External democracy promotion in times of internal rule-of-law crisis: the EU and its neighbourhood

References

• Abbott, P., & Teti, A. (2022). Strangers in plain sight: Conceptions of democracy in EU neighbourhood policy and public opinion across North Africa. The Journal of North African Studies, 27(0), 691–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2021.1923011
   Google Scholar
• Alejandro, A. (2021). Do international relations scholars not care about Central and Eastern Europe or do they just take the region for granted? A conclusion to the special issue. Journal of International Relations and Development, 24(4), 1001–1013. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-021-00245-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anghel, V. (2020). Together or apart? The European Union’s East–West divide. Survival, 62(3), 179–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2020.1763621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arab Barometer. (2020). What Arab publics think: Findings from the fifth wave of Arab Barometer. https://www.arabbarometer.org/publication/what-arab-publics-think-findings-from-the-fifth-wave-of-arab-barometer/.
   Google Scholar
• Arab Barometer. (2021). Arab Barometer Wave VI. https://www.arabbarometer.org.
   Google Scholar
• Axyonova, V., Gerasymchuk, S., Kakachia, K., & Rosca, A. (2018). The European union as a transformative power, a donor or a security provider?: The view from the eastern partnership countries. European Foreign Affairs Review, 23(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11361-2_8
   Google Scholar
• Bârgăoanu, A., Buturoiu, R., & Durach, F. (2019). The East-West divide in the European Union: A development divide reframed as a political one. In P. Dobrescu (Ed.), Development in turbulent times: The many faces of inequality within Europe (pp. 105–118). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Beetham, D. (1991). The legitimation of power (1st ed.). Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Beetham, D. (2013). The legitimation of power. Macmillan Education.
   Google Scholar
• BELSAT. (2020, October 2). