Lobbying in Oslo or in Brussels? The case of a European Economic Area country

REFERENCES

• Austvik, O.G. and Claes, D.H. (2011) ‘EØS-avtalen og norsk energipolitikk’, Report no. 8, Oslo: Europautredningen.
   Google Scholar
• Bernhagen, P. and Mitchell, N.J. (2009) ‘The determinants of direct corporate lobbying in the European Union’, European Union Politics 10(2): 155–76. doi: 10.1177/1465116509103366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyers, J. and Kerremans, B. (2012) ‘Domestic embeddedness and the dynamics of multilevel venue shopping in four EU member states’, Governance 25(2): 263–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0491.2011.01551.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouwen, P. (2009) ‘The European Commission’, in D. Coen and J. Richardson (eds), Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 19–38.
   Google Scholar
• Broscheid, A. and Coen, D. (2003) ‘Insider and outsider lobbying of the European Commission an informational model of forum politics’, European Union Politics 4(2): 165–89. doi: 10.1177/1465116503004002002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers, A.W. (2011) ‘Interests, information and influence: a comparative analysis of interest group influence in the European Union’, Journal of European Integration 33(4): 471–86. doi: 10.1080/07036337.2011.579751
   Google Scholar
• Coen, D. (2007) ‘Empirical and theoretical studies in EU lobbying’, Journal of European Public Policy 14(3): 333–45. doi: 10.1080/13501760701243731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coen, D. and Richardson, J. (2009) ‘Learning to lobby the European Union: 20 years of change’, in D. Coen and J. Richardson (eds), Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–18.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, R. (1984) Modern Political Analysis (4th ed.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Directorate General Energy (2013) ‘Public consultation on the 2013 green paper on a 2030 framework for climate and energy policies’, available at http://ec.europa.eu/energy/consultations/20130702_green_paper_2030_en.htm (accessed 29 October 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Dür, A. and Mateo, G. (2012) ‘Who lobbies the European Union? National interest groups in a multilevel polity’, Journal of European Public Policy 19(7): 969–87. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2012.672103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Council (2014) ‘European Council conclusions 23–24 October’, EUCO 169/14, Brussels, 24 October, available at http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/145397.pdf (accessed 16 March 2015).
   Google Scholar
• European Free Trade Agreement (1994) ‘Agreement on the European Economic Area’, OJ No L 1, 3.1.1994.
   Google Scholar
• Eising, R. (2007) ‘The access of business interests to EU institutions: towards élite pluralism?’, Journal of European Public Policy 14(3): 384–403. doi: 10.1080/13501760701243772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliassen, K.A. and Peneva, P. (2011) ‘Norwegian non-governmental actors in Brussels 1980–2010. Interest representation and lobbying’, Report No. 5. Oslo: Europautredningen.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, E.O. and Fossum, J.E. (2014) ‘Innlemmelse utan medbestemmelse’, in E.O. Eriksen and J.E. Fossum (eds), Det norske paradoks – Demokratisk konstitusjonalisme i en norsk europeisert kontekst, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, pp. 220–32.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood, J. (2011) Interest representation in the European Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gullberg, A.T. (2008) ‘Lobbying friends and foes in climate policy. The case of business and environmental interest groups in the European Union’, Energy Policy 36(8): 2954–62. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.04.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullberg, A.T. (2011) ‘Access to climate policy-making in the European Union and in Norway’, Environmental Politics 20 (4): 464–84. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2011.589572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullberg, A.T. (2013) ‘Pressure or information? Lobbying for binding renewable energy targets in the European Union’, Review of Policy Research 30(6): 611–28. doi: 10.1111/ropr.12049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullberg, A.T. and Bang, G. (2015) ‘Look to Sweden: the making of a new renewable energy support scheme in Norway’, Scandinavian Political Studies 38(1): 95–114. doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullberg, A.T. and Skodvin, T. (2011) ‘Cost effectiveness and target group influence in Norwegian climate policy’, Scandinavian Political Studies 34(2): 123–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9477.2011.00266.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, J., Kasa, S. and Wicken, O. (2011) ‘Innledning’, in J. Hanson, S. Kasa and O. Wicken (eds), Energirikdommens paradokser. Innvovasjon som klimapolitikk og næringsutvikling, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, pp. 11–20.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes-Renshaw, F. (2009) ‘Least accessible but not inaccessible: lobbying the Council and the European Council’, in D. Coen and J. Richardson (eds), Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 70–88.
   Google Scholar
• Hix, S. and Høyland, B. (2011) The Political System of the European Union, London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kasa, S. (2000) ‘Policy networks as barriers to green tax reform: the case of CO2 taxes in Norway’, Environmental Politics 9(4): 104–22. doi: 10.1080/09644010008414553
   Google Scholar
• Klüver, H. (2010) ‘Europeanization of lobbying activities: when national interest groups spill over to the European level’, European Integration 32(2): 175–91. doi: 10.1080/07036330903486037
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann, W. (2009) ‘The European Parliament’, in D. Coen and J. Richardson (eds), Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 39–69.
   Google Scholar
• Lægreid, P., Steinthorsson, R.S. and Thorhallsson, B. (2004) ‘Europeanization of central government administration in the Nordic states’, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 42(2): 347–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazey, S. and Richardson, J. (2015) ‘Shooting where the ducks are: EU lobbying and institutionalized promiscuity’, in J. Richardson and S. Mazey (eds), European Union: Power and Policy-Making, Abingdon: Routeledge, pp. 419–43.
   Google Scholar
• Miard, K. (2014) ‘Lobbying during the revision of the EU Emissions Trading System: does EU membership influence company lobbying strategies?’, Journal of European Integration 36(1): 73–89. doi: 10.1080/07036337.2013.809343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment (NMCE) (2010) ‘Høring om Klimakurs 2020’, available at http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/kld/dok/hoeringer/hoeringsdok/2010/horing-om-klimakur-2020/Horingsuttalelser.html?id=593629 (accessed 30 October 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (NMFA) (2012) ‘EØS-avtalen og Norges øvrige avtaler med EU. Sentrale prioriteringen og virkemidler i norsk europapolitikk’ Meld.St. 5 (2012–2013), available at https://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dokumenter/meld-st-5--20122013/id704518/?docId=STM201220130005000DDDEPIS&ch=1&q= (accessed 16 March 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (NMFA) (2014) ‘Møte i UD 26.9 om EUs rammeverk for klima- og energipolitikk mot 2030’, Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Norwegian Government (2013) ‘Letter to the European Commission’, available at http://www.regjeringen.no/pages/38589939/brev_kommisjonen131219.pdf (accessed 30 October 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Norwegian Government (2014) ‘Norwegian position on the proposed EU framework for climate and energy policies towards 2030’, available at http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Protokoll/141006-posisjonspapir-EU-klima-energi.pdf (accessed 30 October 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Norges Offentlige Utredninger (NOU) (2012a) ‘Utenfor og innenfor. Norges avtaler med EU’, Official Norwegian Report 2012: 2.
   Google Scholar
• Norges Offentlige Utredninger (NOU) (2012b) ‘Energiutredninger – verdiskapning, forsyningssikkerhet og miljø’, Official Norwegian Report 2012: 9.
   Google Scholar
• Salisbury, R. (1975) ‘Interest groups’, in F. Greenshtein and N. Polsby (eds), Handbook of Political Science, vol. 4, Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, pp. 171–228.
   Google Scholar
• Saurugger, S. (2009) ‘COREPER and national governments’, in D. Coen and J. Richardson (eds), Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 105–27.
   Google Scholar
• Semundseth, R. (2014) Personal communication with NMPE senior advisor, 18 August 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Skodvin, T., Gullberg, A.T. and Aakre, S. (2010) ‘Target-group influence and political feasibility: the case of climate policy design in Europe’, Journal of European Public Policy 17(6): 854–73. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2010.486991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway (2013). Statistisk årbok 2013. Oslo and Kongsvinger: Statistics Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Statskonsult (2002) ‘I komiteer og korridorer. Håndbok i EØS-arbeid’, available at http://www.difi.no/statskonsult/publik/bokhefteveil/EOS-HBOK/eos_handboka.pdf (accessed 31 March 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Svendsen, G.T. (2003) The Political Economy of the European Union, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (2012) ‘Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union’, OJ C 326, 26/10/2012.
   Google Scholar
• The Federation of Norwegian Industries et al. (2012) ‘Grønn fornybar industri – Status 2012’, available at: http://energiogklima.no/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Fornybar-Energi-et-bakgrunnsdokument-for-7fjellskonferansen.pdf (accessed 4 February 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Urpelainen, J. (2011) ‘Early birds: special interests and the strategic logic of international cooperation’, Review of International Organizations 6(2): 113–40. doi: 10.1007/s11558-010-9099-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar