The Hong Kong English accent continuum: insights from implicational scaling

References

• Alsagoff, L. (2010). English in Singapore: Culture, capital and identity in linguistic variation. World Englishes, 29(3), 336–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archibald, J. (1998). Second language phonology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Bickerton, D. (1971). Inherent variability and variable rules. Foundations of Language, 7(4), 457–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickerton, D. (1975). Dynamics of a creole system. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bolton, K. (2003, and Bolton, K. (2003). Chinese Englishes: A sociolinguistic history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bolton, K., & Kwok, H. (1990). The dynamics of the Hong Kong accent: Social identity and sociolinguistic description. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 1, 147–172.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. (1991). Pronunciation models. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bybee, J., & Hopper, P. J. (2001). Introduction to frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure. In J. Bybee & P. J. Hopper (Eds.), Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure (pp. 1–24). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi:10.1075/tsl.45.01byb
   Google Scholar
• Bybee, J. (2001). Phonology and language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511612886
   Google Scholar
• Catford, J. C. (1987). Phonetics and the teaching of pronunciation. In J. Morley (Ed.), Current perspectives on pronunciation: Practices anchored in theory (pp. 83–100). Washington, DC: TESOL.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, A. Y. W., & Li, D. C. S. (2000). English and Cantonese phonology in contrast: Explaining Cantonese ESL learners’ English pronunciation problems. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 13(1), 67–85.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, J. Y. H. (2013). Contextual variation and Hong Kong English. World Englishes, 32(1), 54–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeCamp, D. (1971). Toward a generative analysis of a post-creole speech continuum. In D. Hymes (Ed.), Pidginization and creolization of languages (pp. 349–370). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deterding, D. (2013). Misunderstandings in English as a lingua franca: An analysis of ELF interactions in South-East Asia. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110288599
   Google Scholar
• Dunn-Rankin, P. (1983). Scaling methods. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Eckman, F. (1991). The structural conformity hypothesis and the acquisition of consonant clusters in the interlanguage of ESL learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13(1), 23–42.
   Google Scholar
• Fasold, R. (1990). The sociolinguistics of language. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Gatbonton, E. (1978). Patterned phonetic variability in second-language speech: A gradual diffusion model. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 34(3), 335–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghyselen, A. S., & Van Keymeulen, J. (2016). Implicational scales in colloquial Belgian Dutch. Dialectologia et Geolinguistica, 24(1), 62–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilner, L., & Morales, F. (2010). Functional load: Transcription and analysis of the 10,000 most frequent words in spoken English. The Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics, 3, 135–162.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, J. H. (1963). Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. In J. H. Greenberg (Ed.), Universals of language (pp. 73–113). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guttman, L. (1944). A basis for scaling quantitative data. American Sociological Review, 9(2), 139–150.
   Google Scholar
• Hopper, P. J. (2020). Heuristic dimensions of contrastive linguistics. In M. Georgiafentis, G. Giannoulopoulou, M. Koliopoulou, & A. Tsokoglou (Eds.), Contrastive studies in morphology and syntax (pp. 9–25). London, UK: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Hung, T. T. N. (2000). Towards a phonology of Hong Kong English. World Englishes, 19(3), 337–356.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobson, R. (1958). Typological studies and their contribution to historical comparative linguistics. In E. Sivertsen, C. Borgstrøm, A. Gallis, & A. Sommerfelt (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Linguists. Oslo: Oslo University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, J. (2000). The phonology of English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kachru, B. (1990). The alchemy of English. The spread, functions, and models of non-native Englishes. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kachru, B. (2005). Asian Englishes: Beyond the canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, O., & Moran, M. (2014). Functional loads of pronunciation features in nonnative speakers’ oral assessment. TESOL Quarterly, 48(1), 176–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy, N., Moisset, C., & Sankoff, G. (1996). On the acquisition of variable phonology in L2. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 3(1), 111–126.
   Google Scholar
• Rickford, J. (2002). Implicational scales. In J. Chambers, P. Trudgill, & N. Schilling-Estes (Eds.), The handbook of language variation and change (pp. 142–167). Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Romaine, S. (1982). Socio-historical linguistics: Its status and methodology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Setter, J., Wong, C. S. P., & Chan, B. H. S. (2010). Hong Kong English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sewell, A. (2012). The Hong Kong English accent: variation and acceptability. Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics, 13(2), 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Sewell, A., & Chan, J. (2012). Patterns of variation in the consonantal phonology of Hong Kong English. English World-Wide 31(2), 138–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trofimovich, P., Gatbonton, E., & Segalowitz, N. (2007). A dynamic look at L2 phonological learning: Seeking processing explanations for implicational phenomena. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 29(3), 407–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger, S. (2015). Speech accent archive. George Mason University. Retrieved from http://accent.gmu.edu
   Google Scholar
• Yang, J. H. (2012). The speech continuum reconsidered: A case study of a speaker of Indian English. Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 2(4), 664–672.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q. (2013). The attitudes of Hong Kong students towards Hong Kong English and Mandarin-accented English. English Today, 29(2), 9–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar