Disrupting the Encoding of Misinformation Delivered in Closed Specific and Open Presumptive Questions

References

• Ackil, J. K., & Zaragoza, M. S. (2011). Forced fabrication versus interviewer suggestions: differences in false memory depend on how memory is assessed. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 933–942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, S. E., & Powell, M. B. (2004). The effect of intellectual disability on children's recall of an event across different question types. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 273–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belli, R. F. (1989). Influences of misleading postevent information: misinformation interference and acceptance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 72–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowles, P. V., & Sharman, S. J. (2014). The effect of different types of leading questions on adult eyewitnesses with mild intellectual disabilities. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28, 129–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, L. R. (1968). Spatial and verbal components of the act of recall. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 22, 349–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Craik, F. I., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: a framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 11, 671–684.
   Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, K., & Moerman, E. M. (2012). Effects of modality on memory for original and misleading information. Acta Psychologica, 140, 58–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drivdahl, S. B., & Zaragoza, M. S. (2001). The role of perceptual elaboration and individual differences in the creation of false memories for suggested events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 265–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Swire, B., & Chang, D. (2011). Correcting false information in memory: manipulating the strength of misinformation encoding and its retraction. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 570–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenda, S. J., Nichols, R. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2011). Current issues and advances in misinformation research. Current Directions i = e, S.,
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, M., & Pipe, M.-E. (1999). “What colour is your pet dinosaur?” The impact of pre-interview training and question type on children's answers. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 4, 111–128.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, S. M. (2006). Dividing attention during a witnessed event increases eyewitness suggestibility. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 199–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, S. M., & Zaragoza, M. S. (2007). A little elaboration goes a long way: the role of generation in eyewitness suggestibility. Memory & Cognition, 35, 1255–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, D. S. (2008). Source monitoring. Cognitive Psychology of Memory, 2, 325–348.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, D. S., & Johnson, M. K. (1989). The eyewitness suggestibility effect and memory for source. Memory & Cognition, 17, 349–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus, E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: a 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning & Memory, 12, 361–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 19–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, M. B., Garry, M., & Brewer, N. (2009). Eyewitness testimony. In I. Freckelton, & H. Selby (Eds.), Expert evidence (pp. 1–42). Sydney, NSW: Thompson Reuters.
   Google Scholar
• Sharman, S. J., & Powell, M. B. (2012). A comparison of adult witnesses’ suggestibility across various types of leading questions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 48–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takarangi, M. K. T., Parker, S., & Garry, M. (2006). Modernising the misinformation effect: the development of a new stimulus set. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 586–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, S. W., Hertel, P. T., McCallum, M. C., & Ellis, H. C. (1979). Cognitive effort and memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 607–617.
   Google Scholar
• Zaragoza, M. S., Mitchell, K. J., Payment, K., & Drivdahl, S. (2011). False memories for suggestions: The impact of conceptual elaboration. Journal of Memory and Language, 64, 18–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar