The EU controls FIFA and UEFA: a principal–agent perspective

REFERENCES

• Börzel, T. (2010) ‘European governance: negotiation and competition in the shadow of hierarchy’, Journal of Common Market Studies 48(2): 191–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvert, R.L., McCubbins, M.D. and Weingast, B. (1989) ‘A theory of political control and agency discretion’, American Journal of Political Science 33(3): 588–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coen, D. and Thatcher, M. (2008) ‘Network governance and multi-level delegation: European networks of regulatory agencies’, Journal of Public Policy 28(1): 49–71.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union (2011) ‘Resolution on a European Union Work Plan for Sport for 2011–2014’, 201 Official Journal of the European Union, 1/C 132/01, 1 July.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union (2014) ‘Resolution on the European Union Work Plan for Sport 2014-2017’, 2014/C 183/03, Official Journal of the European Union, 0012–0017, 14 June.
   Google Scholar
• Delreux, T. and Kerremans, B. (2010) ‘How agents weaken their principals’ incentives to control: the case of EU negotiations and EU member states in multilateral negotiations’, Journal of European Integration 32(4): 357–74.
   Google Scholar
• Damro, C. (2007) ‘EU delegation and agency in international trade negotiations: a cautionary comparison’, Journal of Common Market Studies 45(4): 883–903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgie, R. (2002) ‘The politics of the European central bank: principal-agent theory and the democratic deficit’, Journal of European Public Policy 9(2): 186–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission (2007) ‘White Paper on Sport’, COM(2007) 391 final, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52007DC0391&from=EN (accessed June 2014).
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (2011) ‘Developing the European dimension in sport’, COM (2011) 12 final, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1401997912784&uri=CELEX:52011DC0012 (accessed June 2014).
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (2014) ‘Commission decision of 14.10.2014 adopting the Arrangement for Cooperation between the European Commission and the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)’, C (2014) 7378 final, available at http://ec.europa.eu/sport/news/2014/docs/uefa2014_en.pdf (accessed November 2014).
   Google Scholar
• European Commission and UEFA (2012) ‘Joint statement by vice-president Joaquín Almunia and president Michel Platini, 12 March 2012, available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/sports/joint_statement_en.pdf (accessed June 2014).
   Google Scholar
• European Council (2000) ‘Declaration on the specific characteristics of sport and its social function in Europe, of which account should be taken in implementing common policies’, Presidency Conclusions, Nice: European Council, 7–9 December 2000.
   Google Scholar
• European Council (2008) ‘Declaration on sport’, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels: European Council, 11–12 December 2008.
   Google Scholar
• European Union Expert Group Good Governance (2013) ‘Deliverable 2: principles of good governance in sport’, available at http://ec.europa.eu/sport/library/policy_documents/xg-gg-201307-dlvrbl2-sept2013.pdf (accessed June 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Foster, K. (2003) ‘Is there a global sports law?’, Entertainment Law 2(1): 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• García, B. (2007) ‘UEFA and the European Union: from confrontation to cooperation’, Journal of Contemporary European Research 3(3): 202–23.
   Google Scholar
• García, B. (2008) ‘The European Union and the governance of football: a game of levels and agendas’, PhD dissertation, Department of Political Science, Loughborough University.
   Google Scholar
• García, B. and Meier, H.E. (2012) ‘Limits of interest empowerment in the European Union: the case of football’, Journal of European Integration 34(4): 359–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, B. and Meier, H.E. (2013) ‘Keeping private governance private: is FIFA blackmailing national governments?’, Paper presented at the 13th EUSA Biennial Conference, Hyatt Regency Baltimore, Baltimore, 9–11 May.
   Google Scholar
• García, B. and Weatherill, S. (2012) ‘Engaging with the EU in order to minimize its impact: sport and the negotiation of the Treaty of Lisbon’, Journal of European Public Policy 19(2): 238–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geeraert, A. (2014a) ‘New EU governance modes in professional sport: enhancing throughput legitimacy’, Journal of Contemporary European Research 10(3): 302–21.
   Google Scholar
• Geeraert, A. (2014b) ‘The European Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee in the Professional Football Sector’, European Sports Law and Policy Bulletin 4: 437–53.
   Google Scholar
• Geeraert, A., Mrkonjic, M. and Chappelet, J. (2014) ‘A rationalist perspective on the autonomy of international sport governing bodies: towards a pragmatic autonomy in the steering of sports’, International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, doi: 10.1080/19406940.2014.925953.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, D.G., Lake, D.A., Nielson, D.L. and Tierney, M.J. (2006) Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, D. and Jacoby, W. (2006) ‘How agents matter’, in D.G. Hawkins, D.A. Lake, D.L. Nielson and M.J. Tierney (eds), Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 199–228.
   Google Scholar
• Héritier, A. and Lehmkuhl, D. (2008) ‘The shadow of hierarchy and new modes of governance’, Journal of Public Policy 28(1): 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Héritier, A. and Rhodes, M. (eds) (2011) New Modes of Governance in Europe. Governing in the Shadow of Hierarchy, Houndmills: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Holt, M. (2006) UEFA, Governance and the Control of Club Competition in European Football, London: Football Governance Research Centre, Birkbeck University of London.
   Google Scholar
• Irving, J. (2002) ‘Red card: the battle over European football's transfer system [comments]’, University of Miami Law Review 56(3): 667–726.
   Google Scholar
• Kędzior, M. and Szczepanik, M. (2011) ‘Poland: new shape, old problems’, in A. Niemann, B. García and W. Grant (eds), The Transformation of European Football: Towards the Europeanisation of the National Game, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 204–19.
   Google Scholar
• Kiewiet, D.R. and McCubbins, M.D. (1991) The logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process, Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kooiman, J. (ed.) (1993) Modern Governance: New Government–Society Interactions, London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• McCubbins, M.D. and Schwartz, T. (1984) ‘Congressional oversight overlooked: police patrols versus fire alarms’, American Journal of Political Science 28(1): 165–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, H.E. and García, B. (2013) ‘Abandoning hopes for veto power: institutional options for sport governing bodies in the European Union’, International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 5(3): 421–43.
   Google Scholar
• Nielson, D.L. and Tierney, M.J. (2003) ‘Delegation to international organizations: agency theory and World Bank environmental reform’, International Organization 57(2): 241–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemann, A., and Brand, A. (2008) ‘The impact of European integration on domestic sport: the case of German football’, Sport in Society 11(1): 90–106.
   Google Scholar
• Niemann, A. and Huigens, J. (2011) ‘The European Union's role in the G8: a principal-agent perspective’, Journal of European Public Policy 18(3): 420–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parrish, R. (2003) ‘The politics of sports regulation in the European Union’, Journal of European Public Policy 10(2): 246–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pielke, R. (2013) ‘How can FIFA be held accountable?’, Sport Management Review 16(3): 255–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieth, M. (2014) Reforming FIFA, Zurich: Dike Verlag AG.
   Google Scholar
• Pollack, M.A. (1997) ‘Delegation, agency, and agenda setting in the European Community’, International Organization 57(1): 99–134.
   Google Scholar
• Pollack, M.A. (2002) ‘Learning from the Americanists (again): theory and method in the study of Delegation’, West European Politics 25(1): 200–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, M. and Visser, J. (2011) ‘Seeking commitment, effectiveness and legitimacy: new modes of socio-economic governance in Europe’, in A. Héritier and M. Rhodes (eds), New Modes of Governance in Europe. Governing in the Shadow of Hierarchy, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 104–34.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, S. (1973) ‘The economic theory of agency: the principal's problem’, American Economic Review 63: 134–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharpf, F. (1994) ‘Games real actors could play: positive and negative coordination in embedded negotiations’, Journal of Theoretical Politics 6(1): 27–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, S. (2005) ‘Agency theory’, Annual Review of Sociology 31: 263–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen, E. and Torfing, J. (2009) ‘Making governance networks effective and democratic through metagovernance’, Public Administration 87(2): 234–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spier, K. (1992) ‘Incomplete contracts and signalling’, The RAND Journal of Economics 23(3): 432–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallberg, J. (2000) ‘Supranational influence in EU enforcement: the ECJ and the principle of state liability’, Journal of European Public Policy 7(1):104–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallberg, J. (2003) European Governance and Supranational Institutions. Making States Comply, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Waterman, R. and Meier, K.J. (1998) ‘Principal–agent models: an expansion?’, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 8(2): 173–202.
   Google Scholar
• Weatherill, S. (2003) ‘Fair play, please!’, Common Market Law Review 40(1): 51–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weatherill, S. (2006) ‘Anti-doping revisited – the demise of the rule of “purely sporting interest”?’, European Competition Law Review 27(12): 645–57.
   Google Scholar
• Wild, A. (ed.) (2012) CAS and Football: Landmark Cases, The Hague: TMC Asser Press.
   Google Scholar