Slope angle determines the productivity of edible culms of Sasa kurilensis in a northern Japanese forest

References

• Arnold JEM, Perez MR. 2001. Can non-timber forest products match tropical forest conservation and development objectives? Ecol Econ. 39:437–447. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00236-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark LG. 1995. Bamboo systematics today. Eur Bamboo Soc J. 6:40–46.
   Google Scholar
• Huxman TE, Smith MD, Fay PA, Knapp AK, Rebecca SM, Loik ME, Smith SD, Tissue DT, Zak JC, Weltzin JF. 2004. Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency. Nature. 429:651–654. doi:10.1038/nature02561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue A. 2009. Allometric model of the maximum size–density relationship between stem surface area and stand density. J For Res. 14:268–275. doi:10.1007/s10310-009-0128-6.
   Google Scholar
• Katayama N, Kishida O, Sakai R, Hayakashi S, Miyoshi C, Ito K, Naniwa A, Yamaguchi A, Wada K, Kowata S, et al. 2015. Response of a wild edible plant to human disturbance: harvesting can enhance the subsequent yield of bamboo shoots. PLoS ONE. 10:e0146228. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koide D, Kadoya T. 2019. Resource amount and cultural legacy affect spatially unbalanced human use of Japan’s non-timber forest products. Ecol Indic. 97:204–210. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.10.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konno Y, Ito D, Shimizu M. 1990. Distribution of the genus Sasa, Japanese dwarf bamboo and cost of leaf support. Bamboo J. 8:50–55. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Kudo G, Aoshima Y, Miyata R, Winkler DE. 2018. Altered morphologies and physiological compensation in a rapidly expanding dwarf bamboo in alpine ecosystems. Arct Antarct Alp Res. 50:e1463733. doi:10.1080/15230430.2018.1463733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudo G, Kawai Y, Amagai Y, Winkler DE. 2017. Degradation and recovery of an alpine plant community: experimental removal of an encroaching dwarf bamboo. Alp Bot. 127:75–83. doi:10.1007/s00035-016-0178-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makita A. 1992. Survivorship of a monocarpic bamboo grass, Sasa kurilensis, during the early regeneration process after mass flowering. Ecol Res. 7:245–254. doi:10.1007/BF02347093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makita A, Abe M, Miguchi H, Nakashizuka T. 2004. Population dynamics of Sasa kurilensis for 8 years after mass flowering to the south of Lake Towada, with special reference to the non-flowering populations. Bamboo J. 21:57–65. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and human well being: current state and trends. Washington (DC): Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nakano H, Ujihira Y, Ishida K. 2003. Correlation of planting density with yield and yield components in job’s-tear plant (Coix lacryma-jobi L. var frumentacea Makino). Jpn J Crop Sci. 72:32–37. Japanese. doi:10.1626/jcs.72.32.
   Google Scholar
• Nakashizuka T, Numata M. 1982. Regeneration process of climate beech forests. I. Structure of a beech forest with the undergrowth of Sasa. Jpn J Ecol. 32:2–67. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Noguchi M, Yoshida T. 2004. Tree regeneration in partially cut conifer-hardwood mixed forests in northern Japan: roles of establishment substrate and dwarf bamboo. For Ecol Manage. 190:335–344. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2003.10.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Numata M. 1970. Conservation implications of bamboo flowering and death in Japan. Biol Conserv. 2:227–229. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(70)90120-5.
   Google Scholar
• Ohrnberger D. 1999. The bamboos of the world: annotated nomenclature and literature of the species and the higher and lower taxa. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
   Google Scholar
• Oshima Y. 1961. Ecological studies of Sasa communities I. Productive structure of some of the Sasa communities in Japan. Bot Mag Tokyo. 74:199–210. doi:10.15281/jplantres1887.74.199.
   Google Scholar
• QGIS Development Team. 2019. QGIS geographic information system. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. accessed 2019 Aug 1. http://qgis.osgeo.org.
   Google Scholar
• Sakai A. 1976. Adaptation of plant to deposited snow. Low Temp Sci Hokkaido Univ Ser B. 34:47–76. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Sakai T, Akiyama T, Saigusa N, Yamamoto S, Yasuoka Y. 2006. The contribution of gross primary production of understory dwarf bamboo, Sasa senanensis, in a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaved forest in central Japan. For Ecol Manage. 236:259–267. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasa K, Yoshida K, Sato F, Fukazawa K, Fujiwara K. 1991. Growth cycles of the rootstock and underground buds of Chishimazasa (Sasa kurilensis). Res Bull Coll Exp For Hokkaido Univ. 48:355–373. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Scurlock JMO, Dayton DC, Hames B. 2000. Bamboo: an overlooked biomass resource? Biomass Bioenerg. 19:229–244. doi:10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00038-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sungkaew S, Stapleton CMA, Salamin N. 2009. Non-monophyly of the woody bamboos (Bambuseae; Poaceae): a multi-gene region phylogenetic analysis of Bambusoideae s.s. J Plant Res. 122:95–108. doi:10.1007/s10265-008-0192-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki S. 1961. Ecology of the bambusaceous genera Sasa and Sasamorpha in the Kanto and Tohoku districts of Japan, with special reference to their geographical distribution. Ecol Rev. 15:131–147.
   Google Scholar
• Takagi K, Yone Y, Takahashi H, Sakai R, Hojyo H, Kamiura T, Nomura M, Liang N, Fukazawa T, Miya H, et al. 2011. Forest biomass and volume estimation using airborne LiDAR in a cool-temperate forest of northern Hokkaido, Japan. Ecol Inform. 26:54–60. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.01.005.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor AH, Qin Z. 1988. Regeneration patterns in old-growth Abies-Betula forests in the Wolong Natural Reserve, Sichuan, China. J Ecol. 76:1204–1218. doi:10.2307/2260643.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ticktin T. 2004. The ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products. J Appl Ecol. 41:11–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyooka H, Satoh A, Ishizuka M. 1983. Distribution map of the Sasa group in Hokkaido, Explanatory note. Sapporo: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido Branch. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuyama I, Matsui T, Ogawa M, Kiminami Y, Tanaka N. 2008. Habitat prediction and impact assessment of climate change on Sasa kurilensis in eastern Honshu, Japan. Theory Appl GIS. 16:11–15. Japanese. doi:10.5638/thagis.16.11.
   Google Scholar
• Turner NJ, Łuczaj ŁJ, Migliorini P, Pieroni A, Dreon AL, Sacchetti LE. 2011. Edible and tended wild plants, traditional ecological knowledge and agroecology. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 30:198–225. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.554492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchimura E. 2014. Bamboo guide book. Tokyo: Soshinsha. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Usui H. 1961. Phytosociological revision of the dominant species of Sasa-type undergrowth-silvicultural application of the researches on Japanese forest vegetation. Spec Bull Coll Agric Utsunomiya Univ. 11:1–35. Japanese.
   Google Scholar
• Yajima T, Watanabe N, Shibuya M. 1997. Changes in biomass of above- and under-ground parts in Sasa kurilensis and Sasa senanensis stands with culm height. J Jpn For Soc. 79:234–238.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshino M. 1978. Altitudinal vegetation belts of Japan with special reference to climatic conditions. Arctic Alp Res. 10:449–456. doi:10.2307/1550779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar