34
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation in chronic patients with schizophrenia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

, ORCID Icon, , , , , ORCID Icon & show all
Pages 169-184 | Received 21 Nov 2023, Accepted 28 Mar 2024, Published online: 05 May 2024

References

  • Aboujaoude, E. (2002). The Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross: A sane asylum in the Middle East. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(12), 1982. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.1982
  • Ahmed, S. (2010). The promise of happiness. Duke University Press.
  • Al-Hadethe, A., Hunt, N., Thomas, S., & Al-Qaysi, A. (2016). Cross-cultural validation and psychometric properties of the Arabic brief religious coping scale (A-BRCS). Journal of Religion and Health, 55(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9963-7
  • Alves Vde, M., Francisco, L. C., Belo, F. M., de Melo-Neto, V. L., Barros, V. G., & Nardi, A. E. (2016). Evaluation of the quality of life and risk of suicide. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 71(3), 135–139. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2016(03)03
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR).
  • Andriopoulos, I., Ellul, J., Skokou, M., & Beratis, S. (2011). Suicidality in the “prodromal” phase of schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(5), 479–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.10.011
  • Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20049
  • Awad, E., Rogoza, R., Gerges, S., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2022). Association of social media use disorder and orthorexia nervosa among Lebanese university students: The indirect effect of loneliness and factor structure of the social media use disorder short form and the jong-gierveld loneliness scales. Psychological Reports, 00332941221132985. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221132985
  • Ayalew, M., Defar, S., Reta, Y., & Schnack, H. (2021). Suicide behavior and its predictors in patients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment, 2021, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6662765
  • Aydin, M., Ilhan, B. C., Tekdemir, R., Cokunlu, Y., Erbasan, V., & Altinbas, K. (2019). Suicide attempts and related factors in schizophrenia patients. Saudi Medical Journal, 40(5), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2019.5.24153
  • Badcock, J. C., DiPrinzio, P., Ambrosi, T., Waterreus, A., & Morgan, V. A. (2021). Loneliness, social isolation and suicide risk in people with psychotic disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 233, 60–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.037
  • Badcock, J. C., Shah, S., Mackinnon, A., Stain, H. J., Galletly, C., Jablensky, A., & Morgan, V. A. (2015). Loneliness in psychotic disorders and its association with cognitive function and symptom profile. Schizophrenia Research, 169(1–3), 268–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.027
  • Bai, W., Liu, Z., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Q., Rao, W., Cheung, T., Hall, B., & Xiang, Y. (2021). Worldwide prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide plan among people with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis and systematic review of epidemiological surveys. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 552. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01671-6
  • Barrett, E. A., Sundet, K., Faerden, A., Nesvåg, R., Agartz, I., Fosse, R., Mork, E., Steen, N. E., Andreassen, O. A., & Melle, I. (2010). Suicidality before and in the early phases of first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 119(1–3), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.022
  • Bastien, C. H., Vallières, A., & Morin, C. M. (2001). Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine, 2(4), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-9457(00)00065-4
  • Bates, M. J. & Bowles, S. V. (2011). Review of well-being in the context of suicide prevention and resilience. Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health & Traumatic Brain Injury.
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Kovacs, M., & Garrison, B. (1985). Hopelessness and eventual suicide: A 10-year prospective study of patients hospitalized with suicidal ideation. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(5), 559–563. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.142.5.559
  • Berardelli, I., Sarubbi, S., Rogante, E., Hawkins, M., Cocco, G., Erbuto, D., Lester, D., & Pompili, M. (2019). The role of demoralization and hopelessness in suicide risk in schizophrenia: A review of the literature. Medicina, 55(5), 200. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55050200
  • Bishop, T. M., Walsh, P. G., Ashrafioun, L., Lavigne, J. E., & Pigeon, W. R. (2020). Sleep, suicide behaviors, and the protective role of sleep medicine. Sleep Medicine, 66, 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.07.016
  • Bornheimer, L. A., & Nguyen, D. (2016). Suicide among individuals with schizophrenia: A risk factor model. Social Work in Mental Health, 14(2), 112–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2014.946549
  • Bursac, Z., Gauss, C. H., Williams, D. K., & Hosmer, D. W. (2008). Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code for Biology and Medicine, 3(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0473-3-17
  • Butt, A., Ali, F., Fatima, J., & Furqan, A. (2018). Frequency of suicidal ideation in diagnosed patients of schizophrenia. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute, 32(2), 184–7.
  • Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615570616
  • Calati, R., Ferrari, C., Brittner, M., Oasi, O., Olié, E., Carvalho, A. F., & Courtet, P. (2019). Suicidal thoughts and behaviors and social isolation: A narrative review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders, 245, 653–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.022
  • Caldwell, C. B. & Gottesman, I. I. (1990). Schizophrenics kill themselves too: A review of risk factors for suicide. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16(4), 571–589. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/16.4.571
  • Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Caprara, M. G., Yamaguchi, S., Fukuzawa, A., & Abela, J. (2012). The Positivity Scale. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 701. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026681
  • Cassidy, R. M., Yang, F., Kapczinski, F., & Passos, I. C. (2018). Risk factors for suicidality in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 96 studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(4), 787–797. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx131
  • Cederström, C. & Spicer, A. (2015). The wellness syndrome. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Chahine, M., Salameh, P., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Soufia, M., Akel, M., Obeid, S., Hallit, R., & Hallit, S. (2020). Suicidal ideation among Lebanese adolescents: Scale validation, prevalence and correlates. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 304. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02726-6
  • Chaïb, L. S., Lopez-Castroman, J., & Abbar, M. (2020). Group post-admission cognitive therapy for suicidality vs individual supportive therapy for the prevention of repeat suicide attempts: A randomized controlled trial. Trials, 21(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04816-y
  • Chang, Q., Chan, C. H., & Yip, P. S. (2017). A meta-analytic review on social relationships and suicidal ideation among older adults. Social Science & Medicine, 191, 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.003
  • Chan, K. K., & Mak, W. W. (2014). The mediating role of self-stigma and unmet needs on the recovery of people with schizophrenia living in the community. Quality of Life Research, 23(9), 2559–2568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-014-0695-7
  • Chong, B. T. W., Wahab, S., Muthukrishnan, A., Tan, K. L., Ch’ng, M. L., & Yoong, M. T. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation in institutionalized patients with schizophrenia. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, Article 949-962. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S266976
  • Currier, J. M., McDermott, R. C., McCormick, W. H., Churchwell, M. C., & Milkeris, L. (2018). Exploring cross-lagged associations between spiritual struggles and risk for suicidal behavior in a community sample of military veterans. Journal of Affective Disorders, 230, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.009
  • Currier, J. M., Smith, P. N., & Kuhlman, S. (2017). Assessing the unique role of religious coping in suicidal behavior among US Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000055
  • Davies, J. (2005). Therapy culture: Cultivating vulnerability in an uncertain age by Frank Furedi. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 22(2), 263–266.
  • Davies, W. (2015). The happiness industry: How the government and big business sold us well-being. Verso books.
  • Davis, S., Patil, J., Aziz, S., Chaudhury, S., & Saldanha, D. (2021). Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia: A case series. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 30(Suppl 1), S230–S234. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.328868
  • De Jong-Gierveld, J. & Kamphuls, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168500900307
  • Dell, N., Huang, J., Buttafuoco, K. A., Vidovic, K. R., Murphy, A. M., & Farrar, L. A. (2020). Direct and indirect associations between loneliness and thoughts of self-harm among a clinical sample of older adults with serious mental illness. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 208(10), 828–832. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001213
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D.-W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
  • Donovan, A. L., Browne, J., Freudenreich, O., & Cather, C. (2020). Suicide in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 50(4), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20200309-01
  • Edinoff, A. N., Wu, N. W., Maxey, B. S., Ren, A. L., Leethy, K. N., Girma, B., Odisho, A., Kaye, J. S., Kaye, A. J., Kaye, A. M., Kaye, A. D., Mychaskiw, G., Viswanath, O., & Urits, I. (2021). Brexpiprazole for the treatment of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: A comprehensive review of pharmacological considerations in clinical practice. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 51(2), 69–95. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34092824
  • Eskin, M., Baydar, N., El-Nayal, M., Asad, N., Noor, I. M., Rezaeian, M., Abdel-Khalek, A. M., Al Buhairan, F., Harlak, H., Hamdan, M., Mechri, A., Isayeva, U., Khader, Y., Khan, A., Al Sayyari, A., Khader, A., Behzadi, B., Öztürk, C., Agha, H., and Khan, M. M. (2020). Associations of religiosity, attitudes towards suicide and religious coping with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in 11 muslim countries. Social Science & Medicine, 265, 113390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113390
  • Farah, N., Obeid, S., Malaeb, D., Haddad, C., Fekih-Romdhane, F., & Hallit, S. (2023). Mediation effect of insomnia symptoms between positive psychotic like experiences and suicidal ideation among Lebanese young adults. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04778-w
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007, May). G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavioral Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
  • Fekih-Romdhane, F., Abbassi, B., Ghrissi, F., & Cheour, M. (2021). Suicide chez les jeunes à haut-risque de psychose. La Presse Médicale Formation, 2(3), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpmfor.2021.01.004
  • Fekih-Romdhane, F. & Cheour, M. (2021). Psychological distress among a Tunisian community sample during the COVID-19 pandemic: Correlations with religious coping. Journal of Religion & Health, 60(3), 1446–1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01230-9
  • Fekih-Romdhane, F., Fawaz, M., Hallit, R., Sawma, T., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2022). Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the Multidimensional Social Support Scale (MSPSS) in a community sample of Lebanese adults. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04937-z
  • Fekih-Romdhane, F., Tounsi, A., Ben Rejeb, R., & Cheour, M. (2020). Is religiosity related to suicidal ideation among Tunisian Muslim youth after the January 14th revolution? Community Mental Health Journal, 56(1), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00447-z
  • Fennig, S., Horesh, N., Aloni, D., Apter, A., Weizman, A., & Fennig, S. (2005). Life events and suicidality in adolescents with schizophrenia. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 14(8), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-005-0498-z
  • Fenton, W. S., McGlashan, T. H., Victor, B. J., & Blyler, C. R. (1997). Symptoms, subtype, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(2), 199–204.
  • Fernandez-Sevillano, J., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Rodriguez-Revuelta, J., Alberich, S., Gonzalez-Blanco, L., Zorrilla, I., Velasco, A., Lopez, M. P., Abad, I., & Saiz, P. A. (2021). Suicidal behaviour and cognition: A systematic review with special focus on prefrontal deficits. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278, 488–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.044
  • Freeman, D., Bold, E., Chadwick, E., Taylor, K. M., Collett, N., Diamond, R., Černis, E., Bird, J. C., Isham, L., Forkert, A., Carr, L., Causier, C., & Waite, F. (2019). Suicidal ideation and behaviour in patients with persecutory delusions: Prevalence, symptom associations, and psychological correlates. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 93, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.07.001
  • Gill, K. E., Quintero, J. M., Poe, S. L., Moreira, A. D., Brucato, G., Corcoran, C. M., & Girgis, R. R. (2015). Assessing suicidal ideation in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 165(2–3), 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.022
  • Green, L. R., Richardson, D. S., Lago, T., & Schatten-Jones, E. C. (2001). Network correlates of social and emotional loneliness in young and older adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(3), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201273002
  • Grigoriou, M., Upthegrove, R., & Bortolotti, L. (2019). Instrumental rationality and suicide in schizophrenia: A case for rational suicide? Journal of Medical Ethics, 45(12), 802–805. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105454
  • Hallit, S., Haddad, C., Hallit, R., Al Karaki, G., Malaeb, D., Sacre, H., Kheir, N., Hajj, A., & Salameh, P. (2019). Validation of selected sleeping disorders related scales in Arabic among the Lebanese population. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 17(2), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-018-0196-0
  • Hawley, C. J., James, D. V., Birkett, P. L., Baldwin, D. S., de Ruiter, M. J., & Priest, R. G. (1991). Suicidal ideation as a presenting complaint. Associated diagnoses and characteristics in a casualty population. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159(2), 232–238. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.159.2.232
  • Hjorthøj, C., Stürup, A. E., McGrath, J. J., & Nordentoft, M. (2017). Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(4), 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30078-0
  • Hocaoglu, C. (2019). Schizophrenia and suicide. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29, 334–335.
  • Hor, K. & Taylor, M. (2010). Review: Suicide and schizophrenia: A systematic review of rates and risk factors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 24(4_suppl), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359786810385490
  • Huguelet, P., Mohr, S., Jung, V., Gillieron, C., Brandt, P.-Y., & Borras, L. (2007). Effect of religion on suicide attempts in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorders compared with inpatients with non-psychotic disorders. European Psychiatry, 22(3), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.08.001
  • Hu, C., Zhao, D., Gong, F., Zhao, Y., Li, J., & Sun, Y. (2020). Risk factors for suicidal ideation among the older people living alone in rural region of China: A path analysis. Medicine, 99(29), e21330. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000021330
  • Jordans, M., Rathod, S., Fekadu, A., Medhin, G., Kigozi, F., Kohrt, B., Luitel, N., Petersen, I., Shidhaye, R., & Ssebunnya, J. (2018). Suicidal ideation and behaviour among community and health care seeking populations in five low-and middle-income countries: A cross-sectional study. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 27(4), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796017000038
  • Kasperek-Zimowska, B., Giguere, M., Bednarek, A., Żochowska, A., & Sawicka, M. (2020). Positive psychotherapy for psychosis–a new approach in the rehabilitation of patients suffering from schizophrenia. Psychiatria Polska, 54(4), 701–714. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/110230
  • Katz, S. (1983). Assessing self-maintenance: Activities of daily living, mobility, and instrumental activities of daily living. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 31(12), 721–727. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1983.tb03391.x
  • Katz, S., Ford, A. B., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A., & Jaffe, M. W. (1963). Studies of illness in the aged. The Index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. Jama, 185(12), 914–919. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016
  • Krysinska, K., Heller, T. S., & De Leo, D. (2006). Suicide and deliberate self-harm in personality disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19(1), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.yco.0000191498.69281.5e
  • Letho, Z., Wangmo, N., & Kuenzang, K. (2021). Characteristics of attempted suicide patients admitted in Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital from January 2014 to September 2018. Bhutan Health Journal, 7(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.47811/bhj.112
  • Li, S. X., Lam, S. P., Zhang, J., Yu, M. W. M., Chan, J. W. Y., Chan, C. S. Y., Espie, C. A., Freeman, D., Mason, O., & Wing, Y.-K. (2016). Sleep disturbances and suicide risk in an 8-year longitudinal study of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Sleep, 39(6), 1275–1282. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5852
  • Liu, R. T., Steele, S. J., Hamilton, J. L., Do, Q. B., Furbish, K., Burke, T. A., Martinez, A. P., & Gerlus, N. (2020). Sleep and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 81, 101895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101895
  • Lopez, D., Escalante, G. S., & Weisman de Mamani, A. (2023). The role of religious coping on suicidality among Latinx and Black/African American individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 10(3), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000317
  • Lopez, D., Saenz Escalante, G., & Weisman de Mamani, A. (2023). The role of religious coping on suicidality among Latinx and Black/African American individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 10(3), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000317
  • Lykes, V. A. & Kemmelmeier, M. (2014). What predicts loneliness? Cultural difference between individualistic and collectivistic societies in Europe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(3), 468–490. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022113509881
  • Lyu, J., Zhang, J., & Hennessy, D. A. (2021). Characteristics and risk factors for suicide in people with schizophrenia in comparison to those without schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 304, 114166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114166
  • McClelland, H., Evans, J. J., Nowland, R., Ferguson, E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2020). Loneliness as a predictor of suicidal ideation and behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.004
  • Melle, I. & Barrett, E. A. (2012). Insight and suicidal behavior in first-episode schizophrenia. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 12(3), 353–359. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.11.191
  • Meltzer, H. Y. (2001). Treatment of suicidality in schizophrenia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 932(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05797.x
  • Meltzer, H., Bebbington, P., Dennis, M. S., Jenkins, R., McManus, S., & Brugha, T. S. (2013). Feelings of loneliness among adults with mental disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0515-8
  • Michalska da Rocha, B., Rhodes, S., Vasilopoulou, E., & Hutton, P. (2018). Loneliness in psychosis: A meta-analytical review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(1), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx036
  • Mikhael, V., El-Sayed, H., El-Bakry, S., & Dawoud, B. (2020). Evaluation of suicide risk in chronic schizophrenic hospitalized patients. Benha Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(5 part (1)), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.21608/bjas.2020.136637
  • Miller, B. J. & McCall, W. V. (2023). Meta-analysis of insomnia, suicide, and psychopathology in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 36(3), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000856
  • Miller, B. J., McCall, W. V., Xia, L., Zhang, Y., Li, W., Yao, X., & Liu, H. (2021). Insomnia, suicidal ideation, and psychopathology in Chinese patients with chronic schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 111, 110202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110202
  • Miller, B. J., McEvoy, J. P., & McCall, W. V. (2021). Insomnia, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in the clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 82(3). https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.20m13338
  • Miller, B. J., Parker, C. B., Rapaport, M. H., Buckley, P. F., & McCall, W. V. (2019). Insomnia and suicidal ideation in nonaffective psychosis. Sleep, 42(2), zsy215. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy215
  • Morgan, V. A., Waterreus, A., Jablensky, A., Mackinnon, A., McGrath, J. J., Carr, V., Bush, R., Castle, D., Cohen, M., Harvey, C., Galletly, C., Stain, H. J., Neil, A. L., McGorry, P., Hocking, B., Shah, S., & Saw, S. (2012). People living with psychotic illness in 2010: The second Australian national survey of psychosis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(8), 735–752. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867412449877
  • Moussa, S., Malaeb, D., Barakat, M., Sawma, T., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2023). Association between experiences in life and quality of life among Lebanese university students in a collapsing country: The moderating role of religious coping and positivity. Healthcare (Basel), 11(1), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010149
  • Moussa, S., Malaeb, D., Obeid, S., & Hallit, S. (2022). Correlates of positivity among a sample of Lebanese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 880437. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.880437
  • Muquit, L. S. (2020). Cultural differences in suicidality among individuals with early psychosis. Palo Alto University.
  • Mushtaq, R., Shoib, S., Shah, T., & Mushtaq, S. (2014). Relationship between loneliness, psychiatric disorders and physical health? A review on the psychological aspects of loneliness. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 8(9), WE01. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/10077.4828
  • Nasser, R. & Doumit, J. (2009). Validity and reliability of the Arabic version of activities of daily living (ADL). BMC Geriatrics, 9(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-9-11
  • Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., Bruffaerts, R., Chiu, W. T., De Girolamo, G., Gluzman, S., de Graaf, R., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E., Kessler, R. C., Lepine, J. P., Levinson, D., Medina-Mora, M. E. … Posada-Villa, J. (2008). Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(2), 98–105. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040113
  • Nock, M. K., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behavior: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(8), 868–876. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.29
  • Nolan, J. A., McEvoy, J. P., Koenig, H. G., Hooten, E. G., Whetten, K., & Pieper, C. F. (2012). Religious coping and quality of life among individuals living with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 63(10), 1051–1054. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201000208
  • Obeid, S., Hallit, S., Sacre, H., & Kazour, G. R. (2020). Effectiveness of integrated psychological therapy on cognitive function among Lebanese patients with schizophrenia: A pilot study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 24(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2019.1682615
  • Owens, C., Hansford, L., Sharkey, S., & Ford, T. (2016). Needs and fears of young people presenting at accident and emergency department following an act of self-harm: Secondary analysis of qualitative data. British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 286–291. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.141242
  • Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. (1998). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(4), 710–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388152
  • Pjescic, K. D., Nenadovic, M. M., Jasovic-Gasic, M., Trajkovic, G., Kostic, M., & Ristic-Dimitrijevic, R. (2014). Influence of psycho-social factors on the emergence of depression and suicidal risk in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatria Danubina, 26(3), 226–230. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25191769
  • Pompili, M., Amador, X. F., Girardi, P., Harkavy-Friedman, J., Harrow, M., Kaplan, K., Krausz, M., Lester, D., Meltzer, H. Y., & Modestin, J. (2007). Suicide risk in schizophrenia: Learning from the past to change the future. Annals of General Psychiatry, 6(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-6-10
  • Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Forte, A., Longo, L., Mazzetta, C., Erbuto, D., Ricci, F., Palermo, M., Stefani, H., Seretti, M. E., Lamis, D. A., Perna, G., Serafini, G., Amore, M., & Girardi, P. (2013). Insomnia as a predictor of high-lethality suicide attempts. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 67(12), 1311–1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12211
  • Pompili, M., Lester, D., Grispini, A., Innamorati, M., Calandro, F., Iliceto, P., De Pisa, E., Tatarelli, R., & Girardi, P. (2009). Completed suicide in schizophrenia: Evidence from a case-control study. Psychiatry Research, 167(3), 251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.018
  • Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., Currier, G. W., Melvin, G. A., Greenhill, L., Shen, S., & Mann, J. J. (2011). The Columbia-suicide severity rating scale: Initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(12), 1266–1277. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704
  • Pulgar, C. A., Shaikh, A. N., Shannonhouse, L., & Davis, D. (2022). The role of religious coping in understanding the suicide risk of older adults during COVID-19. Religions, 13(8), 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13080731
  • Roe, D., Mashiach-Eizenberg, M., & Lysaker, P. H. (2011). The relation between objective and subjective domains of recovery among persons with schizophrenia-related disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 131(1–3), 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.05.023
  • Rosmarin, D. H., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., Öngur, D., Pargament, K. I., & Björgvinsson, T. (2013). Religious coping among psychotic patients: Relevance to suicidality and treatment outcomes. Psychiatry Research, 210(1), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.023
  • Sajatovic, M. & Ramirez, L. F. (2012). Rating scales in mental health. JHU Press.
  • Sankaranarayanan, A., Mancuso, S., Wilding, H., Ghuloum, S., Castle, D., & Tran, U. S. (2015). Smoking, suicidality and psychosis: A systematic meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 10(9), e0138147. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138147
  • Sareen, J., Houlahan, T., Cox, B. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2005). Anxiety disorders associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the national comorbidity survey. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193(7), 450–454. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000168263.89652.6b
  • Seeman, M. V. (2017). Schizophrenia: Reaction to positive life events. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 88(3), 561–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-016-9478-3
  • Seemüller, F., Lewitzka, U., Bauer, M., Meyer, S., Musil, R., Schennach, R., Riedel, M., Doucette, S., & Möller, H.-J. (2012). The relationship of akathisia with treatment emergent suicidality among patients with first-episode schizophrenia treated with haloperidol or risperidone. Pharmacopsychiatry, 45(7), 292–296. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1309004
  • Serafini, G., Pompili, M., Innamorati, M., Rihmer, Z., Sher, L., & Girardi, P. (2012). Can cannabis increase the suicide risk in psychosis? A critical review. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18(32), 5165–5187. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161212802884663
  • Sher, L. & Kahn, R. S. (2019). Suicide in schizophrenia: An educational overview. Medicina (Kaunas), 55(7), 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070361
  • Shioda, A., Tadaka, E., & Okochi, A. (2016). Loneliness and related factors among people with schizophrenia in Japan: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 23(6–7), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12318
  • Stain, H. J., Galletly, C. A., Clark, S., Wilson, J., Killen, E. A., Anthes, L., Campbell, L. E., Hanlon, M.-C., & Harvey, C. (2012). Understanding the social costs of psychosis: The experience of adults affected by psychosis identified within the second Australian national survey of psychosis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(9), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867412449060
  • Staner, L. (2010). Comorbidity of insomnia and depression. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.09.003
  • Stickley, A. & Koyanagi, A. (2016). Loneliness, common mental disorders and suicidal behavior: Findings from a general population survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 197, 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.054
  • Taskforce, L. (2018). A connected island; An Ireland free from loneliness. A report from the Loneliness Taskforce. Loneliness Taskforce.
  • Teo, A. R., Marsh, H. E., Forsberg, C. W., Nicolaidis, C., Chen, J. I., Newsom, J., Saha, S., & Dobscha, S. K. (2018). Loneliness is closely associated with depression outcomes and suicidal ideation among military veterans in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 230, 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.003
  • Trevino, K. M., Balboni, M., Zollfrank, A., Balboni, T., & Prigerson, H. G. (2014). Negative religious coping as a correlate of suicidal ideation in patients with advanced cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 23(8), 936–945. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3505
  • Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., Read, J., van Os, J., & Bentall, R. P. (2012). Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs050
  • Wang, W., Zhou, Y., Wang, J., Xu, H., Wei, S., Wang, D., Wang, L., & Zhang, X. Y. (2020). Prevalence, clinical correlates of suicide attempt and its relationship with empathy in patients with schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 99, 109863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109863
  • Warriach, Z. I., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A., & Ferrer, G. F. (2021). Suicidal behavior and medication adherence in schizophrenic patients. Cureus, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12473
  • Woottiluk, P., Maneeton, B., Jaiyen, N., Khemawichanurat, W., Kawilapat, S., & Maneeton, N. (2020). Prevalence and associated factors of suicide among hospitalized schizophrenic patients. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 8(4), 757–770. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i4.757
  • World Health Organization,(2014). Preventing suicide: A global imperative.
  • World Health Organization. (2022, February 21). Schizophrenia. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia
  • Yen, S., Ranney, M. L., Krek, M., Peters, J. R., Mereish, E., Tezanos, K. M., Kahler, C. W., Solomon, J., Beard, C., & Spirito, A. (2020). Skills to enhance positivity in suicidal adolescents: Results from a pilot randomized clinical trial. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(3), 348–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1615105
  • Zakhour, M., Haddad, C., Sacre, H., Fares, K., Akel, M., Obeid, S., Salameh, P., & Hallit, S. (2021). Suicidal ideation among Lebanese adults: scale validation and correlates. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03111-7
  • Zhu, M.-H., Liu, Z.-J., Hu, Q.-Y., Yang, J.-Y., Jin, Y., Zhu, N., Huang, Y., Shi, D.-H., Liu, M.-J., Tan, H.-Y., Zhao, L., Lv, Q.-Y., Yi, Z.-H., Wu, F.-C., & Li, Z.-Z. (2022). Amisulpride augmentation therapy improves cognitive performance and psychopathology in clozapine-resistant treatment-refractory schizophrenia: A 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Military Medical Research, 9(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-022-00420-0
  • Zimet, G. D. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.