1,799
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Identifying and responding to young people with cognitive disability and neurodiversity in Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand youth justice systems

ORCID Icon, , , &

References

  • American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5-TR). American Psychiatric Association.
  • Armytage, P., & Ogloff, J. (2017). Youth Justice review and strategy: Meeting needs and reducing reoffending. Victorian Government. https://www.justice.vic.gov.au/justice-system/youth-justice/youth-justice-review-and-strategy-meeting-needs-and-reducing-offending
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2017). Autism in Australia. Cat. no. WEB 187. AIHW. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/disability/autism-in-australia
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2022). Youth Justice in Australia 2020–21. Cat. no. JUV 138. AIHW.
  • Ayland, L., & West, B. (2006). The Good Way model: A strength-based approach for working with young people, especially those with intellectual difficulties, who have sexually abusive behaviour. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 12(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600600841680
  • Baidawi, S., Piquero, A.R. (2021). Neurodisability among Children at the Nexus of the Child Welfare and Youth Justice System.Journal of Youth and Adolescence50, 803–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01234-w
  • Baidawi, S., Sheehan, R. (2019). ‘Crossover kids’: Offending by child protection-involved youth. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 582. Australian Institute of Criminology. https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi582
  • Baldry, E., Briggs, D. B., Goldson, B., & Russell, S. (2018). “Cruel and unusual punishment”: An inter- jurisdictional study of the criminalisation of young people with complex support needs. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(5), 636–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2017.1406072
  • Bell, C. (2016). Special needs under siege: From classrooms to incarceration. Sociology Compass, 10(8), 698–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12392
  • Billstedt, E., Anckarsäter, H., Wallinius, M., & Hofvander, B. (2017). Neurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders: Overlap and background characteristics. Psychiatry Research, 252, 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.004
  • Borschmann, R., Janca, E., Carter, A., Willoughby, M., Hughes, N., Snow, K., Stockings, E., Hill, N. T. M., Hocking, J., Love, A., Patton, G. C., Sawyer, S. M., Fazel, S., Puljević, C., Robinson, J., & Kinner, S. A. (2020). The health of adolescents in detention: A global scoping review. The Lancet Public Health, 5(2), e114–e126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30217-8
  • Bower, C., Watkins, R. E., Mutch, R. C., Marriott, R., Freeman, J., Kippin, N. R., Safe, B., Pestell, C., Cheung, C. S. C., Shield, H., Tarratt, L., Springall, A., Taylor, J., Walker, N., Argiro, E., Leitão, S., Hamilton, S., Condon, C., Passmore, H. M., & Giglia, R. (2018). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and youth justice: A prevalence study among young people sentenced to detention in Western Australia. BMJ Open, 8(2), e019605. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019605
  • Braga, T., Gonçalves, L. C., Basto-Pereira, M., & Maia, Â. (2017). Unraveling the link between maltreatment and juvenile antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 33, 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.006
  • Branson, C., Baetz, C., Horwitz, S., & Hoagwood, K. (2017). Trauma-informed juvenile justice systems: A systematic review of definitions and core components. Psychological Trauma, 9(6), 635–646. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000255
  • Brier, N. (1995). Predicting antisocial behaviour in youngsters displaying poor academic achievement: A review of risk factors. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16(4), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199508000-00010
  • Brookbanks, W. (2019). Protecting the interests of vulnerable defendants in the criminal justice system: The New Zealand experience. The Journal of Criminal Law, 83(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022018318814360
  • Carr, E. G., & Horner, R. H. (2007). The expanding vision of positive behaviour support. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/10983007070090010201
  • Centre for Innovative Justice. (2021). Submission to the Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with a Disability. RMIT. https://cij.org.au/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/drc-submission-ndis-and-criminal-justice-08072021sw.pdf
  • Chandler, G. (2008). From traditional inpatient to trauma-informed treatment: Transferring control from staff to patient. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 14(5), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390308326625
  • Cheely, C. A., Carpenter, L. A., Letourneau, E. J., Nicholas, J. S., Charles, J., & King, L. B. (2012). The prevalence of youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders in the criminal justice system. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1856–1862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1427-2
  • Chester, V., Painter, G., Ryan, L., Popple, J., Chikodzi, K., & Alexander, R. T. (2018). Traumatic brain injury in a forensic intellectual disability population. Psychology, Crime & Law, 24(4), 400–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2017.1302583
  • Chitsabesan, P., & Hughes, N. (2016). Mental health needs and neurodevelopmental disorders amongst young offenders: Implications for policy and practice. In J. Winstone (Ed.), Mental Health, Crime and Criminal Justice: Responses and Reforms (pp. 109–130). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Chitsabesan, P., Lennox, C., Williams, H., Tariq, O., & Shaw, J. (2015). Traumatic brain injury in juvenile offenders: Findings from the comprehensive health assessment tool study and the development of a specialist link worker service. Journal of Head Trauma and Rehabilitation, 30(2), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000129
  • Clancey, G., Wang, S., & Lin, B. (2020). Youth Justice in Australia: Themes from recent inquiries. In Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 605. Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04725
  • Commonwealth of Australia. (2018). The National Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Strategic Action Plan 2018–2028. Department of Health.
  • Commonwealth of Australia. (2021). Australia’s disability strategy 2021–2031. Department of Social Services.
  • Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Positive practice framework: A guide for behaviour support practitioners. Victorian Government. https://providers.dhhs.vic.gov.au/positive-practice-framework-word
  • Department of Human Services. (2020). Disability screening assessment project report: Identification of population needs at the Adelaide Youth Training Centre (Kurlana Tapa). Government of South Australia. https://dhs.sa.gov.au/services/youth-justice/disability-screening-assessment-project
  • Department of Social Services [DSS] (2021). Australia’s Disability Strategy 2021–2031. Canberra, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved from https://www.ndis.gov.au/understanding/australias-disability-strategy-2021-2031
  • Doyle, C., Dodd, S., Dickinson, H., Yates, S., & Buick, F. (2022). There’s not just a gap, there’s a chasm’: The boundaries between Australian disability services and prison. University of New South Wales & Australian Catholic University.
  • Einfeld, S. L., & Tonge, B. J. (1996). Population prevalence of psychopathology in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: II. Epidemiological findings. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40(2), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.1996.768768.x
  • Fago, D. P. (2003). Evaluation and treatment of neurodevelopmental deficits in sexually aggressive children and adolescents. Professional Psychology, 34(3), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.3.248
  • Farrer, T. J., Frost, R. B., & Hedges, D. W. (2013). Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in juvenile offenders: A meta-analysis. Child Neuropsychology, 19(3), 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2011.647901
  • Fernandez, M., McClain, D., Brown Williams, B., & Ellison, P. (2015). PBIS in Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice: Data dashboard and radar reports utilized for team data-based decision-making with facility team leader perspectives. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 32(4), 334–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886571X.2015.1113459
  • Folk, J. B., Kemp, K., Yurasek, A., Barr-Walker, J., & Tolou-Shams, M. (2021). Adverse childhood experiences among justice-involved youth: Data-driven recommendations for action using the sequential intercept model. The American Psychologist, 76(2), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000769
  • Ford, J. D., & Hawke, J. (2012). Trauma affect regulation psychoeducation group and Milieu intervention outcomes in juvenile detention facilities. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21(4), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2012.673538
  • Ford, J. D., Chapman, J., Connor, D. F., & Cruise, K. R. (2012). Complex trauma and aggression in secure juvenile justice settings. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(6), 694–724. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854812436957
  • Freeman, J., Condon, C., Hamilton, S., Mutch, R. C., Bower, C., & Watkins, R. E. (2019). Challenges in accurately assessing prenatal alcohol exposure in a study of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder in a Youth Detention Center. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 43(2), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13926
  • Frize, M., Kenny, D., & Lennings, C. (2008). The relationship between intellectual disability, Indigenous status and risk of reoffending in juvenile offenders on community orders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(Pt 6), 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01058.x
  • Government of New Zealand. (2013). Youth crime action plan 2013–2023. Government of New Zealand. https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/YCAP-full-report.pdf
  • Government of New Zealand. (2016). New Zealand Disability Strategy 2016–2026. Ministry of Social Development – Office of Disability Issues. Government of New Zealand. https://www.odi.govt.nz/nz-disability-strategy/about-the-strategy/new-zealand-disability-strategy-2016-2026/
  • Hackett, S., Masson, H., Balfe, M., & Phillips, J. (2013). Individual, family and abuse characteristics of 700 British child and adolescent sexual abusers. Child Abuse Review, 22(4), 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2246
  • Hardcastle, L., McVilly, K., & McGillivray, J. (2013). Review of the corrections victoria disability pathways program. A research report commissioned by the Department of Justice.
  • Haysom, L., Indig, D., Moore, E., & Gaskin, C. (2014). Intellectual disability in young people in custody in New South Wales, Australia-Prevalence and markers. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(11), 1004–1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12109
  • Holland, L., Reid, N., & Smirnov, A. (2021). Neurodevelopmental disorders in youth justice: A systematic review of screening, assessment and interventions. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2021, e09475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09475-w
  • Hollomotz, A., & Schmitz, S. C. (2018). Forio: A Swiss treatment program for young sex offenders with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 9(3), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIDOB-05-2018-0007
  • Hopkins, T., Clegg, J., & Stackhouse, J. (2018). Examining the association between language, expository discourse and offending behaviour: An investigation of direction, strength and independence. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 53(1), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12330
  • Horner-Johnson, W., & Drum, C. E. (2006). Prevalence of maltreatment of people with intellectual disabilities: A review of recently published research. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 12(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.20097
  • Hughes, N., Chitsabesan, P., Bryan, K., Borschmann, R., Swain, N., Lennox, C., & Shaw, J. (2017). Language impairment and comorbid vulnerabilities among young people in custody. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 58(10), 1106–1113. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12791
  • Hughes, N., Clasby, B., Chitsabesan, P., & Williams, H. (2016). A systematic review of the prevalence of foetal alcohol syndrome disorders among young people in the criminal justice system. Cogent Psychology, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1214213
  • Hughes, N., Williams, W. H., Chitsabesan, P., Walesby, R., Mounce, L., & Clasby, B. (2015). The prevalence of traumatic brain injury among young offenders in custody: A systematic review. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(2), 94–105.
  • Indig, D., Vecchiato, C., Haysom, L. (2011). 2009 NSW young people in custody health survey: Full report. Justice Health and Juvenile Justice, Sydney. https://www.justicehealth.nsw.gov.au/about-us/publications/ypichs-1.pdf
  • Jones, E., & Chaplin, E. (2020). A systematic review of the effectiveness of psychological approaches in the treatment of sex offenders with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12345
  • Katsiyannis, A., & Archwamety, T. (1999). Academic remediation/achievement and other factors related to recidivism rates among delinquent youths. Behavioral Disorders, 24(2), 93–101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23888748
  • Kincaid, D., Dunlap, G., Kern, L., Lane, K. L., Bambara, L. M., Brown, F., Fox, L., & Knoster, T. P. (2016). Positive behavior support: A proposal for updating and refining the definition. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 18(2), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300715604826
  • King, G., & Meyer, K. (2006). Service integration and co-ordination: A framework of approaches for the delivery of co-ordinated care to children with disabilities and their families. Child, 32(4), 477–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00610.x
  • Kippin, N., Leitao, S., Watkins, R., Finlay-Jones, A., Condon, C., Marriott, R., Mutch, R., & Bower, C. (2018). Language diversity, language disorder, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among youth sentenced to detention in Western Australia. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 61, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.09.004
  • Kotter, J. P. (1995). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review, 73, 59–67.
  • KPMG. (2016). Youth Health and Rehabilitation Service review: Final report. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Lampron, S., & Gonsoulin, S. G. (2013). PBIS in restrictive settings: The time is now. Education and Treatment of Children, 36(3), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1353/etc.2013.0023
  • Lansdell, G., Saunders, B. J., & Eriksson, A. (2022). Young people with acquired brain injury: Preventing entrenchment in the criminal justice system. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, no. 650. Australian Institute of Criminology.
  • Lindsay, W. R., Olley, S., Baillie, N., & Smith, A. H. W. (1999). Treatment of adolescent sex offenders with intellectual disabilities. Mental Retardation, 37(3), 201–211. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(1999)037<0201:TOASOW>2.0.CO;2
  • Lopez, A., Williams, J. K., & Newsom, K. (2015). PBIS in Texas Juvenile Justice Department’s division of education and state programs: Integrating programs and developing systems for sustained implementation. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 32(4), 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886571X.2015.1113460
  • Mallett, C. A. (2014). The learning disabilities to juvenile detention pipeline: A case study. Children & Schools, 36(3), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdu010
  • Malvaso, C. G., Cale, J., Whitten, T., Day, A., Singh, S., Hackett, L., Delfabbro, P. H., & Ross, S. (2021). Associations between adverse childhood experiences and trauma among young people who offend: A systematic literature review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2021, 152483802110131. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211013132
  • Malvaso, C., Day, A., Cale, J., Hackett, L., Delfabbro, P., & Ross, S. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences and trauma among young people in Youth Justice. Trends & Issues in Crime and Justice no. 651. Australian Institute of Criminology.
  • Malvaso, C., Santiago, P., Pilkington, R., Montgomerie, A., Delfabbro, P. H., Day, A., & Lynch, J. (2020). The intersection between the Child Protection and Youth Justice systems in South Australia. BetterStart Child Health and Development Group, The University of Adelaide.
  • Marcal, S., & Trifoso, S. (2017). A trauma-informed toolkit for providers in the field of intellectual disabilities & developmental disabilities. Centre for Disability Services. https://www.pacesconnection.com/blog/a-trauma-informed-toolkit-for-providers-in-the-field-of-intellectual-disabilities
  • May, T., Roberts, J., Webber, M., Spreckley, M., Scheinberg, A., Forrester, M., & Williams, K. (2018). Brief history and user’s guide to the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 54(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13748
  • McCarthy, J., & Duff, M. (2019). Services for adults with intellectual disability in Aotearoa New Zealand. BJPsych International, 16(3), 71–73. https://doi.org/10.1192/bji.2018.37
  • McCarthy, J., Chaplin, E., Underwood, L., Forrester, A., Hayward, H., Sabet, J., Young, S., Asherson, P., Mills, R., & Murphy, D. (2015). Screening and diagnostic assessment of neurodevelopmental disorders in a male prison. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour, 6(2), 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIDOB-08-2015-0018
  • McKenzie, K., Paxton, D., Murray, G., Milanesi, P., & Murray, A. (2012). The evaluation of a screening tool for children with an intellectual disability: The Child and Adolescent Intellectual Disability Screening Questionnaire. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(4), 1068–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.01.015
  • McVilly, K. (2012). Positive behaviour support for people with intellectual disability: Evidence-based practice promoting quality of life. ASID.
  • McVilly, K., Day, A., Birgden, A., & Spivakovsky, C. (2019). Children and young people with a disability in the Youth Justice system: A literature review & interjurisdictional policy analysis. A report commissioned by the Department of Justice and Community Safety.
  • McVilly, K., Forster, S., & Hobley, P. (2014). Behaviour support in out of home care – A review of the literature for discussion and forward planning. A report commissioned by the Department of Health & Human Services.
  • Meichenbaum, D. (1985). Stress inoculation training. Pergamon Press.
  • Miyaguchi, K., & Shirataki, S. (2014). Executive functioning problems of juvenile sex offenders with low levels of measured intelligence. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 39(3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2014.925103
  • Morrison, J., Forrester-Jones, R., Bradshaw, J., & Murphy, G. (2019). Communication and cross-examination in court for children and adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 23(4), 366–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365712719851134
  • Munn, Z., Peters, M. D. J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
  • National Health Service. (n.d.). Overview: Learning disabilities. NHS. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/learning-disabilities/
  • New Zealand Ministry of Health. (2015). Disability support services – Behaviour support services. https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/topic_sheets/behaviour-support-services-jun15.pdf
  • Nezu, C. M., Nezu, A. M., & Dudek, J. A. (1998). A cognitive behavioural model of assessment and treatment for intellectually disabled sexual offenders. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 5(1), 25–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(98)80020-5
  • Novaco, R. W. (1975). Anger control: The development and evaluation of an experimental treatment.
  • NSW Juvenile Justice. (2016). Working with young people who have an intellectual disability or cognitive impairment. New South Wales Government.
  • O’Brien, N., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., & Shelley-Tremblay, J. (2007). Reading problems, attentional deficits, and current mental health status in adjudicated adolescent males. Journal of Correctional Education, 58(3), 293–315.
  • O’Callaghan, D. (2004). Adolescents with intellectual disabilities who sexually harm: Intervention design and implementation. In G. O’Reilly, W. L. Marshall, A. Carr & R. C. Beckett (Eds.), The handbook of clinical intervention with young people who sexually abuse (pp. 34–368). Brunner-Routledge.
  • O’Donnell, J., Hawkins, J. D., & Abbott, R. D. (1995). Predicting serious delinquency and substance use among aggressive boys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(4), 529–537. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.63.4.529
  • Pagliaroli Vetö, B., Arányi, T., & Barta, C. (2015). From genetics to epigenetics: New perspectives in Tourette syndrome research. Psychological Medicine, 45, 2499–2510. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00277
  • Pedruzzi, R. A., Hamilton, O., Hodgson, H. H., Connor, E., Johnson, E., & Fitzpatrick, J. (2021). Navigating complexity to support justice-involved youth with FASD and other neurodevelopmental disabilities: Needs and challenges of a regional workforce. Health & Justice, 27(9), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-021-00132-y
  • Popova, A., Lange, S., Shield, K., Burd, L., & Rehm, J. (2019). Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder among special subpopulations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 114(7), 1150–1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14598
  • Popova, S., Lange, S., Shield, K., Mihic, A., Chudley, A. E., Mukherjee, R. A. S., Behmuradov, D., Rehm, J. (2016). Comorbidity of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 387(10022), 978–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01345-8
  • Productivity Commission. (2011). Disability Care and Support, Report no. 54. Commonwealth of Australia. https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/disability-support/report
  • Reid, N., Kippin, N., Passmore, H., & Finlay-Jones, A. (2020). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: The importance of assessment, diagnosis and support in the Australian justice context. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 27(2), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1719375
  • Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2015). Your guide to relational security: See think act, 2nd Edition. Quality Network for Forensic Mental Health Services. http://www.bcmhsus.ca/Documents/see_think_act_document.pdf
  • Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability [DRC] (2021). Fourth progress report (30th August 2021). Retrieved from: https://disability.royalcommission.gov.au/publications/fourth-progress-report
  • Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability [DRC] (2022). Fifth progress report (8th February 2022). Retrieved from: https://disability.royalcommission.gov.au/publications/fifth-progress-report
  • Rucklidge, J. J., McLean, A. P., & Bateup, P. (2013). Criminal offending and learning disabilities in New Zealand youth: Does reading comprehension predict recidivism? Crime & Delinquency, 59(8), 1263–1286. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128709336945
  • Schofield, P. W., Butler, T. G., Hollis, S. J., Smith, N. E., Lee, S. J., & Kelso, W. M. (2006). Traumatic brain injury among Australian prisoners: Rates, recurrence, sequelae. Brain Injury, 20(5), 499–506.
  • Slaughter, A. M., Hein, S., Hong, J. H., Mire, S. S., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2019). Criminal behavior and school discipline in juvenile justice-involved youth with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2268–2280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03883-8
  • Snow, P. C., & Woodward, M. N. (2017). Intervening to address communication difficulties in incarcerated youth: A Phase 1 clinical trial. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19(4), 392–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2016.1216600
  • Snow, P. C., Bagley, K., & White, D. (2018). Speech-language pathology intervention in a youth justice setting: Benefits perceived by staff extend beyond communication. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(4), 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2017.1297484
  • Snow, P. C., Sanger, D. D., Caire, L. M., Eadie, P. A., & Dinslage, T. (2015). Improving communication outcomes for young offenders: A proposed response to intervention framework. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 50(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12117
  • Snowling, M. J., Adams, J. W., Bowyer-Crane, C., & Tobin, V. (2000). Levels of literacy among juvenile offenders: The incidence of specific reading difficulties. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 10(4), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.362
  • Spivakovsky, C. (2021). Barriers to the NDIS for people with intellectual disability and/or complex support needs involved with the criminal justice systems: The current state of literature. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 46(4), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2020.1855695
  • Sullivan, P. M., & Knutson, J. F. (2000). Maltreatment and disabilities: A population-based epidemiological study.Child Abuse and Neglect,24(10), 1257–1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00190-3
  • Swain, N. R., Eadie, P. A., & Snow, P. C. (2020). Speech and language therapy for adolescents in youth justice: A series of empirical single-case studies. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 55(4), 458–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12529.
  • Tedeschi, F., & Junewicz, A. (2018). Intellectual disabilities in juvenile justice: The case for screening. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(12), 909–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.878
  • Thapar, A., & Cooper, M. (2016). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet, 19, 1240–1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00238-X
  • United Nations [UN] (2006). United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. NY: Author. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.html
  • Verschuere, B., Brandsen, T., & Pestoff, V. (2012). Co-production: The state of the art in research and the future Agenda. International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 23(4), 1083–1101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-012-9307-8
  • Victorian Government. (2020). Youth Justice Strategic Plan 2020–2030. The Victorian Government. https://www.justice.vic.gov.au/youth-justice-strategy
  • Walton, D., Martin, S., & Li, J. (2020). Iwi community justice panels reduce harm from re-offending. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 15(1), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2019.1642921
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health
  • Young, J. T., van Dooren, K., Lennox, N. G., Butler, T., & Kinner, S.A. (2015). Inter-rater reliability of the Hayes Ability Screening Index in a sample of Australian prisoners. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 59(11), 1055–1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12198
  • Young, S., Moss, D., Sedgwick, O., Fridman, M., & Hodgkins, P. (2015). A meta-analysis of the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in incarcerated populations. Psychological Medicine, 45(2), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000598

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.