Breaking the legal link but not the law? The externalization of EU migration control through orchestration in the Central Mediterranean

References

• Aalberts, T. A., & Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. (2015). Sovereignty at sea: The law and politics of saving lives in mare liberum. Journal of International Relations and Development, 17(4), 439–468. https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2014.12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott, K. W., Genschel, P., Snidal, D., & Zangl, B. (2015a). International organizations as orchestrators. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Abbott, K. W., Genschel, P., Snidal, D., & Zangl, B. (2015b). Two logics of indirect governance: Delegation and orchestration. British Journal of Political Science, 46(4), 719–729. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123414000593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott, K. W., Genschel, P., Snidal, D., & Zangl, B. (2019). Competence versus control: The governor’s dilemma. Regulation & Governance. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott, K. W., & Snidal, D. (2000). Hard and soft law in international governance. International Organization, 54(3), 421–456. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081800551280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alter, K. J., & Meunier, S. (2009). The politics of international regime complexity. Perspectives on Politics, 7(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709090033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amnesty International. (2017). Libya's dark web of collusion: Abuses Against Europe-Bound refugees and migrants.
   Google Scholar
• AP News. (2017). Backed by Italy, Libya enlists militias to stop migrants. Retrieved August 29, 2017, from https://www.apnews.com/9e808574a4d04eb38fa8c688d110a23d
   Google Scholar
• Bendiek, A., & Bossong, R. (2019). Shifting boundaries of the EU’s Foreign and security policy: A challenge to the rule of law. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. (SWP Research Paper, 12/2019). https://doi.org/10.18449/2019RP12
   Google Scholar
• Branco, J., & Shatz, O. (2019). EU migration policies in the Central Mediterranean and Libya (2014–2019). Communication of the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute. https://www.statewatch.org/news/2019/jun/eu-icc-case-EU-Migration-Policies.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bundesministerium des Innern. (2005). Effektiver Schutz für Flüchtlinge, wirkungsvolle Bekämpfung illegaler Migration – Überlegungen des Bundesministers des Innern zur Errichtung einer EU-Aufnahmeeinrichtung in Nordafrika. Berlin
   Google Scholar
• Camera dei Deputati. (2010). Resoconto della III Commissione permanente (Affari esteri e comunitari). III Commissione, SOMMARIO, Mercoledì 26 maggio 2010. http://nuovo.camera.it/453?bollet=_dati/leg16/lavori/bollet/201005/0526/html/03
   Google Scholar
• Camilli, A. (2017). Perché l’accordo tra l’Italia e la Libia sui migranti potrebbe essere illegale. Giornalista di Internazionale 20 February. Retrieved December, 2019, from https://www.internazionale.it/notizie/annalisa-camilli/2017/02/20/italia-libia-migranti-accordo-illegale
   Google Scholar
• Camilli, A. (2019). L’Italia rinnoverà l’accordo con la Libia con alcune modifiche. Giornalista di Internazionale. Retrieved December, 2019, from https://www.internazionale.it/bloc-notes/annalisa-camilli/2019/10/30/italia-memorandum-libia
   Google Scholar
• Carrera, S., den Hertog, L., & Stefan, M. (2017). It wasn’t me! The Luxembourg court orders on the EU-Turkey Refugee Deal, CEPS Policy Brief, 28 April 2017, Brussels: CEPS.
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. (2016). Council Decision (CFSP) 2016/993 of 20 June 2016 Amending decision (CFSP) 2015/778 on a European Union military operation in the Southern Central Mediterranean (EUNAVFOR MED operation SOPHIA). Council of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Cusumano, E. (2019). Migrant rescue as organized hypocrisy: EU maritime missions offshore Libya between humanitarianism and border control. Cooperation and Conflict, 54(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836718780175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusumano, E., & Gombeer, K. (2018). In deep waters: The legal, humanitarian and political implications of closing Italian ports to migrant rescuers. Mediterranean Politics, 25(2), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2018.1532145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusumano, E., & Pattison, J. (2018). The non-governmental provision of search and rescue in the Mediterranean and the abdication of state responsibility. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 31(1), 53–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2018.1477118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuttitta, P. (2018a). Pushing migrants back to Libya, persecuting rescue NGOs: The end of the humanitarian turn (Part I). Border Criminologies. Retrieved December, 2019, from https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2018/04/pushing-migrants
   Google Scholar
• Cuttitta, P. (2018b). Pushing migrants back to Libya, persecuting rescue NGOs: The end of the humanitarian turn (Part II). Border Criminologies. Retrieved December, 2019, from https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/centre-criminology/centreborder-criminologies/blog/2018/04/pushing-0
   Google Scholar
• Davitti, D. (2019). The rise of private military and security companies in European Union migration policies: Implications under the UNGPs. Business and Human Rights Journal, 4(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2018.21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dür, A., & Elsig, M. (2011). Principals, agents, and the European Union’s foreign economic policies. Journal of European Public Policy, 18(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2011.551066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECRE. (2018). Case against Italy before the European Court of Human Rights will raise issue of cooperation with Libyan coast guard, 18. May 2018
   Google Scholar
• ECtHR [European Court of Human Rights]. (2012). Hirsi Jamaa and others v Italy [GC], Application No. 27765/09. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22dmdocnumber%22:[%22901565%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-109231%22]}
   Google Scholar
• EEAS. (2016b, March 13). Ministerial meeting in Paris France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, USA, EU – statement on Libya, Paris. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/5471/node/5471_zh-hant
   Google Scholar
• EEAS. (2018, July 27). Strategic review on EUNAVFOR MED operation Sophia, EUBAM Libya & EU Liaison and planning cell, Brussels. https://www.statewatch.org/news/2018/aug/eu-sophia-libya-overview-11471-18.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Engert, M. (2019, March 27). Refugee ships are trying to call them during emergencies – but they aren’t answering, BuzzFeed News. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/marcusengert/libya-coast-guard-not-answering-emergency-refugee-rescue-cal
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2017). Migration and the Central Mediterranean route – managing flows, saving lives, joint communication to the European parliament. The European Council and the Council, 25.1. 2017. JOIN(2017), Brussels, European Commission
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2018a). Answer given by Mr Avramopoulos on behalf of the European Commission, Question reference: P-003665/2018, Brussels, European Commission. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/P-8-2018-003665-ASW_EN.html
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2018b). Answer given by Mr Avramopoulos on behalf of the European Commission, Question reference: E-000547/2018, 26. April 2018, Brussels, European Commission. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2018-000547-ASW_EN.html
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2019). Letter by Paraskevi Michou, Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, Ref. Ares(2019)1755075–18. May 2019, Brussels, European Commission. http://www.statewatch.org/news/2019/jun/eu-letter-from-frontex-director-ares-2019)1362751%20Rev.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Council. (2017). Malta declaration by the members of the European Council on the external aspects of migration: addressing the Central Mediterranean route, 3 February 2017, Brussels, European Council
   Google Scholar
• European Council. (2018). European Council Conclusions, 28 June 2018, Brussels, European Council. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/06/29/20180628-euco-conclusions-final/
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. (2019). Parliamentary questions: question for written answer E-000190-19 to the Commission, Rule 130, Sabine Lösing (GUE/NGL), subject: Maritime surveillance technology in Libya, 16. January 2019, Brussels, European Parliament. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2019-000190_EN.html
   Google Scholar
• Fazal, T. M. (2018). Wars of law. Unintended consequences in the regulation of armed conflict. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frontex. (2016, December 13). Frontex helps train Libyan Coast Guard, Frontex: European Border and Coast Guard Agency, news realease. https://frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news-release/frontex-helps-train-libyan-coast-guard-zxRCnE
   Google Scholar
• Gammeltoft-Hansen, T., & Aalberts, T. (2018). Introduction: The changing practices of international law. In T. Aalberts, & T. Gammeloft-Hansen (Eds.), The changing practices of international law (pp. 1–25). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Genschel, P., & Jachtenfuchs, M. (2018). From market integration to core state powers: The Eurozone crisis, the refugee crisis and integration theory. Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1), 178–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerring, J. (2007). Case study research. Principles and practices. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giuffré, M. (2012). State responsibility beyond borders: What legal basis for Italy’s push-backs to Libya?. International Journal of Refugee Law, 24(4), 692–734. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/ees050
   Google Scholar
• Giuffré, M., & Moreno-Lax, V. (2019). The rise of consensual containment: From “contactless control” to “contactless responsibility” for forced migration flows. In S. Juss (Ed.), Research handbook on international refugee law (pp. 82–108). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857932815.00014
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative. (2017, March). The human conveyor belt: Trends in trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. Geneva. https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/global-initiative-human-conveyor-belt-human-smuggling-in-libya-march-2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gombeer, K., & Fink, M. (2018). Non-governmental organisations and search and rescue at sea. Maritime Safety and Security Law Journal, 4, 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• The Guardian. (2014, October 31). Italy: End of ongoing sea rescue mission ‘puts thousands at risk’. The Guardian (online). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/31/italy-sea-mission-thousands-risk
   Google Scholar
• Hathaway, J. C. (1992). The emerging politics of non-entrée. Refugees, 91, 40–41.
   Google Scholar
• Heijer, M. d., Rijpma, J., & Spijkerboer, T. (2016). Coercion, prohibition, and great expectations: The continuing failure of the common European Asylum system. Common Market Law Review, 53(3), 607–642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heupel, M. (2019). Indirect accountability for extraterritorial human rights violations. International Studies Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1093/isp/ekz019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2009). Pushed back, pushed around. Italy’s forced return of boat migrants and asylum seekers, Libya’s mistreatment of migrants and Asylum seekers, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey, J. (2012). Food safety, private standards schemes and trade: The implications of the FDA food safety modernization act. IDS Working Papers, 2012(403), 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00403.x
   Google Scholar
• IMO [International Maritime Organization]. (2019). Global integrated shipping information system. IMO. https://webaccounts.imo.org/Common/WebLogin.aspx?App=GISISPublic&ReturnUrl=https%3a%2f%2fgisis.imo.org%2fPublic%2fCOMSAR%2fRCC.aspx%3fCID%3dLBY%26Action%3dView%26ID%3d2032
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone, I. (2011). The Power of deliberation: International law, politics and organizations. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koenig-Archibugi, M. (2004). International governance as new raison d’état? The case of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy. European Journal of International Relations, 10(2), 147–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066104042933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauterpacht, H. (2012). Recognition in International law (Vol. 3). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lavenex, S. (2006). Shifting up and out: The Foreign policy of European immigration control. West European Politics, 29(2), 329–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380500512684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liguori, A. (2019). Migration law and the externalization of border controls. European state responsibility. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Loschi, C., Raineri, L., & Strazzari, F. (2018, January). The implementation of EU crisis response in Libya: Bridging theory and practice, EUNPACK Working Paper. http://www.eunpack.eu/sites/default/files/publications/2018-01-31%20D6.2%20Working%20paper%20on%20implementation%20of%20EU%20crisis%20response%20in%20Libya.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mail Online. (2017, August 10). Libya navy bars foreign ships from migrant ‘search and rescue’ zone. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-4779316/Libya-navy-bars-foreign-ships-migrant-search-rescue-zone.html
   Google Scholar
• Majone, G. (2001). Two logics of delegation: Agency and fiduciary relations in EU governance. European Union Politics, 2(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116501002001005
   Google Scholar
• Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marianna, P. (2011). Can/Will Italy be held accountable for its ‘push back’ policy in relation to international refugee, human rights and European Union law?, Migration Studies Unit Working Papers, No. 2011/12, London: LSE.
   Google Scholar
• The Maritime Executive. (2017, August 11). Libya Excludes NGO Vessels from “Rescue Zone”. https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/libya-excludes-ngo-vessels-from-rescue-zone
   Google Scholar
• Mayntz, R. (2004). Governance im modernen Staat. In A. Benz (Ed.), Governance – Regieren in komplexen Regelsystemen (pp. 65–76). VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Merkel, A. (2018, June 28). Regierungserklärung von Bundeskanzlerin Merkel, Protokoll des Deutschen Bundestages. https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/bkin-de/aktuelles/regierungserklaerung-von-bundeskanzlerin-merkel-1140170
   Google Scholar
• Monroy, M. (2018a, January 3). A seahorse for the Mediterranean: Border surveillance for Libyan search and rescue zone, digit. https://digit.site36.net/2018/01/03/border-surveillance-technology-for-new-libyan-search-and-rescue-zone/
   Google Scholar
• Monroy, M. (2018b, July 3). EU funds sacking of rescue ships in the Mediterranean, digit. https://digit.site36.net/2018/07/03/eu-funds-the-sacking-of-rescue-ships-in-the-mediterranean/#more-786
   Google Scholar
• MoU. (2017). Memorandum of understanding on cooperation in the fields of development, the fight against illegal immigration, human trafficking and fuel smuggling and on reinforcing the security of borders between the State of Libya and the Italian Republic. https://eumigrationlawblog.eu/the-italy-libya-memorandum-of-understanding-the-baseline-of-a-policy-approach-aimed-at-closing-all-doors-to-europe
   Google Scholar
• Müller, P., & Cornago, N. (2018). Building peace through proxy-mediation: The European Union’s mediation support in the Libyan conflict, EIF Working Paper no. 01/2018.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, P., & Slominski, P. (2017). The role of law in EU foreign policy-making: Legal integrity, legal spillover, and the EU policy of differentiation towards Israel. Journal of Common Market Studies, 55(4), 871–888. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palm, A. (2017). The Italy-Libya memorandum of understanding: The baseline of a policy approach aimed at closing all doors to Europe?, EU Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy. https://eumigrationlawblog.eu/the-italy-libya-memorandum-of-understanding-the-baseline-of-a-policy-approach-aimed-at-closing-all-doors-to-europe/
   Google Scholar
• Rawling, M. (2006). A Generic Model of Regulating Supply Chain Outsourcing, ANU College of Law Research Paper, No. 07-07, 1-19.
   Google Scholar
• Refugees Deeply. (2017, December 14). Executive summary for December 14th. https://www.newsdeeply.com/refugees/executive-summaries/2017/12/14
   Google Scholar
• Santer, K. (2019). Governing the Central Mediterranean through indirect rule: Tracing the effects of the recognition of joint rescue coordination Centre Tripoli. European Journal of Migration and Law, 21(2), 141–165. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saurugger, S. (2013). Constructivism and public policy approaches in the EU: From ideas to power games. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(6), 888–906. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.781826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F. (2003). Strategic action in a community environment: The decision to enlarge the European Union to the East. Comparative Political Studies, 36(1-2), 156–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414002239375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slominski, P. (2013). The power of legal norms in the EU’s external border control. International Migration, 51(6), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone Sweet, A. (2004). The Judicial Construction of Europe. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tondini, M. (2010). Fishers of men? The interception of migrants in the Mediterranean Sea and their forced return to Libya (October 30, 2010). INEX Paper 2010. SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1873544.
   Google Scholar
• UN Dispatch. (2017, July 21). The tangled politics of search and rescue operations in the Mediterranean, UN Dispatch (online). https://www.undispatch.com/tangled-politics-search-rescue-operations-mediterranean/
   Google Scholar
• Van Damme, D. (2001). Quality issues in the internationalisation of higher education. Higher Education, 41(4), 415–441. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017598422297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dessel, J. (2019). International delegation and agency in the externalization process of EU migration and Asylum policy: The role of the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger. European Journal of Migration and Law, 21(4), 435–458. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessel, R. A. (2015). Resisting legal facts: Are CFSP norms as soft as they seem? European Foreign Affairs Review, 20(2), 123–145.
   Google Scholar
• Wilde, R. (2017). The unintended consequences of expanding migrant rights protection. American Journal of International Law, 111, 487–491. https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.21
   Google Scholar