‘If I had a job, I’d pay somebody to look after my child’. The practices and discourses of Spanish fathers experiencing periods of unemployment

References

• Abril, P., Amigot, P., Botía-Morillas, C., Dominguez-Folgueras, M., & González, M. J. (2015). Egalitarian ideals and traditional plans: Analysis of first-time parents in Spain. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 150, 3–22. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.150.3.
   Google Scholar
• Alberdi, I., & Escario, P. (2007). Los hombres jóvenes y la paternidad [Young men and fatherhood]. Fundación BBVA.
   Google Scholar
• Barbeta-Viñas, M., & Cano, T. (2017). Toward a new model of fatherhood? Discourses on the process of paternal involvement in urban Spain. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 159, 13–30. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.159.13.
   Google Scholar
• Borràs, V., Ajenjo, M., & Moreno-Colom, S. (2021). More time parenting in Spain: A possible change towards gender equality? Journal of Family Studies, 27(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2018.1440618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borràs, V., Moreno-Colom, S., Santamaria, L. C., & Casajust, A. G. (2012). Male hegemony in decline? Reflections on the Spanish case. Men and Masculinities, 15(4), 406–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X12455399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandth, B., & Kvande, E. (2016). Masculinity and fathering alone during parental leave. Men and Masculinities, 21(1), 72–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X16652659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges, T., & Pascoe, C. J. (2014). Hybrid masculinities: New directions in the sociology of men and masculinities. Sociology Compass, 8(3), 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12134
   Google Scholar
• Brines, J. (1994). Economic dependency, gender, and the division of labor at home. American Journal of Sociology, 100(3), 652–688. https://doi.org/10.1086/230577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castrillo, C., Rogero-García, J., Romero-Balsas, P., & Meil, G. (2021). Becoming primary caregivers? Unemployed fathers caring alone in Spain. Families, Relationships and Societies, 10(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1332/204674320X15919852635855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, R., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity. Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829–859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dermott, E. (2003). The ‘intimate father’: Defining paternal involvement. Sociological Research Online, 8(4), http://www.socresonline.org.uk/8/4/dermott.html. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dermott, E. (2005). Time and labour: Fathers’ perceptions of employment and childcare. The Sociological Review, 53(Suppl. 2), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2005.00574.x
   Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Folgueras, M. (2020). Unemployment and domestic work in Spain: did the 2007 economic crisis affect gender equality in the household?. Journal of FamilyStudies, 28(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1844783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doucet, A. (2016). Is the stay-at-home dad (SAHD) a feminist concept? A genealogical, relational, and feminist critique. Sex Roles, 75(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0582-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doucet, A., & Merla, L. (2007). Stay-at-home fathering. Community, Work & Family, 10(4), 455–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800701575101
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, K. (2016). Caring masculinities: Theorizing an emerging concept. Men and Masculinities, 19(3), 240–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15576203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Lozano, I. (2019). Fathers as solo caregivers in Spain: A choice or a need? Journal of Family Issues, 40(13), 1755–1785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19842214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, J., & Anderson, V. N. (2012). Gender role attitudes and characteristics of stay-at-home and employed fathers. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 13(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaquer, L., Mínguez, A. M., & López, T. C. (2016). Changing family models: Emerging new opportunities for fathers in Ctalonia (Spain)? In I. Crespi, & E. Ruspini (Eds.), Balancing work and family in a changing society (pp. 65–80). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gatrell, C. J., Burnett, S. B., Cooper, C. L., & Sparrow, P. (2015). The price of love: The prioritisation of childcare and income earning among UK fathers. Families, Relationships and Societies, 4(2), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1332/204674315X14321355649771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenstein, T. N. (2000). Economic dependence, gender, and the division of labor in the home: A replication and extension. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(2), 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00322.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Domènech, M. (2010). Parental employment and time with children in Spain. Review of Economics of the Household, 8(3), 371–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-010-9096-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutmann, M., & Viveros, M. (2007). Masculinidades en América Latina [Masculinities in Latin America]. In MÁ Aguilar, & A. Reid (Eds.), Tratado de psicología social. Perspectivas socioculturales (pp. 120–139). Anthropos.
   Google Scholar
• Himmelweit, S. (1995). The discovery of “unpaid work”: The social consequences of the expansion of “work”. Feminist Economics, 1(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/714042229
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, S. C., Riggs, D. W., & Augoustinos, M. (2017). Hegemonic masculinity versus a caring masculinity: Implications for understanding primary caregiving fathers. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(3), e12307. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, G., & White, D. (2016). “For the good of our family”: Men’s attitudes toward their wives’ employment. Journal of Family Issues, 37(11), 1585–1610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14546719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latshaw, B. A., & Hale, S. I. (2016). “The domestic handoff”: Stay-at-home fathers’ time-use in female breadwinner families. Journal of Family Studies, 22(2), 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2015.1034157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. Y., & Lee, S. J. (2016). Caring is masculine: Stay-at-home fathers and masculine identity. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 19(1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liong, M. (2017). Sacrifice for the family: Representation and practice of stay-at-home fathers in the intersection of masculinity and class in Hong Kong. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(4), 402–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2015.1111200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meil, G., Rogero-García, J., Romero-Balsas, P., & Díaz-Gandasegui, V. (2021). The impact of paternity leave compared to unemployment on child care and housework distribution in Spain. Journal of Family Issues, First published online November, 1-21 https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X211054469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merla, L. (2008). Determinants, costs, and meanings of Belgian stay-at-home fathers: An international comparison. Fathering, 6(2), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.0602.113
   Google Scholar
• Miguel, B. E., Gandasegui, V. D., & Gorfinkiel, M. D. (2019). Is involved fatherhood possible? Structural elements influencing the exercise of paternity in Spain and Norway. Journal of Family Issues, 40(10), 1364–1395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19839753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naldini, M., & Jurado, T. (2013). Family and welfare state reorientation in Spain and inertia in Italy from a European perspective. Population Review, 52(1), 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2013.0003
   Google Scholar
• Razavi, S. (2007). The political and social economy of care in a development context: Conceptual issues, research questions and policy options. Gender and Development Programme Paper Number 3. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz, J. (2009). Sociological discourse analysis: Methods and logic. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 10(2), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-10.2.1298
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Mira, N. (2021). (Un)doing gender in female breadwinner households: Gender relations and structural change. Gender Work Organ, First published: 27 November, 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Mira, N., & Muntanyola Saura, D. (2022). Attachment parenting among middle-class couples in Spain: Gendered principles and labor divisions. Journal of Family Studies, 28(2), 569–586, https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1745258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraceno, C. (2016). Varieties of familialism: Comparing four southern European and East-Asian welfare regimes. Journal of European Social Policy, 26(4), 314–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928716657275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer, L. C., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004). Are parents investing less in children? Trends in mothers’ and fathers’ time with children. American Journal of Sociology, 110(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1086/386270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirani, F., Henwood, K., & Coltart, C. (2012). Meeting the challenges of intensive parenting culture: Gender, risk management and the moral parent. Sociology, 46(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038511416169
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, C. R. (2014). ‘I feel like a rock star’: Fatherhood for stay-at-home-fathers. Fathering, 12(1), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.1201.52
   Google Scholar
• Torns, T. (2008). El trabajo y el cuidado: cuestiones teórico-metodológicas desde la perspectiva de género [Work and care: Theoretical-methodological issues from a gender perspective]. EMPIRIA. Revista de Metodología de Ciencias Sociales, 15(15), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.5944/empiria.15.2008.1199
   Google Scholar
• Torns, T., Borràs, V., Carrasquer, P., Moreno-Colom, S., Castelló, L., & Grau, A. (2011). Trayectorias laborales y de vida. Una aproximación al modelo de empleo español [Work and life trajectories. An approach to the Spanish employment model]. Working Paper Series, 17, 5-102. QUIT-Centre d’Estudis Sociològics sobre la Vida Quotidiana i el Treball, Universitat de Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• Tronto, J., & Fisher, B. (1990). Toward a feminist theory of caring. In M. K. Nelson, & E. K. Abel (Eds.), Circles of care: Work and identity in women’s lives (pp. 35–62). State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Valdés, T., & Olavaria, J. (1998). Ser hombres en Santiago de Chile. A pesar de todo, un mismo modelo [Being a man in Santiago de Chile. The same model, despite everything]. In T. Valdés, & J. Olavaria (Eds.), Masculinidades y equidad de género en América Latina (pp. 12–36). FLACSO/UNFPA.
   Google Scholar
• Van Hoff, J. (2011). Rationalising inequality: Heterosexual couples’ explanations and justifications for the division of housework along traditionally gendered lines. Journal of Gender Studies, 20(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2011.542016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (2009). Accounting for doing gender. Gender & Society, 23(1), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243208326529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar