L1 Influence on Stop Consonant Production: A Case Study of Malaysian Mandarin-English Bilinguals

References

• Abramson, A. S., & Whalen, D. H. (2017). Voice onset time (VOT) at 50: Theoretical and practical issues in measuring voicing distinctions. Journal of Phonetics, 63, 75–86. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2017.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniou, M., Best, C. T., Tyler, M. D., & Kroos, C. (2010). Language context elicits native-like stop voicing in early bilinguals’ productions in both L1 and L2. Journal of Phonetics, 38(4), 640–653. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2010.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boersma, P., & Weenik, D. (2017). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (version 6.0.35) [Computer Software].
   Google Scholar
• Bolton, K. (2018). World Englishes and second language acquisition. World Englishes, 37, 5–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, K.-Y., & Chen, L.-M. (2008). A cross-linguistic study of voice onset time in stop consonant productions. Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing, 13, 215–232.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, L.-M., Chao, K.-Y., Peng, J.-F., & Yang, J.-C. (2008). A cross-language study of stop aspiration: English and Mandarin Chinese. In Proceedings of the 2008 Tenth IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, Berkeley, California, USA, 556–561. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4741129
   Google Scholar
• Cho, T., & Ladefoged, P. (1999). Variation and universals in VOT: Evidence from 18 languages. Journal of Phonetics, 27(2), 207–229. doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, T., Whalen, D. H., & Docherty, G. (2019). Voice onset time and beyond: Exploring laryngeal contrast in 19 languages. Journal of Phonetics, 72, 52–65. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2018.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, L. (2016). Variability in the implementation of voicing in American English obstruents. Journal of Phonetics, 54, 35–50. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2015.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deterding, D., Gardiner, I. A., & Noorashid, N. (2022). The phonetics of Malay. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deterding, D., & Nolan, F. (2007). Aspiration and voicing of Chinese and English plosives. In Proceedings of the 16thInternational Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 385–388, Saarbrücken, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Docherty, G. J. (1992). The timing of voicing in British English obstruents. Berlin: Foris. doi:10.1515/9783110872637
   Google Scholar
• Flege, J. E. (1991). Age of learning affects the authenticity of voice-onset time (VOT) in stop consonants produced in a second language. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89(1), 395–411. doi:10.1121/1.400473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flege, J. E. (1995). The phonetic study of bilingualism. In G. Bloothooft, V. Hazan, D. Huber, & J. Llisterri (Eds.), European studies in phonetics and speech communication (pp. 98–103). Utrecht: OTS.
   Google Scholar
• Flege, J. E. (2007). Language contact in bilingualism: Phonetic system interactions. In J. Cole & J. I. Hualde (Eds.), Laboratory phonology 9 (pp. 353–381). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Flege, J. E. (2018). It’s input that matters most, not age. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2, 919–920. doi:10.1017/S136672891800010X
   Google Scholar
• Flege, J. E., & Bohn, O.-S. (2021). The revised speech learning model (SLM-r). In R. Wayland (Ed.), Second language speech learning: Theoretical and empirical progress (pp. 3–83). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flege, J. M., & Port, R. (1981). Cross-language phonetic interference: Arabic to English. Language and Speech, 24(2), 125–146. doi:10.1177/002383098102400202
   Google Scholar
• Flege, J. E., & Wayland, R. (2019). The role of input in native Spanish late learners’ production and perception of English phonetic segments. Journal of Second Language Studies, 2(1), 1–44. doi:10.1075/jsls.00004.fle
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, C. A., Sramko, V., Ostry, D. J., Rowland, S. A., & Halle, P. (2008). Cross language phonetic influences on the speech of French–English bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 36(4), 649–663. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2008.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordeeva, O. B., & Scobbie, J. M. (2013). A phonetically versatile contrast: Pulmonic and glottalic voicelessness in Scottish English obstruents and voice quality. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43(3), 249–271. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, X. (2017). The acoustic features of the stops in lettered-words. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 39(5), 26–39.
   Google Scholar
• Haji Omar, A. (2016). Positioning languages in Malaysia. In A. H. Omar (Ed.), Languages in the Malaysian education system: Monolingual strands in multilingual settings (pp. 1–30). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Halekoh, U., & Højsgaard, S. (2014). A Kenward-Roger approximation and parametric bootstrap methods for tests in linear mixed models- the R package pbkrtest. Journal of Statistical Software, 59(9), 1–30. doi:10.18637/jss.v059.i09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kachru, B. B. (1982). Models for non-native Englishes. In B. B. Kachru (Ed.), The other tongue: English across cultures (pp. 31–57). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kachru, Y., & Smith, L. E. (2009). The Karmic cycle of World Englishes: Some futuristic contstructs. World Englishes, 28(1), 1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.01566.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klatt, D. H. (1975). Voice onset time, frication, and aspiration in word-initial consonant clusters. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 18(4), 686–706. doi:10.1044/jshr.1804.686
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladd, D. R., & Schmid, S. (2018). Obstruent voicing effects on F0, but without voicing: Phonetic correlates of Swiss German lenis, fortis, and aspirated stops. Journal of Phonetics, 71, 229–248. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2018.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lein, T., Kupisch, T., & van de Weijer, J. (2016). Voice onset time and global foreign accent in German–French simultaneous bilinguals during adulthood. International Journal of Bilingualism, 20(6), 732–749. doi:10.1177/1367006915589424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenth, R. (2023). Emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means ( R package version 1.8.5).
   Google Scholar
• Lisker, L., & Abramson, A. S. (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word, 20, 527–565. doi:10.1080/00437956.1964.11659830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lüdecke, D., Ben-Sachar, M. S., Patil, I., Waggoner, P., & Makowski, D. (2021). Performance: An R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(60), 3319.
   Google Scholar
• Mohd Don, Z. (2012). English in its context of situation. In Z. M. Don (Ed.), English in multicultural Malaysia: Pedagogy and applied research (pp. 7–17). Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nance, C., & Stuart-Smith, J. (2013). Pre-aspiration and post-aspiration in Scottish Gaelic stop consonants. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43(2), 129–152. doi:10.1017/S0025100313000042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, B. K. (2015). Phonetic variation of initial stop consonants in Malaysian English [ Unpublished master’s thesis]. Lancaster: Lancaster University.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, H. S., Abdullah, A. C., & Maclagan, M. (2013). The consonant realizations of Malay-, Chinese- and Indian-influenced Malaysian English. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 33(1), 3–30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillai, S. (2014). The monophthongs and diphthongs of Malaysian English: An instrumental analysis. In H. A. Rahim & S. A. Manan (Eds.), English in Malaysia: Postcolonial and beyond (pp. 55–85). Bern: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Pillai, S., Don, Z. M., Knowles, G., & Tang, J. (2010). Malaysian English: Aninstrumental analysis of vowel contrasts. World Englishes, 29, 159–172. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2010.01636.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Port, R. F., & Rotunno, R. (1979). Relation between voice-onset time and vowel duration. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 66(3), 654–662. doi:10.1121/1.383692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RStudio. (2017). Rstudio: Integrated development environment for R (version 1.1.383) [Computer software].
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, E. W. (2003). Evolutionary patterns of New Englishes and the special case of Malaysian English. Asian Englishes, 6(2), 44–63. doi:10.1080/13488678.2003.10801118
   Google Scholar
• Shahidi, A. H., & Aman, R. (2011). An acoustical study of English plosives in word initial position produced by Malays. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 17(2), 23–33.
   Google Scholar
• Sundara, M., Polka, L., & Baum, S. (2006). Production of coronal stops by simultaneous bilingual adults. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(1), 97–114. doi:10.1017/S1366728905002403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanPatten, B., Smith, M., & Benati, A. (2019). Key questions in second language acquisition: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., & Behne, D. (2007). Temporal remnants from Mandarin in nonnative English speech. In O.-S. Bohn & M. J. Munro (Eds.), Language experience in second language speech learning: In honor of James Emil Flege (pp. 167–184). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi:10.1075/lllt.17.17wan
   Google Scholar
• Weismer, G. (1979). Sensitivity of voice-onset-time (VOT) measures to certainsegmental features in speech production. Journal of Phonetics, 7(2), 197–204. doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31041-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weismer, G. (1980). Control of the voicing distinction for intervocalic stops and fricatives: Some data and theoretical considerations. Journal of Phonetics, 8(4), 427–438. doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31498-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wicklin, R. (2011). Log transformations: How to handle negative data values? SAS: Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Data Management. https://blogs.sas.com/content/iml/2011/04/27/log-transformations-how-to-handle-negative-data-values.html#:~:text=A%20common%20technique%20for%20handling,Y%2Ba)%20%3D%201
   Google Scholar
• Yao, Y. (2007). Closure duration and VOT of word-initial voiceless plosives in English in spontaneous connected speech. UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report, 3, 183–225.
   Google Scholar
• Yule, G. (2020). The study of language (7th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar