1,413
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Does motherhood explain lower wages for women in Macedonia?

&
Pages 352-375 | Received 22 Jul 2016, Accepted 02 Oct 2017, Published online: 12 Feb 2018

References

  • Agüero, J. M., & Marks, M. S. (2011). Motherhood and female labor supply in the developing world evidence from infertility shocks. Journal of Human Resources, 46(4), 800–826.
  • Albrecht, J., van Vuuren, A., & Vroman, S. (2004). Decomposing the gender wage gap in the Netherlands with sample selection adjustment. IZA DP No. 1400.
  • Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & Kimmel, J. (2005). The motherhood wage gap for women in the United States: The importance of college and fertility delay. Review of Economics of the Household, 3(1), 17–48.10.1007/s11150-004-0978-9
  • Avlijaš, S., Ivanović, N., Vladisavljević, M., & Vujić, S. (2013). Gender pay gap in the Western Balkan countries: Evidence from Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia. Beograd: FREN - Foundation for the Advancement of Economics.
  • Azmat, G., Güell, M., & Manning, A. (2006). Gender gaps in unemployment rates in OECD countries. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(1), 1–37.10.1086/497817
  • Barsky, R., Bound, J., Charles, K., & Lupton, J. (2002). Accounting for the black-white wealth gap: A nonparametric approach. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 97, 663–673.10.1198/016214502388618401
  • Beblo, M., Beninger, D., Heinze, A., & Laisney, F. (2003). Measuring selectivity-corrected gender wage gaps in the EU. ZEW DP No. 03-74, Mannheim.
  • Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital; A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. New York, NY: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Becker, G. S. (1985). Human capital, effort, and the sexual division of labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1), S33–S58.10.1086/298075
  • Black, D. A., Haviland, A. M., Sanders, S. G., & Taylor, L. J. (2008). Gender wage disparities among the highly educated. Journal of Human Resources, 43(3), 630–659.
  • Blank, R. (1990). Are part-time jobs lousy jobs? In G. Burtless (Ed.), A Future of Lousy Jobs? (pp. 123–164). Washington DC: Brookings.
  • Blau, F., & Kahn, L. (2003). Understanding international differences in the gender pay gap. Journal of Labor Economics, 21, 106–144.10.1086/344125
  • Blinder, A. S. (1973). Wage discrimination: Reduced form and structural estimates. The Journal of Human Resources, 8(4), 436–455.10.2307/144855
  • Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American Sociological Review, 66(2), 204–225.10.2307/2657415
  • Chernozhukov, V., Fernandez-Val, I., & Melly, B. (2013). Inference on counterfactual distributions. Econometrica, 81(6), 2205–2268.
  • Corcoran, M., Duncan, G., & Ponza, M. (1983). A longitudinal analysis of white women’s wages. Journal of Human Resources, 18(1), 497–520.10.2307/145441
  • Correll, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007). Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty? American Journal of Sociology, 112(5), 1297–1339.10.1086/511799
  • Daniel, F. K., Lacuesta, A., & Rodríguez-Planas, N. (2013). The motherhood earnings dip: Evidence from administrative records. Journal of Human Resources, 48(1), 169–197.10.3368/jhr.48.1.169
  • Davies, R., & Pierre, G. (2005). The family gap in pay in Europe: A cross-country study. Labour Economics, 12(4), 469–486.10.1016/j.labeco.2005.05.003
  • Dolton, P., & Makepeace, G. (1987). Marital status, child rearing and earnings differentials in the graduate labour market. Economic Journal, 97, 897–922.10.2307/2233079
  • Ermisch, J. F., & Wright, R. E. (1993). Wage offers and full-time and part-time employment by British women. Journal of Human Resources, 28(1), 111–133.10.2307/146090
  • Felfe, C. (2012). The motherhood wage gap: What about job amenities? Labour Economics, 19(1), 59–67.10.1016/j.labeco.2011.06.016
  • Firpo, S., Fortin, N. M., & Lemieux, T. (2007) Decomposing wage distributions using recentered influence functions regressions, Mimeo, University of British Columbia.
  • Firpo, S., Fortin, N. M., & Lemieux, T. (2009). Unconditional quantile regressions. Econometrica, 77(3), 953–973.
  • Fortin, N. (2005). Gender role attitudes and the labour market outcomes of women across OECD countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(3), 416–438.10.1093/oxrep/gri024
  • Fortin, N., Lemieux, T., & Firpo, S. (2011). Chapter 1 - Decomposition methods in economics. In O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. 4, Part A, pp. 1–102). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Frölich, M. (2007). Propensity score matching without conditional independence assumption – with an application to the gender wage gap in the United Kingdom. The Econometrics Journal, 10(2), 359–407.10.1111/ectj.2007.10.issue-2
  • Fuchs, V. (1988). Women’s Quest for Economic Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Gangl, M., & Ziefle, A. (2009). Motherhood, labor force behavior, and women’s careers: An empirical assessment of the wage penalty for motherhood in Britain, Germany, and the United States. Demography, 46(2), 341–369.10.1353/dem.0.0056
  • Gash, V. (2009). Sacrificing their careers for their families? An analysis of the penalty to motherhood in Europe. Social Indicators Research, 93(3), 569–586.10.1007/s11205-008-9429-y
  • Goldin, C. (2006). The quiet revolution that transformed women’s employment, education, and family. NBER Working Paper No. 11953.
  • Graham, J. W., Olchowski, A. E., & Gilreath, T. D. (2007). How many imputations are really needed? Some practical clarifications of multiple imputation theory. Prev Sci, 8, 206–213.10.1007/s11121-007-0070-9
  • Greenhalgh, C. (1980). Male–female wage differentials: Is marriage an equal opportunity? Economic Journal, 90, 751–775.10.2307/2231741
  • Grimshaw, D., & Rubery, J. (2015). The motherhood pay gap: A review of the issues, theory and international evidence Report No. 57. Geneva: ILO.
  • Gronau, R. (1974). Wage comparison - A selectivity bias. Journal of Political Economy, 82(6), 1119–1143.10.1086/260267
  • Harkness, S., & Waldfogel, J. (2003). The family gap in pay: Evidence from seven industrialized countries. Research in Labour Economics, 22, 369–413.10.1016/S0147-9121(03)22012-4
  • Heckman, J. (1976). The common structure of statistical models of truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables and a simple estimator for such models. Annals of Economic Social Measurement, 5(4), 475–492.
  • Heckman, J. (1979). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47, 153–163.10.2307/1912352
  • Hill, M. (1979). The wage effects of marital status and children. Journal of Human Resources, 14(4), 579–594.10.2307/145325
  • Johnson, W., Kitamura, Y., & Neal, D. (2000). Evaluating a simple method for estimating black-white gaps in median wages. American Economic Review, 90, 339–343.10.1257/aer.90.2.339
  • Jones, E., & Long, J. (1979). Part week work and human capital investment by married women. Journal of Human Resources, 14(4), 563–578.10.2307/145324
  • Joshi, H. (1991). Sex and motherhood as handicaps in the labour market. In D. Groves & M. Maclean (Eds.), Women’s Issues in Social Policy (pp. 179–193). London: Routledge.
  • Joshi, H., & Newell, M.-L. (1989). Pay Differentials and Parenthood: Analysis of Men and Women Born in 1946. Institute of Employment Research Report, Coventry: University of Warwick.
  • Joshi, H., & Paci, P. (1998). Unequal Pay for Women and Men. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Joshi, H., Paci, P., & Waldfogel, J. (1999). The wages of motherhood: Better or worse? Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23, 543–564.10.1093/cje/23.5.543
  • Korenman, S., & Neumark, D. (1992). Marriage, motherhood and wages. Journal of Human Resources, 27, 233–255.10.2307/145734
  • Loh, E. S. (1996). Productivity differences and the marriage wage premium for white males. Journal of Human Resources, 31, 566–589.10.2307/146266
  • Lundberg, S., & Rose, E. (2000). Parenthood and the earnings of married men and women. Labour Economics, 7, 689–710.10.1016/S0927-5371(00)00020-8
  • Machado, C. (2012). Selection, heterogeneity and the gender wage gap. IZA Discussion Papers, 7005.
  • Machado, J. A. F., & Mata, J. (2005). Counterfactual decomposition of changes in wage distributions using quantile regression. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 20(4), 445–465.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1255
  • Manning, A. (2003). Monopsony in motion: Imperfect competition in labor markets. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Manski, C. F. (1989). Anatomy of the selection problem. Journal of Human Resources, 24, 343–360.10.2307/145818
  • Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience and Earnings. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Mincer, J., & Ofek, H. (1982). Interrupted work careers: Depreciation and restoration of human capital. The Journal of Human Resources, 17(1), 3–24.10.2307/145520
  • Neal, D. (2004). The measured black-white wage gap among women is too small. Journal of Political Economy, 112, S1–S28.10.1086/379940
  • Neumark, D., & Korenman, S. (1994). Sources of bias in women’s wage equations: Results using sibling data. Journal of Human Resources, 29(Spring), 379–405.10.2307/146103
  • Ñopo, H. (2008). Matching as a tool to decompose wage Gaps. Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(2), 290–299.
  • Oaxaca, R. L. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review, 14, 693–709.10.2307/2525981
  • Pal, I., & Waldfogel, J. (2014). Re-visiting the family gap in pay in the United States. Columbia Population Research Center Working Papers 14–02.
  • Petersen, T., & Saporta, I. (2004). The opportunity structure for discrimination. American Journal of Sociology, 109(4), 852–901.10.1086/378536
  • Petreski, M., Mojsoska-Blazevski, N., & Petreski, B. (2014). Gender wage gap when women are highly inactive. Evidence with Macedonian data. Journal of Labor Research, 35(4), 393–411.10.1007/s12122-014-9189-1
  • Petrongolo, B., & Olivetti, C. (2008). Unequal pay or unequal employment? A cross-country analysis of gender gaps. Journal of Labor Economics, 26(4), 621–654.
  • Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. New York, NY: Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. Wiley & Sons.10.1002/SERIES1345
  • Schafer, J. L. (1999). Multiple imputation: A primer. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8, 3–15.10.1177/096228029900800102
  • Schafer, J. L., & Olsen, M. K. (1998). Multiple imputation for multivariate missing-data problems: A data analyst’s perspective. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33(4), 545–571.10.1207/s15327906mbr3304_5
  • Spence, M. (1973). Job market signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics., 87(3), 355–374.10.2307/1882010
  • Waldfogel, J. (1995). The price of motherhood: Family status and women’s pay in a young British cohort. Oxford Economic Papers, 47, 584–610.10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a042189
  • Waldfogel, J. (1997a). Working mothers then and now: A cross-cohort analysis of the effects of maternity leave on women’s pay. In F. Blau & R. Ehrenberg (Eds.), Gender and Family in the Workplace (pp. 92–126). New York, NY: Russell Sage.
  • Waldfogel, J. (1997b). The effects of children on women’s wages. American Sociological Review, 62, 209–217.10.2307/2657300
  • Waldfogel, J. (1998). Understanding the ‘family gap’ in pay for women with children. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(1), 137–156.10.1257/jep.12.1.137
  • Zhang, X. (2010). Can motherhood earnings losses be ever regained? Evidence from Canada. Journal of Family Issues, 31(12), 1671–1688.10.1177/0192513X10371610