A review of psycho-legal issues in credibility assessments of asylum claims based on religion

References

• Aarsheim, H. (2019). Sincere and reflected? Localizing the model convert in religion-based asylum claims in Norway and Canada. In M. J. Petersen & S. B. Jensen (Eds.), Faith in the system? Religion in the (Danish) asylum system (pp. 83–95). Aalborg Universitetsforlag. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.49.63.s45
   Google Scholar
• af Burén, A. (2015). Living simultaneity: On religion among semi-secular Swedes. Södertörn högskola. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A800530&dswid=527
   Google Scholar
• Affolter, L. (2022). Trained to disbelieve: The normalisation of suspicion in a Swiss asylum administration office. Geopolitics, 27(4), 1069. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2021.1897577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Altareb, B. (1997). Attitudes towards Muslims: Initial scale development. Ball State University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/4954a8e60a9d52fa7e086a89fa9b8e46/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
   Google Scholar
• Ammerman, N. (Ed.). (2006). Everyday religion: Observing modern religious lives. Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/book/25763
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. H. (2013). Eritrean pentecostals as asylum seekers in Britain. The Journal of Religion in Africa, 43(2), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12341248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. R. (2015). The social psychology of religion. The importance of studying religion using scientific methodologies. In B. Mohan (Ed.), Construction of social psychology: Advances in psychology and psychological trends series (pp. 173–185). Science Press. https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:79399
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J., Hollaus, J., Lindsay, A., Williamson, C. (2014). The culture of disbelief: An ethnographic approach to understanding an under-theorised concept in the UK asylum system (Working Paper Series No. 102). Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/the-culture-of-disbelief-an-ethnographic-approach-to-understanding-an-under-theorised-concept-in-the-uk-asylum-system
   Google Scholar
• Asad, T. (1993). Genealogies of religion: Discipline and reasons of power in Christianity and Islam. Johns Hopkins University Press. https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title/1644/genealogies-religion
   Google Scholar
• Asad, T. (2003). Formations of the secular: Christianity, Islam, modernity. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804783095
   Google Scholar
• Baillot, H., Cowan, S., & Munro, V. E. (2013). Second-hand emotion? Exploring the contagion and impact of trauma and distress in the asylum law context. Journal of Law and Society, 40(4), 509–540. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2013.00639.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balagangadhara, S. N. (2005). The heathen in his blindness…: Asia, the west, and the dynamics of religion. Manohar Publishers. https://brill.com/view/title/2349
   Google Scholar
• Berlit, U., Doerig, H., & Storey, H. (2015). Credibility assessment in claims based on persecution for reasons of religious conversion and homosexuality: A practitioners’ approach. International Journal of Refugee Law, 27(4), 649–666. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eev053
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia, M., & Burnett, J. (2019). Torture and the UK’s “war on asylum”: Medical power and the culture of disbelief. In F. Perocco (Ed.), Torture and migration (pp. 161–180). Edizioni Ca’ Foscari. https://doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-358-8/007
   Google Scholar
• Bianchini, K. (2022). The role of expert witnesses in the adjudication of religious and culture-based asylum claims in the United Kingdom: The case study of ‘witchcraft’ persecution. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(4), 3793–3819. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bögner, D., Herlihy, J., & Brewin, C. R. (2007). Impact of sexual violence on disclosure during Home Office interviews. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 191(1), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bromley, D. (1988). Religious disaffiliation: A neglected social process. In D. Bromley (Ed.), Falling from the faith. Causes and consequences of religious apostasy (pp. 9–25). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Calvani, C. (2019). Religion-based refugee claims in Italy: Chinese asylum seekers from The Church of Almighty God. The Journal of CESNUR, 3(3), 82–105. https://doi.org/10.26338/tjoc.2019.3.3.4
   Google Scholar
• Carson, D., Milne, R., Pakes, F., Shalev, K., & Shawyer, A. (Eds.). (2008). Applying psychology to criminal justice. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713068
   Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty, D. (2000). Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial thought and historical difference. University of Princeton Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691130019/provincializing-europe
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (2001). Questions of credibility: Omissions, discrepancies and errors of recall in the testimony of asylum seekers. International Journal of Refugee Law, 13(3), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/13.3.293
   Google Scholar
• Danisi, C., Dustin, M., Ferreira, N., & Held, N. (2021). The decision-making procedure. In Queering asylum in Europe (pp. 179–258). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69441-8_3
   Google Scholar
