References
- American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
- An, K.Y., Charles, J., Ali, S., Enache, A., Dhuga, J., & Erdodi, L.A. (2019). Reexamining performance validity cutoffs within the Complex Ideational Material and the Boston Naming Test-Short Form using an experimental malingering paradigm. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 41(1), 15–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2018.1483488
- Ardolf, B.R., Denney, R.L., & Houston, C.M. (2007). Base rates of negative response bias and malingered neurocognitive dysfunction among criminal defendants referred for neuropsychological evaluation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(6), 899–916. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580600966391
- Avramopoulos, D., Stefanis, N.C., Hantoumi, I., Smyrnis, N., Evdokimidis, I., & Stefanis, C.N. (2002). Higher scores of self reported schizotypy in healthy young males carrying the COMT high activity allele. Molecular Psychiatry, 7(7), 706–711. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001070
- Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
- Binder, L.M. (1993). Assessment of malingering after mild head trauma with the Portland Digit Recognition Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15(2), 170–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639308402555
- Boone, K.B. (2013). Clinical Practice of Forensic Neuropsychology. New York, NY: Guilford.
- Burchett, D., Dragon, W.R., Smith Holbert, A.M., Tarescavage, A.M., Mattson, C.A., Handel, R.W., & Ben-Porath, Y.S. (2016). “False feigners”: Examining the impact of non-content-based invalid responding on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form content-based invalid responding indicators”. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), 458–470. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000205
- Butcher, J.N., Dahlstrom, W.G., Graham, J.R., Tellegen, A.M., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Butcher, J.N., Graham, J.R., Ben-Porath, Y.S., Tellegen, A.M., & Dahlstrom, W.G. (2001). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Manual for administration and scoring (rev. ed.). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minneapolis Press.
- Chafez, M.D. (2008). Malingering on the social security disability consultative exam: Predictors and base rates. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(3), 529–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701346104
- Claridge, G. (Ed.). (1997). Schizotypy: Implications for illness and health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198523536.001.0001
- Claridge, G., & Beech, T. (1995). Fully and quasi-dimensional constructions of schizotypy. In A. Raine, T. Lencz, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Schizotypal personality (pp. 192–216). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Dunlap, W.P., Cortina, J.M., Vaslow, J.B., & Burke, M.J. (1996). Meta-analysis of experiments with matched groups of repeated measures designs. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 170–177. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.170
- Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2019). An R Companion to Applied Regression (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. http://tinyurl.com/carbook.
- Giromini, L., Barbosa, F., Coga, G., Azeredo, A., Viglione, D.J., & Zennaro, A. (2019). Using the inventory of problems – 29 (IOP-29) with the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in symptom validity assessment: A study with a Portuguese sample of experimental feigners. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1570929
- Giromini, L., Lettieri, S.C., Zizolfi, S., Zizolfi, D., Viglione, D.J., Brusadelli, E., … Zennaro, A. (2019). Beyond rare-symptoms endorsement: A clinical comparison simulation study using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) with the Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29). Psychological Injury and Law, 12(3-4), 212–224. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-019-09357-7
- Giromini, L., Viglione, D.J., Pignolo, C., & Zennaro, A. (2018). A clinical comparison, simulation study testing the validity of SIMS and IOP-29 with an Italian sample. Psychological Injury and Law, 11(4), 340–350. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-018-9314-1
- Giromini, L., Viglione, D.J., Pignolo, C., & Zennaro, A. (2019a). An inventory of problems – 29 (IOP-29) sensitivity study investigating feigning of four different symptom presentations via malingering experimental paradigm. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1566914
- Giromini, L., Viglione, D.J., Pignolo, C., & Zennaro, A. (2019b). An Inventory of Problems – 29 (IOP-29) study on random responding using experimental feigners, honest controls, and computer-generated data. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1), 1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1639188
- Grant, P., Kuepper, Y., Mueller, E.A., Wielpuetz, C., Mason, O., & Hennig, J. (2013). Dopaminergic foundations of schizotypy as measured by the German version of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE)-a suitable endophenotype of schizophrenia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00001
- Greiffenstein, M.F., & Baker, W.J. (2008). Validity testing in dually diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder and mild closed head injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(3), 565–582. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701377810
- Halligan, P.W., Bass, C., & Oakley, D.A. (Eds.) (2003). Malingering and illness deception. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ilgunaite, G., Giromini, L., Bosi, J., Viglione, D.J., & Zennaro, A. (2020). A clinical comparison simulation study using the Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29) with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in Lithuania. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2020.1725518
- Kirchner, S.K., Roeh, A., Nolden, J., & Hasan, A. (2018). Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: Evidence from a systematic review. NPJ Schizophrenia, 4(1), 20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-018-0062-8
- Lachman, H.M., Papolos, D.F., Saito, T., Yu, Y.M., Szumlanski, C.L., & Weinshilboum, R.M. (1996). Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: Description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics, 6(3), 243–250. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-199606000-00007
- Larrabee, G.J. (2003). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on standard neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17(3), 410–468. doi:https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.17.3.410.18089
- Lenzenweger, M.F. (2006). Schizotypy: An organizing framework for shizophrenia research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(4), 162–166.
- Lenzenweger, M.F. (2015). Thinking clearly about schizotypy: Hewing to the schizophrenia liability core, considering interesting tangents, and avoiding conceptual quicksand. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(suppl 2), S483–S491. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu184
- Martin, P.K., Schroeder, R.W., & Odland, A.P. (2015). [Formula: see text]Neuropsychologists’ validity testing beliefs and practices: A Survey of North American Professionals. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 29(6), 741–776. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2015.1087597
- Mason, O., & Claridge, G. (2006). The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE): Further description and extended norms. Schizophrenia Research, 82(2-3), 203–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.12.845
- McCarter, R.J., Walton, N.H., Brooks, D.N., & Powell, G.E. (2009). Effort testing in contemporary UK neuropsychological practice. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(6), 1050–1066. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040802665790
- McMillan, T.M., Anderson, S., Baker, G., Berger, M., Powell, G.E., & Knight, R. (2009). Assessment of effort in clinical testing of cognitive functioning for adults. Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society.
- Meehl, P.E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17(12), 827–838. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/h0041029
- Meehl, P.E. (1990). Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4(1), 1–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1990.4.1.1
- Merten, T., Dandachi-FitzGerald, B., Hall, V., Schmand, B.A., Santamaría, P., & González-Ordif, H., (2013). Symptom validity assessment in European countries: Development and state of the art. Clínica y Salud, 24(3), 129–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1130-5274(13)70014-8
- Miller, H.A. (2001). M-FAST: Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
- Miller, L.J., Ryan, J.J., Carruthers, C.A., & Cluff, R.B. (2004). Brief screening indexes for malingering: A confirmation of Vocabulary minus Digit Span from the WAIS-III and the Rarely Missed Index from the WMS-III. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18(2)2, 327–333. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040490501592
- Morey, L.C. (1991). The Personality Assessment Inventory. Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
- Morris, S.B., & DeShon, R.P. (2002). Combining effect size estimates in meta-analysis with repeated measures and independent-groups designs. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 105–125. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.105
- Nichols, D., Greene, R., & Schmolck, P. (1989). Criteria for assessing inconsistent patterns of item endorsement on the MMPI: Rationale, development, and empirical trials. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(2), 239–250. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198903)45:2<239::AID-JCLP2270450210>3.0.CO;2-1
- Pierre, J.M., Shnayder, I., Wirshing, D.A., & Wirshing, W.C. (2004). Intranasal quetiapine abuse. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(9), 1718. (letter to the editor). doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1718
- Rado, S. (1960). Theory and therapy: The theory of schizotypal organization and its application to the treatment of decompensated schizotypal behavior. In Scher, S.C., Davis, H.R., eds. The Outpatient Treatment of Schizophrenia (pp. 87–101). New York, NY: Grune & Stratton.
- Rai, J.K., An, K.Y., Charles, J., Ali, S., & Erdodi, L.A. (2019). Introducing a forced choice recognition trial to the Rey Complex Figure Test. Psychology & Neuroscience, 12(4), 451–472. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000175
- Rogers, R., & Vitacco, M.J. (2002). Forensic assessment of malingering and related response styles. In B. Van Dorsten (Eds.), Forensic Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer.
- Rogers, R. (Ed.). (2008). Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Rogers, R., & Bender, S.D. (2013). Evaluation of malingering and related response styles. In R. K. Otto & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Forensic psychology (p. 517–540). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Rogers, R., & Bender, S.D. (Eds.). (2018). Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (4th ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
- Roma, P., Giromini, L., Burla, F., Ferracuti, S., Viglione, D.J., & Mazza, C. (2020). Ecological validity of the Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29): An Italian study of court-ordered, psychological injury evaluations using the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) as criterion variable. Psychological Injury and Law, 13(1), 57–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-019-09368-4
- Slick, D.J., Sherman, E.M.S., Grant, L., & Iverson, G.L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13(4), 545–561. doi:https://doi.org/10.1076/1385-4046(199911)13:04;1-Y;FT545
- Smith, G.P., & Burger, G.K. (1997). Detection of malingering: Validation of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). Journal of the American Academy on Psychiatry and Law, 25, 180–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/t04573-000
- Smyrnis, N., Avramopoulos, D., Evdokimidis, I., Stefanis, C.N., Tsekou, H., & Stefanis, N.C. (2007). Effect of schizotypy on cognitive performance and its tuning by COMT val158 met genotype variations in a large population of young men. Biological Psychiatry, 61(7), 845–853. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.019
- Tombaugh, T.N. (1996). Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). New York, NY: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.
- UK Department for Work and Pensions. (2019). Fraud and Error in the Benefit System: Financial year 2018–2019 estimates. National Statistics. Published on 9 May 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/801594/fraud-and-error-stats-release-2018-2019-estimates.pdf.
- UK Department of Health & Social Care. (2020). NHS Counter Fraud Authority. Retrieved April 2, 2020, from https://reportfraud.cfa.nhs.uk.
- UK Disability Unit. (2020). Disability Rights: When a mental health condition becomes a disability. Published on 2 April 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://www.gov.uk/when-mental-health-condition-becomes-disability.
- van Impelen, A., Merckelbach, H., Jelicic, M., & Merten, T. (2014). The Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS): A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(8), 1336–1365. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2014.984763
- Vandenbergh, D.J., Persico, A.M., Hawkins, A.L., Griffin, C.A., Li, X., Jabs, E.W., & Uhl, G.R. (1992). Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) maps to chromosome-5p15.3 and displays a VNTR. Genomics, 14(4), 1104–1106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0888-7543(05)80138-7
- Viglione, D.J., & Giromini, L. (2020). Inventory of Problems–29: Professional Manual. Columbus, OH: IOP-Test, LLC.
- Viglione, D.J., Giromini, L., & Landis, P. (2017). The development of the Inventory of Problems-29: A brief self-administered measure for discriminating bona fide from feigned psychiatric and cognitive complaints. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(5), 534–544. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1233882
- Walls, B.D., Wallace, E.R., Brothers, S.L., & Berry, D.T.R. (2017). Utility of the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale validity scales in identifying simulated attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and random responding . Psychological Assessment, 29(12), 1437–1446. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000530
- Widows, M.R., & Smith, G.P. (2005). SIMS-Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology. Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). The Global Burden of Disease – 2004 Update. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
- World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th rev.). Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en
- Young, G. (2014). Malingering, feigning, and response bias in psychiatric/psychological injury: Implications for practice and court. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business Media.
- Young, G. (2015). Malingering in forensic disability-related assessments: Prevalence 15 ± 15. %.Psychological Injury and Law, 8(3), 188–199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-015-9232-4