Refining the potential visual exposure index for the assessment of residential visual privacy: a three-dimensional study

References

• An, K. J., H. Ko, and C. S. Kim. 2015. “Development and Implementation of Visual Exposure Indicator for Residential Development.” International Journal of Smart Home 9 (2): 1–10. doi:10.14257/ijsh.2015.9.2.01.
   Google Scholar
• Asl, S. R. M., and H. Safari. 2020. “Evaluation of Daylight Distribution and Space Visual Quality at Medical Centers through Spatial Layout.” Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 20: 512–519. doi:10.1080/13467581.2020.800476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedikt, M. L. 1979. “To Take Hold of Space: Isovists and Isovist Fields.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 6 (1): 47–65. doi:10.1068/b060047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Census and Statistics Department. 2017. “Demographic Trends in Hong Kong 1986–2016.” Statistical Reports, Accessed 17 August 2021. https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/en/EIndexbySubject.html?pcode=B1120017&scode=150
   Google Scholar
• Chai, Q., H. Wang, Y. Zhai, and L. Yang. 2020. “Using Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict Occupants’ Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Residential Buildings.” Energy and Buildings 217. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, D., and J. Park. 2018. “Quantifying the Viusal Experience of three-dimensional Built Environments.” Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering 17 (1): 117–124. doi:10.3130/jaabe.17.117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L., E. Ng, X. An, C. Ren, M. Lee, U. Wang, and Z. He. 2012. “Sky View Factor Analysis of Street Canyons and Its Implications for Daytime intra-urban Air Temperature Differentials in high-rise, high-density Urban Areas of Hong Kong: A GIS-based Simulation Approach.” International Journal of Climatology 32 (1): 121–136. doi:10.1002/joc.2243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, T., S. Liu, J. Liu, N. Jiang, W. Liu, and Q. Chen. 2022. “Evaluation of Fast Fluid Dynamic with Different Turbulences Models for Predicting Outdoor Airflow and Pollutant Dispersion.” Sustainable Cities and Society 77: 103583. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Floriani, L. M., and P. Magillo. 1999. “Intervisibility on Terrains.” In Geographic Information Systems: Principles, T Echniques, Managament and Applications, edited by P. A. Longley, M. F. Goodchild, D. J. Maguire, and D. W. Rhind, 543–556. London: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Dempsey, N. 2008. “Quality of the Built Environment in Urban Neighbourhoods.” Planning Practice and Research 23 (2): 249–264. doi:10.1080/02697450802327198.
   Google Scholar
• Florio, P. 2018. “Towards a GIS-based Multiscale Visibility Assessment Method for Solar Urban Planning.” Ph.D, thesis, EPFL. doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-8826.
   Google Scholar
• Heydaripour, O., F. Behmaneshnia, E. Talebian, and P. H. Shahi. 2017. “A Survey on Privacy of Residential Life in Contemporary Apartments in Iran.” International Journal of Scientific Study 5: 254–263. doi:10.17354/ijssJuneI/2017/037.
   Google Scholar
• Hong Kong Geodata Store. 2021a. Accessed 10 August 2021a. https://www.hkmapservice.gov.hk/OneStopSystem/map-search?product=OSSCatB&series=iB1000&locale=en
   Google Scholar
• Hong Kong Geodata Store. 2021b. Accessed 10 August 2021b. https://geodata.gov.hk/gs/view-dataset?uuid=201eaaee-47d6-42d0-ac81-19a430f63952&sidx=0
   Google Scholar
• Hong Kong Geodata Store. 2021c. Accessed 11 August 2021c. https://geodata.gov.hk/gs/view-dataset?uuid=1d2997e3-b5ca-43a4-b3e2-14518b61654c&sidx=0
   Google Scholar
• Huangfu, W., M. J. Ostwald, and T. Chung. 2021. “Visual-asymmetry in Adolf Loos’s Moller House: A Computational Analysis Testing Propositions about Performance and Spectation.” Nexus Network Journal 23 (1): 57–83. doi:10.1007/s00004-020-00481-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, J., and H. Lee, “3D Visual Simulation and Numerical Measurement of Privacy in Traditional Korean Palace.” In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA), Hong Kong, China, 5-8 April 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang, J. H., and H. Lee. 2018. “Parametric Model for Window Design Based on prospect-refuge Measurement in Residential Environment.” Sustainability 108: 19–29. doi:10.3390/su10113888.
   Google Scholar
• Ibem, E. O., and E. B. Aduwo. 2013. “Assessment of Residential Satisfaction in Public Housing in Ogun State, Nigeria.” Habitata International 40: 163–175. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2013.04.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, P. J., D. Alexander, A. Marsh, and J. Burnett. 2004. “Evaluation of Methods for Modelling Daylight and Sunlight in-high Rise Hong Kong Residential Buildings.” Indoor and Built Environment 13 (4): 249–258. doi:10.1177/1420326x04045177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kodmany, K. A. 1999. “Residential Visual Privacy: Traditional and Modern Architecture and Urban Design.” Journal of Urban Design 4 (3): 283–311. doi:10.1080/13574809908724452.
   Google Scholar
• Lan, T., G. Shao, Z. Xu, L. Tang, and L. Sun. 2021. “Measuring Urban Compactness Based on Functional Characterization and Human Activity Intensity by Integrating Multiple Geospatial Data Sources.” Ecological Indicators 121: 107177. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, W., T. Chen, E. H. W. Chan, E. H. K. Yung, and T. C. F. Lee. 2018. “Understanding Livable Dense Urban Form for Shaping the Landscape of Community Facilities in Hong Kong Using fine-scale Measurements.” Cities 84: 34–45. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.07.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, K., H. Zhang, and L. Zhao. 2021. “Thermal Comfort Interventions of Landscape Elements in a Humid and Subtropical Residential Area in China.” Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. doi:10.1080/13467581.2021.1900857.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonergan, C., and N. Hedley. 2015. “Unpacking Isovists: A Framework for 3D Spatial Visibility Analysis.” Cartography and Geographic Information Science 43 (2): 87–102. doi:10.1080/15230406.2015.1065761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motevalian, N., and M. Yeganeh. 2020. “Visually Meaningful Sustainable in National Monuments as an International Heritage.” Sustainable Cities and Society 60: 102207. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, P. B. 1995. “Perspectives on Privacy.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 15 (2): 87–104. doi:10.1016/0272-4944(95)90018-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, Z., G. Wang, Y. Hu, and B. Cao. 2019. “Characterizing Urban Redevelopment Process by Quantifying Thermal Dynamic and Landscape Analysis.” Habitat International 86: 61–70. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panero, J., and M. Zelnik. 1979. Human Dimension & Interior Space: A Source Book of Design Reference Standards. New York: Watson-Guptill.
   Google Scholar
• Pinsly, D. S., D. F. Gewirtzman, and M. Burt. 2007. “Visual Exposure’ Analysis Model: A Comparative Evaluation of Three Case Studies.” Urban Design International 12 (2–3): 155–168. doi:10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000199.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, B. 2008. “Urban Sprawl and Air Quality in Large US Cities.” Journal of Environmental Management 86 (4): 688–698. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, W. S., J. W. Y. Lee, T. W. Hui, and M. K. C. Yip. 2019. “The “Urban Density” Question in Hong Kong: From Absolute Space to Social Processes.” City, Culture and Society 17: 46–53. doi:10.1016/j.ccs.2018.10.002.
   Google Scholar
• Tara, A., G. Lawson, and A. Renata. 2021. “Measuring Magnitude of Change by high-rise Buildings in Visual Amenity Conflicts in Brisbane.” Landscape and Urban Planning 205: 103930. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103930.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomah, A. N., “Visual Privacy in Residential Areas: Amendment of Building Regulations.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning Amman, Jordan, 165 (2012) 43–53. doi:10.1680/udap.2012.165.1.43.
   Google Scholar
• Tomah, A. N., H. B. Ismail, and A. Abed. 2016. “The Concept of Privacy and Its Effects on Residential Layout and Design: Amman as a Case Study.” Habitat International 53: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.10.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traver, H. 1976. “Privacy and Density: A Survey of Public Attitudes Towards Privacy in Hong Kong.” Hong Kong Law Journal 6: 327–343.
   Google Scholar
• Tretten, P. 2008. “The Driver and the Instrument Panel.” Licentiate Thesis. Lulea University of Technology, Lulea.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, A., M. Doxa, D. O. Sullivan, and A. Penn. 2001. “From Isovists to Visibility Graphs: A Methodology for the Analysis of Architectural Space.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 28 (1): 103–121. doi:10.1068/b2684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., and N. H. Wong. 2007. “The Impacts of Ventilation Strategies and Facade on Indoor Thermal Environment for Naturally Ventilated Residential Buildings in Singapore.” Building and Environment 42 (12): 4006–4015. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.06.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., and A. Malkawi. 2019. “Design-based Natural Ventilation Evaluation in Early Stage for High Performance Buildings.” Sustainable Cities and Society 45: 25–37. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., M. Wei, and X. Ruan. 2020. “Characterization of the Acceptable Daylight Quality in Typical Residential Buildings in Hong Kong.” Building and Environment 182: 107094. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, S., B. Yu, W. Song, B. Wu, J. Zhou, Y. Huang, J. Wu, F. Zhao, and W. Mao. 2016. “View-based Greenery: A three-dimensional Assessment of City Buildings’ Green Visibility Using Floor Green View Index.” Landscape and Urban Planning 152: 13–26. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, H., B. Wu, H. Wei, J. Yan, and J. Zhu. 2021. “A Quantitative Method for Evaluation of Visual Privacy in Residential Environments.” Buildings 11 (7): doi:10.3390/buildings11070272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar