- (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders . Washington, DC. (1987), (3rd ed., rev.)..
- (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders . Washington, DC. (1994), (4th ed.)..
- Andrews, B , Brewin, CR , Rose, S , and Kirk, M , (2000). Predicting PTSD in victims of violent crime: The role of shame, anger and blame , Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 ((2000)), pp. 69–73.
- Berah, EF , Jones, HJ , and Valent, P , (1984). The experience of a mental health team involved in the early phase of a disaster , Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 18 ((1984)), pp. 354–358.
- Blanchard, EB , Hickling, EJ , Barton, KA , Taylor, AE , Loos, WR , and Jones, AJ , (1996). One-year prospective follow-up of motor vehicle accident victims , Behaviour Research and Therapy 34 ((1996)), pp. 775–786.
- Blanchard, EB , Hickling, EJ , Galovski, T , and Veazey, C , (2002). Emergency room vital signs and PTSD in a treatment seeking sample of motor vehicle accident survivors , Journal of Traumatic Stress 15 ((2002)), pp. 199–204.
- Blank, AS , (1993). "Suggested recommendations for DSM-IV on course and subtypes". In: Posttraumatic stress disorder in review: Recent research and future developments . Washington, DC. (1993). p. pp. 237–240, In J.R. Davidson & E.B. Foa (Eds.),.
- Brewin, CR , Andrews, B , Rose, S , and Kirk, M , (1999). Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent crime , American Journal of Psychiatry 156 ((1999)), pp. 360–366.
- Brom, D , Kleber, RJ , and Hofman, M , (1993). Victims of traffic accidents: Incidence and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder , Journal of Clinical Psychology 49 ((1993)), pp. 131–140.
- Bryant, RA , (2000). Acute stress disorder , PTSD Research Quarterly 11 ((2000)), pp. 1–7.
- Bryant, RA , (2003). Early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder , Biological Psychiatry 53 ((2003)), pp. 789–795.
- Bryant, RA , and Harvey, AG , (1996). Initial post-traumatic stress responses following motor vehicle accidents , Journal of Traumatic Stress 9 ((1996)), pp. 223–234.
- Bryant, RA , and Harvey, AG , (1997). Acute stress disorder: A critical review of diagnostic issues , Clinical Psychology Review 17 ((1997)), pp. 757–773.
- Bryant, RA , and Harvey, AG , (1998). Relationship of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury , American Journal of Psychiatry 155 ((1998)), pp. 625–629.
- Bryant, RA , and Harvey, AG , (2000). New DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder [Letter to the Editor] , American Journal of Psychiatry 157 ((2000)), pp. 1889–1890.
- Bryant, RA , Harvey, AG , Dang, S , and Sackville, T , (1998). Assessing acute stress disorder: Psychometric properties of a structured clinical interview , Psychological Assessment 10 ((1998)), pp. 215–220.
- Bryant, RA , Harvey, AG , Dang, ST , Sackville, T , and Basten, C , (1998). Treatment of acute stress disorder: A comparison of cognitive behavior therapy and supportive counseling , Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 ((1998)), pp. 862–866.
- Bryant, RA , Harvey, AG , Guthrie, R , and Moulds, M , (2000). A prospective study of acute psychophysiological arousal, acute stress disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder , Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 ((2000)), pp. 341–344.
- Bryant, RA , Moulds, M , and Guthrie, R , (2000). Acute stress disorder scale: A self-report measure of acute stress disorder , Psychological Assessment 12 ((2000)), pp. 61–68.
- Bryant, RA , Moulds, M , and Guthrie, RM , (2001). Cognitive strategies and the resolution of acute stress disorder , Journal of Traumatic Stress 14 ((2001)), pp. 213–219.
- Bryant, RA , Moulds, ML , Guthrie, R , and Nixon, RDV , (2003). Treating acute stress disorder after mild brain injury , American Journal of Psychiatry 100 ((2003)), pp. 585–587.
- Bryant, RA , Moulds, ML , Guthrie, R , and Nixon, RDV , (in press). "The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive behavior therapy in treating acute stress disorder". In: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . (in press).
- Bryant, RA , and Panasetis, P , (2001). Panic symptoms during trauma and acute stress disorder , Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 ((2001)), pp. 961–966.
- Bryant, RA , Sackville, T , Dang, ST , Moulds, M , and Guthrie, R , (1999). Treating acute stress disorder: An evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy and counselling techniques , American Journal of Psychiatry 156 ((1999)), pp. 1780–1786.
- Butler, LD , (2000). New DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder [Letter to the Editor] , American Journal of Psychiatry 157 ((2000)), p. 1889.
- Cardeña, E , Koopman, C , Classen, C , Waelde, LC , and Spiegel, D , (2000). Psychometric properties of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ): A valid and reliable measure of acute stress , Journal of Traumatic Stress 13 ((2000)), pp. 719–734.
- Cardeña, E , Lews-Fernández, R , Beahr, D , Pakianathan, I , and Spiegel, D , (1996). "Dissociative disorders". In: Sourcebook for the DSM-IV, Vol. 11 . Washington, DC. (1996). p. pp. 973–1005, In T.A. Widiger, A.J. Francis, H.J. Pincus, R. Ross, M.B. First, & W.W. Davis (Eds.),.
- Cardeña, E , and Spiegel, D , (1993). Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay Area earthquake of 1989 , American Journal of Psychiatry 150 ((1993)), pp. 474–478.
- Classen, C , Koopman, C , Hales, R , and Spiegel, D , (1998). Acute stress disorder as a predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms , American Journal of Psychiatry 155 ((1998)), pp. 620–624.
- Creamer, M , and Manning, C , (1998). Acute stress disorder following an industrial accident , Australian Psychologist 33 ((1998)), pp. 125–129.
- Creamer, MC , O'Donnell, ML , and Pattison, P , (in press). "The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in severely injured trauma survivors". In: Behaviour Research and Therapy . (in press).
- Delahanty, DL , Herberman, HB , Craig, KJ , Hayward, MC , Fullerton, CS , Ursano, RJ , et al., (1997). Acute and chronic distress and posttraumatic stress disorder as a function of responsibility for serious motor vehicle accidents , Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65 ((1997)), pp. 560–567.
- Delahanty, DL , Raimonde, AJ , and Spoonster, E , (2000). Initial posttraumatic urinary cortisol levels predict subsequent PTSD symptoms in motor vehicle accident victims , Biological Psychiatry 48 ((2000)), pp. 940–947.
- Difede, J , Ptacek, JT , Roberts, JG , Barocas, D , Rives, W , Apfeldorf, WJ , and Yurt, R , (2002). Acute stress disorder after bum injury: A predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder , Psychosomatic Medicine 64 ((2002)), pp. 826–834.
- Dunmore, E , Clark, DM , and Ehlers, A , (2001). A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after physical and sexual assault , Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 ((2001)), pp. 1063–1084.
- Ehlers, A , and Clark, D , (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder , Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 ((2000)), pp. 319–345.
- Ehlers, A , Mayou, RA , and Bryant, B , (1998). Psychological predictors of chronic PTSD after motor vehicle accidents , Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107 ((1998)), pp. 508–519.
- Engelhard, IM , van den Hout, MA , Arntz, A , and McNally, RJ , (in press). "A longitudinal study of intrusion-based reasoning and posttraumatic stress disorder after exposure to a train disaster". In: Behaviour Research and Therapy . (in press).
- Feinstein, A , (1989). Posttraumatic stress disorder: A descriptive study supporting DSM III-R criteria , American Journal of Psychiatry 146 ((1989)), pp. 665–666.
- Foa, EB , Hearst-Ikeda, D , and Perry, KJ , (1995). Evaluation of a brief cognitive behavioral program for the prevention of chronic PTSD in recent assault victims , Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63 ((1995)), pp. 948–955.
- Freinkel, A , Koopman, C , and Spiegel, D , (1994). Dissociative symptoms in media witnesses of an execution , American Journal of Psychiatry 151 ((1994)), pp. 1335–1339.
- Galea, S , Boscarino, J , Resnick, H , and Vlahov, D , (in press). "Mental health in New York City after the September 11 terrorist attacks: Results from two population surveys". In: Mental health, United States, 2002 . Washington, DC. (in press), In R.W. Manderscheid & M.J. Henderson (Eds.),.
- Galea, S , Resnick, H , Kilpatrick, D , Bucuvalas, M , Gold, J , and Vlahov, D , (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City , New England Journal of Medicine 346 ((2002)), pp. 982–987.
- Green, BL , Krupnick, JL , Stockton, P , and Goodman, L , (2001). Psychological outcomes associated with traumatic loss in a sample of young women , The American Behavioral Scientist 44 ((2001)), pp. 817–837.
- Guthrie, R , and Bryant, RA , (2000). Attempted thought suppression over extended periods in acute stress disorder , Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 ((2000)), pp. 899–907.
- Harvey, AG , and Bryant, RA , (1998a). Relationship of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents , Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 ((1998a)), pp. 507–512.
- Harvey, AG , and Bryant, RA , (1998b). Acute stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury , Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 186 ((1998b)), pp. 333–337.
- Harvey, AG , and Bryant, RA , (1999a). Acute stress disorder across trauma populations , Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 187 ((1999a)), pp. 443–446.
- Harvey, AG , and Bryant, RA , (1999b). A two-year prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder , Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67 ((1999b)), pp. 985–988.
- Harvey, AG , and Bryant, RA , (2000). A two-year prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury , American Journal of Psychiatry 157 ((2000)), pp. 626–628.
- Harvey, AG , and Bryant, RA , (2002). Acute stress disorder: A synthesis and critique , Psychological Bulletin 128 ((2002)), pp. 892–906.
- Harvey, AG , Bryant, RA , and Dang, S , (1998). Autobiographical memory in acute stress disorder , Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 ((1998)), pp. 500–506.
- Haynes, SN , Wilner, N , and Kubany, ES , (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods , Psychological Assessment 7 ((1995)), pp. 238–247.
- Hillman, RG , (1981). The psychopathology of being held hostage , American Journal of Psychiatry 138 ((1981)), pp. 1193–1197.
- Holeva, V , Tarrier, N , and Wells, A , (2001). Prevalence and predictors of acute stress disorder and PTSD following road traffic accidents: Thought control strategies and social support , Behavior Therapy 32 ((2001)), pp. 65–83.
- Janet, P , (1907). The major symptoms of hysteria . New York. (1907).
- Keane, TM , Kaufman, ML , and Kimble, MO , (2001). "Peritraumatic dissociative symptoms, acute stress disorder, and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: Causation, correlation or epiphenomena". In: Dissociative states . Barcelona, Spain. (2001). p. pp. 21–43, In L. Sanchez-Planell & C. Diez-Quevedo (Eds.),.
- Kangas, M , Henry, JL , and Bryant, RA , (in press). "The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following cancer". In: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . (in press).
- Kilpatrick, DG , and Veronen, LJ , (1983). "Treatment for rape-related problems: Crisis intervention is not enough". In: Crisis intervention . New York. (1983). p. pp. 165–185, In L.H. Cohen, W.L., Claiborn, & C.A. Spector (Eds.),.
- Kilpatrick, DG , and Calhoun, KS , (1988). Early behavioral treatment for rape trauma: Efficacy or artifact? , Behavior Therapy 19 ((1988)), pp. 421–427.
- Kolb, LC , (1987). A neuropsychological hypothesis explaining post-traumatic stress disorder , American Journal of Psychiatry 144 ((1987)), pp. 989–995.
- Koopman, C , (2000). New DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder [Letter to the Editor] , American Journal of Psychiatry 157 ((2000)), p. 1888.
- Koopman, C , Classen, C , Cardeña, E , and Spiegel, D , (1995). When disaster strikes, acute stress disorder may follow , Journal of Traumatic Stress 8 ((1995)), pp. 29–46.
- Koopman, C , Classen, C , and Spiegel, D , (1994). Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif., firestorm , American Journal of Psychiatry 151 ((1994)), pp. 888–894.
- LeDoux, JE , Iwata, J , Cicchetti, P , and Reis, DJ , (1988). Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear , Journal of Neuroscience 8 ((1988)), pp. 2517–2529.
- McFarlane, AC , Atchison, M , and Yehuda, R , (1997). "The acute stress response following motor vehicle accidents and its relation to PTSD". In: Psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder . New York. (1997). p. pp. 433–436, In R. Yehuda & A. C. McFarlane (Eds.),.
- Madakasira, S , and O'Brien, KF , (1987). Acute posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of a natural disaster , Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175 ((1987)), pp. 286–290.
- Marshall, RD , Spitzer, R , and Liebowitz, MR , (1999). Review and critique of the new DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder , American Journal of Psychiatry 156 ((1999)), pp. 1677–1685.
- Marshall, RD , Spitzer, R , and Liebowitz, MR , (2000). New DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder , American Journal of Psychiatry 157 ((2000)), pp. 1890–1891.
- Moulds, LM , and Bryant, RA , (2002). Directed forgetting in acute stress disorder , Journal of Abnormal Psychology 111 ((2002)), pp. 175–179.
- Moulds, ML , and Bryant, RA , (in press). "Retrieval inhibition of traumatic stimuli in acute stress disorder". In: Journal of Traumatic Stress . (in press).
- Murray, J , Ehlers, A , and Mayou, RA , (2002). Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: Two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors , British Journal of Psychiatry 180 ((2002)), pp. 363–368.
- Nixon, RDV , and Bryant, RA , (in press). "Induced arousal and re-experiencing in acute stress disorder". In: Journal of Anxiety Disorders . (in press).
- Nixon, RDV , and Bryant, RA , (2003). Peritraumatic and persistent panic attacks in acute stress disorder , Behaviour Research and Therapy 41 ((2003)), pp. 1237–1242.
- North, CS , Smith, EM , McCool, RE , and Lightcap, PE , (1989). Acute postdisaster coping and adjustment , Journal of Traumatic Stress 2 ((1989)), pp. 353–360.
- Noyes, R , Hoenk, PR , Kuperman, S , and Slymen, DJ , (1977). Depersonalization in accident victims and psychiatric patients , Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 164 ((1977)), pp. 401–407.
- Noyes, R , and Kletti, R , (1977). Depersonalizaton in response to life-threatening danger , Comprehensive Psychiatry 18 ((1977)), pp. 375–384.
- Pitman, RK , Shalev, AY , and Orr, SP , (2000). "Posttraumatic stress disorder: Emotion, conditioning and memory". In: The new cognitive neurosciences . New York. (2000), In M.D. Corbetta & M. Gazzaniga (Eds.),, (2nd ed.)..
- Post, RM , Weiss, SRB , and Smith, M , (1995). "Sensitization and kindling; implication for the evolving neural substrates of posttraumatic stress disorder". In: Neurobiological and clinical consequences of stress: From normal adaptation to posttraumatic stress disorder . Philadelphia. (1995). p. pp. 203–224, In M.J. Friedman, D.S. Charney & A.Y. Deutch (Eds.),.
- Riggs, DS , Rothbaum, BO , and Foa, EB , (1995). A prospective examination of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of non-sexual assault , Journal of Interpersonal Violence 10 ((1995)), pp. 201–214.
- Rothbaum, BO , Foa, EB , Riggs, DS , Murdock, T , and Walsh, W , (1992). A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims , Journal of Traumatic Stress 5 ((1992)), pp. 455–475.
- Schnyder, U , Moergeli, H , Klaghofer, R , and Buddeberg, C , (2001). Incidence and prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in severely injured accident victims , American Journal of Psychiatry 158 ((2001)), pp. 594–599.
- Shalev, AY , Sahar, T , Freedman, S , Peri, T , Glick, N , Brandes, D , et al., (1998). A prospective study of heart rate responses following trauma and the subsequent development of PTSD , Archives of General Psychiatry 55 ((1998)), pp. 553–559.
- Simeon, D , and Guralnik, O , (2000). New DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder. [Letter to the Editor] , American Journal of Psychiatry 157 ((2000)), pp. 1888–1889.
- Sloan, P , (1988). Post-traumatic stress in survivors of an airplane crash-landing: A clinical and exploratory research intervention , Journal of Traumatic Stress 1 ((1988)), pp. 211–229.
- Smith, K , and Bryant, RA , (2000). The generality of cognitive bias in acute stress disorder , Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 ((2000)), pp. 709–715.
- Solomon, Z , Laor, N , and McFarlane, AC , (1996). "Acute posttraumatic reactions in soldiers and civilians". In: Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society . New York. (1996). p. pp. 102–114, In B.A. van der Kolk, A.C. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.),.
- Spiegel, D , Classen, C , and Cardeña, E , (2000). New DSM-IV diagnosis of acute stress disorder [Letter to the Editor] , American Journal of Psychiatry 157 ((2000)), pp. 1890–1891.
- Staab, JP , Grieger, TA , Fullerton, CS , and Ursano, RJ , (1996). Acute stress disorder, subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after a series of typhoons , Anxiety 2 ((1996)), pp. 219–225.
- van der Kolk, BA , and van der Hart, O , (1989). Pierre Janet and the breakdown of adaptation in psychological data , American Journal of Psychiatry 146 ((1989)), pp. 1530–1540.
- Warda, G , and Bryant, RA , (1998a). Cognitive bias in acute stress disorder , Behaviour Research and Therapy 36 ((1998a)), pp. 1177–1183.
- Warda, G , and Bryant, RA , (1998b). Thought control strategies in acute stress disorder , Behaviour Research and Therapy 36 ((1998b)), pp. 1171–1175.
- (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorder: Diagnostic criteriafor research . Geneva. (1992), (10th rev.)..
- Yehuda, R , (1997). Sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in posttraumatic stress disorder , Annals of the New York Academy Science 821 ((1997)), pp. 57–75.
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.