• Carolyn’s RV Life. (2019, December 23). Why I chose to live full time in an RV and what pushed me there [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/_8cidDjAeNc.
   Google Scholar
• Carruthers, R. (2020, August 16). ‘Golden age’ beckons for $23b caravan industry. Financial Review. https://www.afr.com/companies/tourism/golden-age-beckons-for-23b-caravan-industry-20200816-p55m5g.
   Google Scholar
• Chabot, A. (2020). The pursuit of health, wealth, and well-being through minimalist consumption [Doctoral dissertation, Duke University]. https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/22136/Chabot_duke_0066D_15693.pdf?sequence = 1.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, B. (2020a, July 13). RV makers are seeing surging demand as stay-at-home orders lift and some companies are struggling to keep up. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com.au/rv-sales-skyrocketing-as-lockdown-ends-2020-6?r = US&IR = T.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, B. (2020b, May 12). Camper van conversion companies are seeing a surge in customer interest despite COVID-19 ravaging the travel and transportation industry. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com.au/camper-van-conversion-companies-resilience-in-sales-despite-the-coronavirus-2020-5?r = US&IR = T.
   Google Scholar
• CheapRVliving. (2016, October 12). Kathleen living in her car [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = Kp0epzh0Jmc.
   Google Scholar
• CheapRVliving. (2018, July 21). 76-year-old Wendy living in a Dodge coachhouse class b [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = L8G0oX_7CtY.
   Google Scholar
• CheapRVliving. (2020, July 19). Live Feed July 8, 2020 – Jobs for Nomads [Video]. YouTube. https://youtube.com/watch?v = FXZm6hOgd68.
   Google Scholar
• Cherry, M. A. (2019). Age discrimination in the on-demand economy and crowdwork. Berkely Journal of Employment and Labor Law, 40(1), 61–90. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection = journals&handle = hein.journals/berkjemp40&id = 98&men_tab = srchresults.
   Google Scholar
• Chevtaeva, E. (2021). Coworking and coliving: The attraction for digital nomad tourists. In W. Wörndl, C. Koo, & J. L. Stienmetz (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2021 (pp. 202–209). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_17.
   Google Scholar
• Cresswell, T. (1993). Mobility as resistance: A geographical reading of Kerouac’s ‘on the road’. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 18(2), 249–262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/622366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin, R. (2011). The RV consumer demographic profile. University of Michigan Survey Research Center. https://data.sca.isr.umich.edu/fetchdoc.php?docid = 24777.
   Google Scholar
• Darley, T., Lambert, C., & Ryan, M. (2017). Grey Nomads’ caravanning use of social networking sites. Information Technology and Tourism, 17(4), 379–398. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-017-0091-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, A., & Prout Quicke, S. (2021, June 11). Our own Nomadland: the Australians caught in the COVID blind spot. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/our-own-nomadland-the-australians-caught-in-a-covid-blind-spot-161907.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, A., & Wood, L. J. (2018). Homeless health care: Meeting the challenges of providing primary care. Medical Journal of Australia, 209(5), 230–234. https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/209_05/10.5694mja17.01264.pdf. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.01264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, H., & Thomas, K. (2007). Ageism in the workplace. Journal of American Society on Aging, 31(1), 84–89. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26555516.
   Google Scholar
• Dooley, K. (2020). Wide open road: freedom and facade in ‘The Meaning of Vanlife’. Screens in the Classroom. https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10. 3316/informit.103058982655556.
   Google Scholar
• Dorn, J. (2015). On the road with the vanlife community: The art of storytelling in the age of Instagram [Doctoral dissertation, Claremont Colleges]. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1087.
   Google Scholar
• Elsinga, M. (2015). Changing housing systems and their potential impacts on homelessness. European Journal of Homelessness, 9(1), 15–35. https://www.feantsaresearch.org/download/article-1-68422949820023660273.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Featherstone, R., & Deflem, M. (2003). Anomie and strain: Context and consequences of Merton’s two theories. Sociological Inquiry, 73(4), 471–489. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-682X.00067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Trade Commission. (n.d.). CAN-SPAM Act: A compliance guide for business. https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/can-spam-act-compliance-guide-business.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, A. C. (2016). A closer look at spending patterns of older Americans. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-5/spending-patterns-of-older-americans.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Frati, D. (2017). Snowbirds’ gift economy in the Arizona desert. Métropolitiques. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02880337.
   Google Scholar
• Ganser, A. (2006). On the asphalt frontier: American women’s road narratives, spatiality, and transgression. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 7(4), 153–167. http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol7/iss4/10.
   Google Scholar
• Ganser, A. (2009). Roads of her own: Gendered space and mobility in American women’s road narratives, 1970-2000. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Gildersleeve, J. (2020, December 29). Hit the road, Jack: 5 epic literary road trips that are not by Kerouac. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/hit-the-road-jack-5-epic-literary-road-trips-that-are-not-by-kerouac-150159.
