A liberal actor in a realist world? The Commission and the external dimension of the single market for energy

References

• Andersen, S.S. and Sitter, N. (2006) ‘Differentiated integration: what is it and how much can the EU accommodate?’, Journal of European Integration 28: 313–30. doi: 10.1080/07036330600853919
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, S.S. and Sitter, N. (2009) ‘The European Union gas market: differentiated integration and fuzzy liberalization’, in G. Fermann (ed.), Political Economy of Energy in Europe, Berlin: Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag.
   Google Scholar
• Austvik, O.G. (2001) ‘Gassdirektiv, GFU og norske interesser’, Internasjonal politikk 3: 367–94.
   Google Scholar
• Behn, D. & Pogoretskyy, V. (2012) ‘Tensions between the liberalist and statist approach to energy trade governance: the case of gas dual pricing’, in C. Kuzemko, A. Belyi, A. Goldthau and M. Keating (eds), Dynamics of Energy Governance in Europe and Russia, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 45–65.
   Google Scholar
• BP (2011) Statistical Yearbook of World Energy, London: BP.
   Google Scholar
• BP (2013) Statistical Review of World Energy, London: BP.
   Google Scholar
• Bretherton, C. & Vogler, J. (2006) The European Union as a Global Actor, London/New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Correlje, A. and van der Linde, C. (2006) ‘Energy supply security and geopolitics: a European perspective’, Energy Policy 34: 532–43. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottier, T., Berkutova-Matteotti, S. and Nartova O. (2011) Third country relations in EU Unbundling of natural gas markets: the “Gazprom Clause” of Directive 2009/73 EC and WTO Law, in D. Buschle, S. Hirsbrunner and C. Kaddous (eds), European Energy Law – Droit européen de l'énergie, Bâle 2011, pp. 263–84.
   Google Scholar
• Council of Ministers (2009) ‘Report by the Presidency to Coreper on the implementation of Articles 290 and 291 TFEU (Delegated acts and implementing measures)’, Council Document No.16998/09, 2 December, Brussels: Council of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Dore, J. and Bauw, R.D. (1995) The Energy Charter Treaty: Origins, Aims and Prospects, London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Downs, E.S. (2005) China’s Quest for Energy Security, Washington, DC: RAND.
   Google Scholar
• Eikeland, P.O. (2011) ‘The third internal energy market package: new power relations among member states, EU institutions and non-state actors?’, Journal of Common Market Studies 49: 243–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02140.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission (2010) ‘Energy 2020. A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy’, COM(2010) 639, Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (2011) ‘Commission and Azerbaijan sign strategic gas deal’, European Commission – IP/11/30, Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (2012a) ‘Baltic energy market interconnection plan’, 4th Progress Report, Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (2012b) ‘Press release: antitrust: Commission opens proceedings against Gazprom’, Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• European Communities (2007) ‘The Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty Establishing the European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community including the Protocols and Annexes, and Final Act with Declarations’, C 306.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament (2012) ‘EU to boost member states’ bargaining power in energy deals with non-EU countries’, Press Release, 28 February.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and the Council (1998) ‘Directive 98/30/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas’, Brussels, 22 June.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and the Council (2003) ‘Directive 2003/55/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas and repealing Directive 98/30/EC’, Brussels, 26 June.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and the Council (2009) ‘Directive 2009/72/EC concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003/54/EC (Text with EEA relevance)’, Brussels, 13 July.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament and the Council (2012) ‘Decision No 994/2012 establishing an information exchange mechanism with regard to intergovernmental agreements between member states and third countries in the field of energy (Text with EEA relevance)’, Brussels, 25 October.
   Google Scholar
• Gaddy, C.G. and Ickes, B.W. (2009) ‘Putin's third way’, The National Interest, 6 January.
   Google Scholar
• Goldthau, A. (2010) ‘Energy diplomacy in trade and investment of oil and gas’, in A. Goldthau and J.M. Witte (eds), Global Energy Governance. The New Rules of the Game, Washington, DC: Brookings Press, pp. 25–48.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, J. and Wurzel, R. (2012) European Disunion. Between Sovereignty and Solidarity, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Helm, D. (2002) ‘Energy policy: security of supply, sustainability and competition’, Energy Policy 30: 173–84. doi: 10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00141-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. (1996) The Actors in Europe’s Foreign Policy, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. and Smith, M. (eds) (2011) International Relations and the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holscher, J., Bachan, R. and Stimpson, A. (2008) ‘Oil demand in China: an econometric approach’, International Journal of Emerging Markets 31: 54–70. doi: 10.1108/17468800810849222
   Google Scholar
• Hyde-Price, A. (2006) ‘"Normative" power Europe: a realist critique’, Journal of European Public Policy 13: 217–34. doi: 10.1080/13501760500451634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEA (2009) ‘Oil market report’, Paris: IEA.
   Google Scholar
• IHS CERA (2010) ‘Caspian Development Corporation. Final implementation report’. Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Ikenberry, G.J. (2008) ‘The rise of China and the future of the west – can the liberal system survive?’, Foreign Affairs 87: 23–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordana, J. and Levi-Faur, D. (2005) The Politics of Regulation: Institutions and Regulatory Reforms for the Age of Governance, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Krauthammer, C. (1990) ‘The unipolar moment’, Foreign Affairs 70: 23–33. doi: 10.2307/20044692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-Faur, D. (2004) ‘On the "net policy impact" of the European Union policy process: the EU's telecoms and electricity industries in comparative perspective’, Comparative Political Studies 37: 3–29. doi: 10.1177/0010414003260121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-Faur, D. (2011) ‘The odyssey of the regulatory state. Episode one: the rescue of the welfare state’, JPRG Paper 39.
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg, L.N. and Scheingold, S.A. (1970) Europe’s Would-Be Polity: Patterns of Change in the European Community, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Lodge, M. (2002) ‘Varieties of Europeanisation and the national regulatory state’, Public Policy and Administration 17: 43–67. doi: 10.1177/095207670201700204
   Google Scholar
• Lodge, M. (2008) ‘Regulation, the regulatory state and European politics’, West European Politics 31: 280–301. doi: 10.1080/01402380701835074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majone, G. (1994) ‘The rise of the regulatory state in Europe’, West European Politics 17: 77–101. doi: 10.1080/01402389408425031
   Google Scholar
• Majone, G. (1996) Regulating Europe, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Majone, G. (2005) Dilemmas of European Integration: The Ambiguities and Pitfalls of Integration by Stealth, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manners, I. (2006) ‘Normative power Europe reconsidered: beyond the crossroads’, Journal of European Public Policy 13: 182–99. doi: 10.1080/13501760500451600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan, F. and Wallace, H. (1996) ‘Towards a European regulatory state’, Journal of European Public Policy 3: 560–76. doi: 10.1080/13501769608407053
   Google Scholar
• Milthorp, P. and Christy, D. (2011) ‘Energy issues in selected WTO accessions’, in Y. Selivanova (ed.), Regulation of Energy in International Trade Law. WTO, NAFTA and Energy Charter, Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, pp. 259–302.
   Google Scholar
• Milward, A. (1994) The European Rescue of the Nation-State, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, M. (2002) ‘Review article: understanding the regulatory state’, British Journal of Political Science 32: 391–413. doi: 10.1017/S0007123402000169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moravcsik, A. (1998) The Choice for Europe. Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Noreng, O. (2006) Crude Power: Politics and the Oil Market, London: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Pelkmans, J. (2001) ‘Making EU network markets competitive’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 17: 432–56. doi: 10.1093/oxrep/17.3.432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, I. (ed.) (2014) European Union’s Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective: Policy Evaluation and Generating Hypotheses on ‘Actorness and Power’, Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggie, J.G. (1982) ‘International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order’, International Organization 36: 379–415. doi: 10.1017/S0020818300018993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selivanova, Y. (2012) ‘The Energy Charter and the international energy governance’, in C. Herrmann and J.P. Terhechte (eds), European Yearbook of International Economic Law, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 307–42.
   Google Scholar
• Sjursen, H. (2006a) ‘The EU as a “normative power”: how can this be?’, Journal of European Public Policy 13: 235–51. doi: 10.1080/13501760500451667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjursen, H. (2006b) ‘What kind of power?’, Journal of European Public Policy 13: 169–81. doi: 10.1080/13501760500451584
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, K. (2010) ‘Managing the challenge of Russian energy policies. Recommendations for US and EU energy leadership’, CSIS Report.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M. (2004) ‘Toward a theory of EU foreign policy-making: multi-level governance, domestic politics, and national adaptation to Europe's common foreign and security policy’, Journal of European Public Policy 11: 740–58. doi: 10.1080/1350176042000248124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soetendorp, B. (1999) Foreign policy in the European Union: theory, history and practice, London: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, J. (1995) The Russian Natural Gas ‘Bubble’: Consequences for European Gas Markets, London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, P. (2008) ‘National oil companies and international oil companies in the Middle East: under the shadow of government and the resource nationalism cycle’, Journal of World Energy Law & Business 29(5): 5–72. doi: 10.1093/jwelb/jwn004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stulberg, A.N. (2008) Well-Oiled Diplomacy: Strategic Manipulation and Russia’s Energy Statecraft in Eurasia, New York: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waelde, T. (1995) ‘International investment under the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty: legal, negotiating and policy implications for international investors within Western and Commonwealth of Independent states/Eastern Europe countries’, Journal of World Trade 1(1), 5–30.
   Google Scholar
• Yergin, D. (1991) The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power, New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Youngs, R. (2009) Energy Security: Europe’s New Foreign Policy Challenge, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar