Reducing human impacts on central Californian intertidal gastropods: are marine protected areas effective?

References

• Addessi, L. (1994) Human disturbance and long-term changes on a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Applications 4, 786–797. doi: 10.2307/1942008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp, K.A. & Gowing, M.M. (1982) A quantitative assessment of human trampling effects on a rocky intertidal community. Marine Environmental Research 7, 279–293. doi: 10.1016/0141-1136(82)90020-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosnan, D.B. & Crumrine, L.L. (1994) Effects of human trampling on marine rocky shore communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 177, 79–97. doi: 10.1016/0022-0981(94)90145-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Department of Fish and Wildlife (2013). California Department of Fish and Game Code, Sections 2850–2863 California Fish and Game Code (Marine Life Protection Act) Sections 2850–2863. Available online at http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=fgc&group=02001-03000&file=2850-2863. [Accessed on 5 June 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Castilla, J.C. (1998) Coastal marine communities: trends and perspectives from human-exclusion experiments. Tree 14, 280–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castilla, J.C. & Duran, L.R. (1985) Human exclusion from the rocky intertidal zone of central Chile: the effects on Concholepas concholepas (Gastropoda). Oikos 45, 391–399. doi: 10.2307/3565575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castilla, J.C., Campo, M.A. & Bustamanta, R.H. (2007) Recovery of Durvillaea antarctica (Durvilleales) inside and outside Las Cruces Marine Reserve, Chile. Ecological Applications 17, 1511–1522. doi: 10.1890/06-1285.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe, T.P., Thompson, R.C., Bray, S. & Hawkins, S.J. (2000) Impacts of anthropogenic stress on rocky intertidal communities. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery 7, 273–297. doi: 10.1023/A:1009911928100
   Google Scholar
• Fenberg, P. & Rivadeneira, M. (2011) Range limits and geographic patterns of abundance of the rocky intertidal owl limpet, Lottia gigantea. Journal of Biogeography 38, 2286–2298. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02572.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenberg, P. & Roy, R. (2012) Anthropogenic harvesting pressure and changes in life history: insights from a rocky intertidal limpet. The American Naturalist 180, 200–210. doi: 10.1086/666613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, D.S. (1992) Long term ecological stability within a disturbed intertidal region. Senior thesis. Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 37.
   Google Scholar
• Halpern, B.S. (2003) The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter? Ecological Applications 13, 117–137. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0117:TIOMRD]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockey, A.R. & Bosman, A.L. (1986) Man as an intertidal predator in Transkei: disturbance, community convergence and management of a natural food resource. Oikos 46, 3–14. doi: 10.2307/3565373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, J., Kirby, M., Berger, W., Bjorndal, K., Botsford, L., Bourque, B.J., Bradbury, R.H., Cooke, R., Erlanson, J., Estes, J.A., Hughes, T.P., Kidwell, S., Lange, C.B., Lenihan, H.S., Pandolfi, J.M., Peterson, C.H., Steneck, R.S., Tegner, M.J. & Warner, R.R. (2001) Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293, 629–637. doi: 10.1126/science.1059199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keough, M.J., Quinn, G.F. & King, A. (1993) Correlations between human collecting and intertidal mollusc populations on rocky shores. Conservation Biology 7, 378–390. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07020378.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kido, J.S. & Murray, S.N. (2003) Variation in owl limpet, Lottia gigantea, population structures, growth rates, and gonadal production on southern California rocky shores. Marine Ecology Progress Series 257, 111–124. doi: 10.3354/meps257111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg, D.R., Estes, J.A. & Warheit, K.I. (1998) Human influences on trophic cascades along rocky shores. Ecological Applications 8, 880–890. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0880:HIOTCA]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy, M. (2008) Hawaiian limpet harvesting in historical perspective: a review of modern and archaeological data on Cellana spp. from the Kalaupapa Peninsula, Moloka’i Island. Pacific Science 62, 21–38. doi: 10.2984/1534-6188(2008)62[21:HLHIHP]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, C.A. (2001) Community patterns generated by human harvesting on Chilean shores: a review. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 11, 19–30. doi: 10.1002/aqc.430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, C., Jara, H. & Sutherland, J. (1984) Man as a predator in the intertidal zone of southern Chile. Oikos 42, 155–160. doi: 10.2307/3544787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, S.N., Denis, T.G., Kido, J.S. & Smith, J.R. (1999) Human visitation and the frequency and potential effects of collecting on rocky intertidal populations in southern California marine reserves. CalCOFI 40, 100–106.
   Google Scholar
• Pombo, O.A. & Escofet, A. (1996) Effect of exploitation of the limpet Lottia gigantea: a field study in Baja California (Mexico) and California (U.S.A). Pacific Science 50, 393–403.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, K., Collins, A.G., Becker, B.J., Begovic, E. & Engle, J.M. (2003) Anthropogenic impacts and historical decline in body size of rocky intertidal gastropods in southern California. Ecology Letters 6, 205–211. doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00419.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selig, E.R. & Bruno, J.F., & Ropert-Coudert, Y. (2010) A global analysis of the effectiveness of marine protected areas in preventing coral loss. PLoS One 5, e9278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe, A.K. & Keough, M.J. (1998) An investigation of the indirect effects of intertidal shellfish collection. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 223, 19–38. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(97)00150-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J.R. & Murray, S.N. (2005) The effects of experimental bait collection and trampling on Mytilus californianus mussel bed in Southern California. Marine Biology International Journal on Life in Oceans and Coastal Waters 147, 699–706.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J.R., Fong, P. & Ambrose, R.F. (2008) The impacts of human visitation on mussel bed communities along the California coast: are regulatory marine reserves effective in protecting these communities? Environmental Management 41, 599–612. doi: 10.1007/s00267-007-9066-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Werfhorst, L.C. and Pearse, J.S. (2007) Trampling in the rocky intertidal of central California: a follow-up study. Bulletin of Marine Science 81, 245–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar