The Presence of ‘Um’ as a Marker of Truthfulness in the Speech of TV Personalities

References

• Arciuli, J., Mallard, D., & Villar, G. (2010). “Um, I can tell you're lying”: Linguistic markers of deception vs. truth-telling in speech. Applied Psycholinguistics, 31(3), 397–411. doi: 10.1017/S0142716410000044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arciuli, J., Villar, G., & Mallard, D. (2009). Lies, lies and more lies. Paper presented at the The 31st Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Armistead, T. W. (2011). Detecting deception in written statements: The British Home Office Study of Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN). Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 34(4), 588–605. doi:10.1108/13639511111180225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benus, S., Enos, F., Hirschberg, J., & Shriberg, E. (2006). Pauses in deceptive speech. Paper presented at the ISCA 3rd International Conference on Speech Prosody, Dresden, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Bock, K. (1987). An effect of the accessibility of word forms on sentence structures. Journal of Memory and Language, 26(2), 119–137. doi: 10.1016/0749-596x(87)90120-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, S. E., & Williams, M. (1995). The feeling of another's knowing: Prosody and filled pauses as cues to listeners about the metacognitive states of speakers. Journal of Memory and Language, 34(3), 383–398. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1995.1017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buller, D., Stiff, J., & Burgoon, J. (1996). Behavioral adaptation in deceptive transactions fact or fiction: Reply to Levine and McCornack. Human Communication Research, 22(4), 589–603. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00381.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon, J. (2015). When is deceptive message production more effortful than truth-telling? A baker's dozen of moderators. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1965). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon, J., Blair, J., Qin, T., & Nunamaker, J. (2003). Detecting deception through linguistic analysis. Intelligence and Security Informatics, 2665, 91–101. doi:10.1007/3-540-44853-5_7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon, J., Schuetzler, R., & Wilson, D. W. (2015). Kinesic patterning in deceptive and truthful interactions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, (39), 1–24. doi:10.1007/s10919-014-0190-4. doi:10.1007/s10919-014-0190-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlucci, M. E., Compo, N. S., & Zimmerman, L. (2013). Lie detection during high-stakes truths and lies. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 18(2), 314–323. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8333.2012.02064.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, E. (2014). When is a lie not a lie? When it's divergent: Examining lies and deceptive responses in a police interview. Language and Law, 1(1), 122–140.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, H. H., & Fox Tree, J. E. (2002). Using “uh” and “um” in spontaneous speaking. Cognition, 84, 73–111. doi: 10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00017-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo, P. A., Tyson, G., & Mallard, D. (2014). An investigation of accuracy and bias in cross-cultural lie detection. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 10(1), 66–82. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41636-6_8
   Google Scholar
• Clemens, F., Granhag, P. A., & Strömwall, L. (2011). Eliciting cues to false intent: A new application of strategic interviewing. Law and Human Behavior, 35(6), 512–522. doi:10.1007/s10979-010-9258-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M., Markus, K. A., Walters, S. B., Vorus, N., & Connors, B. (2005). Behavioral cues to deception vs. topic incriminating potential in criminal confessions. Law and Human Behavior, 29(6), 683–704. doi:10.1007/s10979-005-7370-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePaulo, B. (1992). Nonverbal behavior and self-presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 203–243. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.111.2.203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePaulo, B., Lindsay, J. J., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 74–118. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.129.1.74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePaulo, B., Rosenthal, R., Rosenkrantz, J., & Green, C. (1982). Actual and perceived cues to deception: A closer look at speech. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3(4), 291–312. doi: 10.1207/s15324834basp0304_6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ein-Dor, T., Perry-Paldi, A., Daniely, T., Zohar-Cohen, K., & Hirschberger, G. (2016). Deciphering the riddle of human deceit detection: Groups comprising a higher number of anxious people are better at distinguishing lies from truths. Psychology, Crime & Law, 1–28. doi:10.1080/1068316X.2016.1202251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, H. S., Prince, L. M., Riggio, R. E., & DiMatteo, M. R. (1980). Understanding and assessing nonverbal expressiveness: The Affective Communication Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(2), 333. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.39.2.333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, C. M., Biros, D. P., Twitchell, D. P., & Wilson, R. L. (2015). Real-world deception and the impact of severity. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 55(2), 59–67. doi:10.1080/08874417.2015.11645757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M., & Raye, C. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67–85. doi: 10.1037/0033-295x.88.1.67
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowal, S., O'Connell, D. C., Forbush, K., Higgins, M., Clarke, L., & D'Anna, K. (1997). Interplay of literacy and orality in inaugural rhetoric. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 26(1), 1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, T. R. (2016). Examining sender and judge variability in honesty assessments and deception detection accuracy: Evidence for a transparent liar but no evidence of deception-general ability. Communication Research Reports, 33(3), 188–194. doi:10.1080/08824096.2016.1186629
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, T. R., Park, H. S., & McCornack, S. A. (1999). Accuracy in detecting truths and lies: Documenting the “veracity effect”. Communication Monographs, 66(2), 125–144. doi:10.1080/03637759909376468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, D. L., & Graesser, A. C. (1988). Wit and humor in discourse processing. Discourse Processes, 11(1), 35–60. doi: 10.1080/01638538809544690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, S., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. (2002). Suspects, lies, and videotape: An analysis of authentic high-stake liars. Law and Human Behavior, 26(3), 365–376. doi:10.1023/a:1015332606792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masip, J., Sporer, S., Garrido, E., & Herrero, C. (2005). The detection of deception with the reality monitoring approach: A review of the empirical evidence. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11(1), 99–122. doi:10.1080/10683160410001726356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuaid, S. M., Woodworth, M., Hutton, E. L., Porter, S., & ten Brinke, L. (2015). Automated insights: Verbal cues to deception in real-life high-stakes lies. Psychology, Crime & Law, 21(7), 617–631. doi: 10.1080/1068316x.2015.1008477
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moberley, B., & Villar, G. (2016). One more time without feeling: Detecting fabricated remorse using linguistic analysis. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 23(1), 102–112. doi:10.1080/13218719.2015.1032955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahari, G., Vrij, A., & Fisher, R. P. (2012). Does the truth come out in the writing? Scan as a lie detection tool. Law and Human Behavior, 36(1), 68–76. doi:10.1037/h0093965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, M., Pennebaker, J. W., Berry, D. S., & Richards, J. M. (2003). Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), 665–675. doi:10.1177/0146167203251529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J., Mehl, M., & Niederhoffer, K. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 547–577. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, S., & ten Brinke, L. (2010). The truth about lies: What works in detecting high-stakes deception? Legal and Criminological Psychology, 15(1), 57–75. doi:10.1348/135532509X433151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, S., & Yuille, J. C. (1994). Credibility assessment of criminal suspects through statement analysis. Psychology, Crime & Law, 1(4), 319–331. doi: 10.1080/10683169508411969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, S., & Yuille, J. C. (1996). The language of deceit: An investigation of the verbal clues to deception in the interrogation context. Law and Human Behavior, 20(4), 443–458. doi: 10.1007/bf01498980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapir, A. (1987). Scientific content analysis (SCAN). Retrieved from www.lsiscan.com
   Google Scholar
• Spence, K., Villar, G., & Arciuli, J. (2012). Markers of deception in Italian speech. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 453. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporer, S. (1997). The less travelled road to truth: Verbal cues in deception detection in accounts of fabricated and self-experienced events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11(5), 373–397. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199710)11:53.0.CO;2-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporer, S., & Schwandt, B. (2006). Paraverbal indicators of deception: A meta-analytic synthesis. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20(4), 421–446. doi:10.1002/acp.1190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steller, M., & Köehnken, G. (1989). Criteria-based statement analysis. In D. C. Raskin (Ed.), Psychological methods in criminal investigation and evidence (pp. 217–245). New York, US: Springer Publishing Co.
   Google Scholar
• Villar, G., Arciuli, J., & Mallard, D. (2012). Use of ‘um’ in the deceptive speech of a convicted murderer. Applied Psycholinguistics, 33(1), 83–95. doi:10.1017/S0142716411000117
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villar, G., Arciuli, J., & Paterson, H. (2013a). Linguistic indicators of a false confession. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 20(4), 504–518. doi: 10.1080/13218719.2012.712834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villar, G., Arciuli, J., & Paterson, H. (2013b). Vocal pitch production during lying: Beliefs about deception matter. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 20(1), 123–132. doi: 10.1080/13218719.2011.633320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villar, G., Arciuli, J., & Paterson, H. (2014). Remorse in oral and handwritten false confessions. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 19, 255–269. doi: 10.1111/lcrp.12012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A. (2005). Criteria-Based Content Analysis: A qualitative review of the first 37 studies. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11(1), 3–41. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities. West Sussex: Wiley-Interscience.
   Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., & Baxter, M. (1999). Accuracy and confidence in detecting truths and lies in elaborations and denials: Truth bias, lie bias and individual differences. Expert evidence, 7(1), 25–36. doi:10.1023/A:1008932402565
   Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., Edward, K., & Bull, R. (2001a). People's insight into their own behaviour and speech content while lying. British Journal of Psychology, 92(2), 373–390. doi: 10.1348/000712601162248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., Edward, K., & Bull, R. (2001b). Stereotypical verbal and nonverbal responses while deceiving others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(7), 899–909. doi:10.1177/0146167201277012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., Edward, K., Roberts, K., & Bull, R. (2000). Detecting deceit via analysis of verbal and nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24(4), 239–263. doi:10.1023/A:1006610329284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., & Mann, S. (2001a). Telling and detecting lies in a high-stake situation: The case of a convicted murderer. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15(2), 187–203. doi:10.1002/1099-0720(200103/04)15:23.0.CO;2-A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., & Mann, S. (2001b). Who killed my relative? Police officers’ ability to detect real-life high-stake lies. Psychology, Crime & Law, 7(1-4), 119–132. doi: 10.1080/10683160108401791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., & Semin, G. (1996). Lie experts’ beliefs about nonverbal indicators of deception. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20(1), 65–80. doi:10.1007/BF02248715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westwell, A., McLean, D., & McDermott, F. ( Producers). (2007). Would i lie to you [ Television series]. London, UK: BBC One.
   Google Scholar
• Wright Whelan, C., Wagstaff, G. F., & Wheatcroft, J. M. (2014a). High-stakes lies: Verbal and nonverbal cues to deception in public appeals for help with missing or murdered relatives. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21(4), 523–537. doi:10.1080/13218719.2013.839931
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright Whelan, C., Wagstaff, G. F., & Wheatcroft, J. M. (2014b). Subjective cues to deception/honesty in a high stakes situation: An exploratory approach. The Journal of Psychology, 1–18. doi:10.1080/00223980.2014.911140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright Whelan, C., Wagstaff, G. F., & Wheatcroft, J. M. (2015). High stakes lies: Police and non-police accuracy in detecting deception. Psychology, Crime & Law, 21(2), 127–138. doi:10.1080/1068316X.2014.935777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, L., Burgoon, J. K., Nunamaker, J. F., & Twitchell, D. (2004). Automating linguistics-based cues for detecting deception in text-based asynchronous computer-mediated communication. Group Decision and Negotiation, 13(1), 81–106. doi: 10.1023/B:GRUP.0000011944.62889.6f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman, M., DePaulo, B., & Rosenthal, R. (1981). Verbal and nonverbal communication of deception. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 1–59. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60369-X
   Google Scholar