   Google Scholar
• Glaister, D., & Bruce-Lockhart, A. (2008, June 26). Subprime crisis: US foreclosures bring homelessness to the middle class. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/25/usa.subprimecrisis.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, R. (2011). America’s largest nomadic tribe. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-15856069.
   Google Scholar
• Gretzel, U., & Hardy, A. (2019). #Vanlife: Materiality, makeovers and mobility amongst digital nomads. e-Review of Tourism Research, 16(2/3), 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Guendelsberger, E. (2019). On the clock: What low-wage work did to me and how it drives America insane. Hachette.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy, A., Gretzel, U., & Hanson, D. (2013). Travelling neo-tribes: Conceptualising recreational vehicle users. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 11(1-2), 48–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2013.783584
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrington, M., & Kew, P. (2017). Global entrepreneurship monitor: Global report 2016/2017. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA). https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2016-2017- global-report.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, S. (2021, March 29). Wheel life with the ladies in the van. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2021/mar/28/wheel-life-with-the-ladies-in-the-van-middle-aged-americans-are-taking-to-the-road.
   Google Scholar
• Invisible People. (2021, August 18). Van life not a choice: Elderly homeless woman needs housing [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = 0PyhQgFPGM0&t = 284s.
   Google Scholar
• Judd, B. (2021, February 23). As ‘van lifers’ flock to Byron Bay, the town is struggling to reconcile its reputation with the cost of tourism. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-23/byron-bay-van-life-illegal-camping-streets-dividing-community/13120570.
   Google Scholar
• Kautonen, T. (2013). Senior entrepreneurship, a background paper for the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development. LEED. https://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/senior_bp_final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kearns, R., Collins, D., & Bates, L. (2017). It’s freedom!”: examining the motivations and experiences of coastal freedom campers in New Zealand. Leisure Studies, 36(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1141976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, N., & Kelliher, F. (2021). Mining for silver: The role of micro-firm adaptive strategizing capabilities in harnessing senior tourism. Small Enterprise Research, 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.1967777.
   Google Scholar
• Kenny, K. (2020). Laurent Berland: Cruel organizations. In R. McMurray, & A. Pullen (Eds.), Morality, ethics and responsibility in organization and management (1st ed., ch. 5). Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Morality-Ethics-and-Responsibility-in-Organization-and-Management/McMurray-Pullen/p/book/9780367495213.
   Google Scholar
• Kerouac, J. (1957). On the road. Viking Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kibler, E., Wainwright, T., Kautonen, T., & Blackburn, R. (2015). Can social exclusion against “older entrepreneurs” be managed? Journal of Small Business Management, 53(S1), 193–208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kindle, P. A. (2019). Review of the book Nomadland: Surviving America in the twenty-first century. [Review of Nomadland. J. Bruder]. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 62(7), 816–818. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2019.1575136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, T. (2017). “The price of anything is the life you exchange for it” a study on voluntary simplicity with the United States [Masters Dissertation]. Lund University. https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func = downloadFile&recordOId = 8913798&fileOId = 8913800.
   Google Scholar
• Maritz, A., & Eager, B. (2017). Senior entrepreneurship themes: An Australian perspective. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 9(4), 206–221.
   Google Scholar
• Maritz, A., Eager, B., & De Klerk, S. (2021). Entrepreneurship and self-employment for mature-aged people. Australian Journal of Career Development, 30(1), 3–14. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10. 1177/1038416220978971. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416220978971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maritz, A., Zolin, R., De Waal, A., Fisher, R., Perenyi, A., & Eager, B. (2017). Senior entrepreneurship in Australia: Active ageing and extending working lives. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, (special issue), 1–39.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J. R. (2016). The cost of freedom: Houselessness as a nomadic lifestyle [Doctoral dissertation]. Northern Arizona University. ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/openview/4cd5a7731a3c7e67beaa36763e98edbb/1.pdf?pq-origsite = gscholar&cbl = 18750&diss = y.
   Google Scholar
• MBO Partners. (2021). COVID-19 and the rise of the digital nomad. 2020 State of Independence in America Report. https://s29814.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/MBO-Digital-Nomad-Report-2020-Revised.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McDonagh, S. (2021, September 10). Here are the destinations in Europe paying digital nomads to work there. Euro News. https://www.euronews.com/travel/2021/08/26/here-are-the-destinations-in-europe-paying-digital-nomads-to-work-there.
   Google Scholar
• McGuirk, H., Lenihan, A. C., & Lenihan, N. (2021). Awareness and potential of the silver economy for enterprises: A European regional level study. Small Enterprise Research, 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.1919915
   Google Scholar
• Moulton, J. G., & Scott, J. C. (2014). Good and bad? An analysis of self-employment at the older ages. Public Policy & Aging Report, 24(4), 155–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/pru041
   Google Scholar
• National Seniors Australia. (2013). Age discrimination in the labour market: Experiences and perceptions of mature age Australians. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. https://nationalseniors.com.au/uploads/201306_PACReport_Research_AgeDiscriminationLabourMarket_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ollerenshaw, A., Corbett, J., & Thompson, H. (2021). Increasing the digital literacy skills of regional SMEs through high-speed broadband access. Small Enterprise Research, 28(2), 115–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.1919913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Malley, P. (2013, November 10). Foster Huntington stopped working for the man and started living in a van. VICE. https://www.vice.com/en/article/gq8gvb/talking-surfing-and-vans-with-Foster-huntington.
   Google Scholar
• Onyx, J., & Leonard, R. (2005). Australian grey nomads and American snowbirds: Similarities and differences. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 16(1), 61–68. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10. 3316/ielapa.200509020.
   Google Scholar
• Parsons, J. J. (1992). Quartzsite, arizons: A “woodstock for RV’ers”. Focus on Geography, 42(3), 1–1. https://www.proquest.com/openview/35ebd64a32c09d7d4bb9d4f7bf6a7c62/1?pq-origsite = gscholar&cbl = 25768
   Google Scholar
• PBS NewsHour. (2020, October 2). How some older Americans are monetizing their #VanLife [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = FU2yuHjOgtg.
   Google Scholar
• Pittaway, L., Aissaoui, R., Ferrier, M., & Mass, P. (2019). University spaces for entrepreneurship: A process model. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(5), 911–936. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-09-2018-0584
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prideaux, B., & McClymont, H. (2006). The changing profile of caravanners in Australia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.546
   Google Scholar
• Rebouças, R., & Soares, A. M. (2021). Voluntary simplicity: A literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(3), 303–319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritter, M. (2021, August 2). Van conversion businesses can’t keep up with the #vanlife demand. CNN Business. https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/31/business/van-life-covid-19/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rizvi, A. H., Morayko, K., Song, A., & Hancock, M. (2021). Provocations from #vanlife: Investigating life and work in a community extensively using technology not designed for them. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2021. 1-16. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10. 1145/3411764.3445393.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, D. M. (2018). Nomadland: Surviving America in the twenty-first century. [Review of Nomadland, J. Bruder]. The AAG Review of Books, 6(3), 166–168. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10. 1080/2325548X.2018.1471931. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/2325548X.2018.1471931
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, S. (2000). Segment the mature market: 10 years later. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003900103
   Google Scholar
• Smallbone, D. (2016). Entrepreneurship policy: Issues and challenges. Small Enterprise Research, 23(3), 201–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2016.1270227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. G. (2020). Van life: a creative exploration of contemporary nomadism [Dissertation]. The University of Texas. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/84131.
   Google Scholar
• Steinbeck, J. (1962). Travels with Charlie. Viking Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, B. Y.. (2021). Emerald studies in alternativity and marginalization. Emerald Group Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Thoreau, H. D. (1854). Walden or, life in the woods. Ticknor and Fields.
   Google Scholar
• Thoreau, H. D. (1997). Walden. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Trent & Allie. (2018, October 2). 72 yr old solo female van lifer | van tour in 4k [Video]. Youtube. https://youtu.be/-GFt-X9J04U.
   Google Scholar
• Tubbs, M. (2014, November 22). Without Bound – Perspectives on Mobile Living (Documentary)[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v = Lg37Cbx-kak&t = 65s.
   Google Scholar
• UN. (2020). United Nations – ageing. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/ageing.
   Google Scholar
• Wagg, J. (Host). (2021). Health on the road, cutting straight, last buffalo hunt, boss elite stereo, stupid tale. Built To Go! #Vanlife Podcast. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/086-health-on-the-road-cutting-straight-last-buffalo/id1492196720?i = 1000531005466.
   Google Scholar
• Warkentin, T. (2020). Vanlife: How outdoor tourism perpetuates Squamish’s housing crisis. Momenta, 16(1), 21–26. https://questu.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Momenta_2020.pdf#page = 21.
   Google Scholar
• White, N. R., & White, P. B. (2004). Travel as transition: Identity and place. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 200–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiklund, J., Nikoleav, B., Shir, N., Foo, M.-D., & Bradley, S. (2019). Entrepreneurship and well-being: Past, present, and future. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(4), 579–588. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Workamper. (n.d.-a). Results for the 2021 Workamper Survey. Workamper.news. https://workamper.com/2021-workamper-survey-results.
   Google Scholar
• Workamper. (n.d.-b). Be part of the Amazon CamperForce. Workamper.com. https://workamper.com/femp/153589/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, C. (Director). (2020). Nomadland [Film]. Highwayman Films, Hear/Say Productions, Co Cordium Production.
   Google Scholar