• Danziger, S., Levav, J., & Avnaim-Pesso, L. (2011). Extraneous factors in judicial decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(17), 6889–6892. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018033108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolance, J. C. I. (2013). U.S. asylum law as a path to religious persecution. Virginia Journal of International Law, 53(2), 467–498. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2279474
   Google Scholar
• Dowd, R., Hunter, J., Liddell, B., McAdam, J., Nickerson, A., & Bryant, R. (2018). Filling gaps and verifying facts: Assumptions and credibility assessment in the Australian Refugee Review Tribunal. International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(1), 71–103. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eey017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dror, I. E. (2020). Cognitive and human factors in expert decision making: Six fallacies and the eight sources of bias. Analytical Chemistry, 92(12), 7998–8004. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewens, S., Vrij, A., Leal, S., Mann, S., Jo, E., & Fisher, R. P. (2016). The effect of interpreters on eliciting information, cues to deceit and rapport. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 21(2), 286–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, R. P., & Geiselman, R. E. (1992). Memory enhancing techniques for investigative interviewing: The cognitive interview. Charles C Thomas Publisher. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-98595-000
   Google Scholar
• Fontes, L. A., & Tishelman, A. C. (2016). Language competence in forensic interviews for suspected child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 58, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good, A. (2009). Persecution for reasons of religion under the 1951 Refugee Convention. In Permutations of order: Religion and law as contested sovereignties (pp. 27–48). Ashgate. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315600062-2
   Google Scholar
• Gooren, H. (2007). Reassessing conventional approaches to conversion: Toward a new synthesis. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 46(3), 337–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2007.00362.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5(3), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn, T. J. (2002). The complexity of religion in determining refugee status. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
   Google Scholar
• Gyulai, G., Kagan, M., Herlihy, J., Turner, S., Hardi, L., Tessza Udvarhelyi, E. (2013). Credibility assessment in asylum procedures. A multidisciplinary training manual (G. Gyulai, Eds., Vol. 1). Hungarian Helsinki Committee. https://www.refworld.org/docid/5253bd9a4.html
   Google Scholar
• Hartikainen, E. (2019). Evaluating faith after conversion. Approaching Religion, 9(1–2), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.30664/ar.80355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges, P. (2017). Multiple religious belonging after religion: Theorising strategic religious participation in a shared religious landscape as a Chinese model. Open Theology, 3(1), 48–72. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2017-0005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlihy, J., & Turner, S. W. (2009). The psychology of seeking protection. International Journal of Refugee Law, 21(2), 171–192. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eep004
   Google Scholar
• Herlihy, J., Jobson, L., & Turner, S. (2012). Just tell us what happened to you: Autobiographical memory and seeking asylum. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(5), 661–676. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, P. C., Hood, R. W. (1999). Measures of religiosity. Religious Education Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/3712462
   Google Scholar
• Hope, L., Anakwah, N., Antfolk, J., Brubacher, S. P., Flowe, H., Gabbert, F., Giebels, E., Kanja, W., Korkman, J., Kyo, A., Naka, M., Otgaar, H., Powell, M. B., Selim, H., Skrifvars, J., Sorkpah, I. K., Sowatey, E. A., Steele, L. C., Stevens, L., … Wells, S. (2022). Urgent issues and prospects at the intersection of culture, memory, and witness interviews: Exploring the challenges for research and practice. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 27(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen, M., Meyer Demott, M. A., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Heir, T. (2017). The impact of the asylum process on mental health: A longitudinal study of unaccompanied refugee minors in Norway. BMJ Open, 7(6), e015157. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeanguenat, A., & Dror, I. (2018). Human factors effecting forensic decision making: Workplace stress and well-being. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 63(1), 258–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubany, O. (2017). Screening asylum in a culture of disbelief: Truths, denials and skeptical borders. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40748-7
   Google Scholar
• Kagan, M. (2003). Is truth in the eye of the beholder? Objective credibility assessment in refugee status determination. Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, 17(3), 367–415. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/633/
   Google Scholar
• Kagan, M. (2010). Refugee credibility assessment and the “religious imposter” problem: A case study of Eritrean Pentecostal claims in Egypt. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 43(5), 1180–1230. https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/629/
   Google Scholar
• Kay, A. C., Gaucher, D., McGregor, I., & Nash, K. (2010). Religious belief as compensatory control. Personality and Social Psychology Review : An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 14(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309353750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kéri, S., & Sleiman, C. (2017). Religious conversion to christianity in Muslim refugees in Europe. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 39(3), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1163/15736121-12341344
   Google Scholar
• Keselman, O., Cederborg, A. C., Lamb, M. E., & Dahlström, Ö. (2010). Asylum-seeking minors in interpreter-mediated interviews: What do they say and what happens to their responses? Child & Family Social Work, 15(3), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2010.00681.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhnken, G., Steller, M. (1988). The evaluation of the credibility of child witness statements in the German procedural system. Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology, 13, 37–45. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-28133-001
   Google Scholar
• Levine, T. R. (2014). Active deception detection. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732214548863
   Google Scholar
• Lidén, M. (2018). Confirmation bias in criminal cases. Uppsala University. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1237959&dswid=-1964
   Google Scholar
• Lofland, J., & Skonovd, N. (1981). Conversion motifs. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 20(4), 373–385. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madziva, R. (2020). Bordering through religion: A case study of Christians from the Muslim majority world seeking asylum in the UK. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 9(3), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v9i3.1591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madziva, R., & Lowndes, V. (2018). What counts as evidence in adjudicating asylum claims? Locating the monsters in the machine: An investigation of faith-based claims. In B. Nerlich & S. Hartley (Eds.), Science and the politics of openness: Here be monsters (pp. 75–93). Manchester University Press. https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/907845
   Google Scholar
• Masip, J. (2017). Deception detection: State of the art and future prospects. Psicothema, 29(2), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2017.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masud, M., Vogt, K., Lena, L., Christian, M. (2021). Freedom of expression in Islam: Challenging apostasy and blasphemy laws. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755637690
   Google Scholar
• Masuzawa, T. (2005). The invention of world religions: Or, how European universalism was preserved in the language of pluralism. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, D. (2014). Credibility assessment in refugee status determination. National Law School of India Review, 26, 116–126. http://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/7DD480DF-2477-4526-8B42-1C4A75EA5080.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, D. (2016). Escaping the lions: Religious conversion and refugee law. Australian Journal of Human Rights, 22(1), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/1323-238X.2016.11882161
   Google Scholar
• McGuire, M. B. (2008). Lived religion: Faith and practice in everyday life. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Memon, A. (2012). Credibility of asylum claims: Consistency and accuracy of autobiographical memory reports following trauma. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(5), 677–679. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meral, Z., Gray, A. (2016). Fleeing persecution: Asylum claims in the UK on religious freedom grounds. https://freedomdeclared.org/media/Fleeing-Persecution-Asylum-Claims-in-the-UK-on-Religious-Freedom-Grounds.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Merino, S. M. (2010). Religious diversity in a “Christian Nation”: The effects of theological exclusivity and interreligious contact on the acceptance of religious diversity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49(2), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01506.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millbank, J. (2009). From discretion to disbelief: Recent trends in refugee determinations on the basis of sexual orientation in Australia and the United Kingdom. International Journal of Human Rights, 29(11), 319–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642980902758218
   Google Scholar
• Millbank, J., & Vogl, A. (2018). Adjudicating fear of witchcraft claims in refugee law. Journal of Law and Society, 45(3), 370–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/jols.12120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne, B., Shaw, G., & Bull, R. (2008). Investigative interviewing: The role of research. In Applying psychology to criminal justice. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713068.ch4
   Google Scholar
• Møller, B. (2019). Religion, persecution and asylum. In M. J. Petersen & S. B. Jensen (Eds.), Faith in the system? Religion in the (Danish) asylum system (pp. 63–81). Aalborg University Press. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.49.63.s45
   Google Scholar
• Morgado, P., Sousa, N., & Cerqueira, J. J. (2015). The impact of stress in decision making in the context of uncertainty. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 93(6), 839–847. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musalo, K. (2004). Claims for protection based on religion or belief: Analysis and proposed conclusions. International Journal of Refugee Law, 16(2), 165–226. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/16.2.165
   Google Scholar
• Nagy, D., & Speelman, G. (2017). Conversion controlled: Missiological reflections on assessing conversions to Christianity among asylum seekers in the European Union. Theology, 120(5), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040571X17710200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon, A. G. (2018). The case of non-religious asylum seekers. Journal for the Academic Study of Religion, 31(2), 113–148. https://doi.org/10.1558/jasr.36227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norenzayan, A., & Gervais, W. M. (2013). The origins of religious disbelief. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nynäs, P. (2018). Some critical remarks on religious identity. In J. Beaumont (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of postsecularity (pp. 336–348). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315307831
   Google Scholar
• Oberlader, V. A., Naefgen, C., Koppehele-Gossel, J., Quinten, L., Banse, R., & Schmidt, A. F. (2016). Validity of content-based techniques to distinguish true and fabricated statements: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 40(4), 440–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsi, R. (1997). Everyday mircales: The study of lived religion. In D. Hall (Ed.), Lived religion in America: Toward a history of practice (pp. 3–21). Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691016733/lived-religion-in-america
   Google Scholar
• Pagis, M. (2013). Religious self-constitution: A relational perspective. Etica e Politica, 15(1), 583–605. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof
   Google Scholar
• Paulo, R. M., Albuquerque, P. B., & Bull, R. (2013). The Enhanced Cognitive Interview: Towards a better use and understanding of this procedure. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 15(3), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2013.15.3.311
   Google Scholar
• Pöllabauer, S. (2015). Interpreting in asylum proceedings. In H. Mikkelson & R. Jourdenais (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of interpreting (pp. 202–216). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315745381
   Google Scholar
• Powell, M. B., Hughes-Scholes, C. H., & Sharman, S. J. (2012). Skill in interviewing reduces confirmation bias. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 9(2), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rambo, L. R., & Bauman, S. C. (2012). Psychology of conversion and spiritual transformation. Pastoral Psychology, 61(5–6), 879–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-011-0364-5
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. P. (1995). Community interpreting today and tomorrow. In S. Carr, R. P. Roberts, A. Dufour, & D. Steyn (Eds.), The critical link: Interpreters in the community (pp. 7–26). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.19
   Google Scholar
• Samahon, T. N. (2000). The religion clauses and political asylum: Religious persecution claims and the religious membership-conversion imposter problem. Georgetown Law Journal, 88(7), 2211–2238. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/glj88&div=58&id=&page=
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavone, S. R., & Gervais, W. M. (2017). Atheists. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(12), e12365–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schock, K., Rosner, R., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2015). Impact of asylum interviews on the mental health of traumatized asylum seekers. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 26286. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.26286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrifvars, J., Korkman, J., Sui, V., Veldhuizen, T., & Antfolk, J. (2020). An analysis of question style and type in official Finnish asylum interview transcripts. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 17(3), 333–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrifvars, J., Sui, V., Antfolk, J., van Veldhuizen, T., & Korkman, J. (2021). Psychological assumptions underlying credibility assessments in Finnish asylum determinations. Psyarxiv. 1–36. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/aeut9
   Google Scholar
• Sonntag, H. (2018). Testing religion: Adjudicating claims of religious persecution brought by Iranians in the US and Germany. Case Western Law Review, 68(3), 975. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol68/iss3/20/
   Google Scholar
• Šorytė, R. (2018). Religious persecution, refugees, and right of asylum: The case of the Church of Almighty God. The Journal of CESNUR, 2(1), 78–99. https://doi.org/10.26338/tjoc.2018.2.1.5
   Google Scholar
• Steller, M., & Köhnken, G. (1989). Criteria-based content analysis. In D. Raskin (Ed.), Psychological methods in criminal investigations and evidence (pp. 217–245). Springer Publishing. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-98443-000
   Google Scholar
• Streib, H. (2021). Leaving religion: Deconversion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streib, H., & Keller, B. (2004). The variety of deconversion experiences: Contours of a concept in respect to empirical research. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 26(1), 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1163/0084672053598030
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. J., Larner, S., Conchie, S., & Van der Zee, S. (2014). Cross-cultural deception detection. In P. A. Granhag, A. Vrij, & B. Verschuere (Eds.), Detecting deception: Current challenges and cognitive approaches (p. 175). John Wiley & Sons. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-06150-008
   Google Scholar
• Thiessen, J., & Wilkins-Laflamme, S. (2017). Becoming a religious none: Irreligious socialization and disaffiliation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 56(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkinson, S. (2018). Who are you afraid of and why ? Canadian Public Administration, 61(2), 184–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/capa.12275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2013). Accuracy in categorizing perceptually ambiguous groups: A review and meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review : An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 17(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312461308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2004). Guidelines on International Protection no.6: Religion-based refugee claims under Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/publications/legal/40d8427a4/guidelines-international-protection-6-religion-based-refugee-claims-under.html
   Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2013). Beyond proof. Credibility assessment in EU asylum systems. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/51a8a08a9/full-report-beyond-proof-credibility-assessment-eu-asylum-systems.html
   Google Scholar
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2019). Handbook on procedures and criteria for determining refugee status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 protocol relating to the status of refugees. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/publications/legal/5ddfcdc47/handbook-procedures-criteria-determining-refugee-status-under-1951-convention.html
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (1951). The 1951 convention relating to the status of refugees. UN. https://www.unhcr.org/4ca34be29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. (2021). Annual report of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-04/2021AnnualReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Uzarevic, F., & Coleman, T. J. (2021). The psychology of nonbelievers. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valero Garcés, C., & Lázaro-Gutiérrez, R. (2016). ‘Perceptions from the outside in cases of gender violence.’ What are you [the interpreter] doing here? European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2016-1000
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Braak, A., & Kalsky, M. (2017). Introduction to the topical issue “multiple religious belonging.” Open Theology, 3(1), 662–664. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2017-0051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Veldhuizen, T. S. (2017). Where I come from and how I got here: Assessing credibility in asylum cases. Gildeprint Drukkerijen. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20170922tsv
   Google Scholar
• van Veldhuizen, T. S., Horselenberg, R., Stel, M., Landström, S., Granhag, P. A., & van Koppen, P. J. (2017). The provenance of émigrés: The validity of measuring knowledge of places. Psychology, Crime and Law, 23(6), 553–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2017.1284219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Veldhuizen, T. S., Maas, R. P. A. E., Horselenberg, R., & van Koppen, P. J. (2018). Establishing origin: Analysing the questions asked in asylum interviews. Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 25(2), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2017.1376607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanto, J., Saarikkomäki, E., Alvesalo-Kuusi, A., Lepinkäinen, N., Pirjatanniemi, E., & Lavapuro, J. (2022). Collectivized discretion: Seeking explanations for decreased asylum recognition rates in Finland after Europe’s 2015 “refugee crisis”. International Migration Review, 56(3), 754–779. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183211044096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A. (2005). Criteria-based content analysis: A qualitative review of the first 37 studies. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11(1), 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A. (2019). Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(2), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., & Granhag, P. A. (2012). Eliciting cues to deception and truth: What matters are the questions asked. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1(2), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., Fisher, R. P., & Blank, H. (2017). A cognitive approach to lie detection: A meta-analysis. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 22(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/lcrp.12088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., Hope, L., & Fisher, R. P. (2014). Eliciting reliable information in investigative interviews. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732214548592
   Google Scholar
• Vrij, A., Leal, S., & Fisher, R. P. (2018). Verbal deception and the model statement as a lie detection tool. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9(492), 492–496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00492
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vrij, A., Leal, S., Mann, S., Vernham, Z., Dalton, G., Serok-Jeppa, O., Rozmann, N., Nahari, G., & Fisher, R. P. (2021). ‘Please tell me all you remember’: a comparison between British and Arab interviewees’ free narrative performance and its implications for lie detection. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 28(4), 546. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1805812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winzeler, R. L. (2012). Anthropology and religion: What we know, think, and question. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Zafar, S., & Ross, E. C. (2015). Interreligious contact, attitudes, and stereotypes: A study of five religions. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences du Comportement, 47(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar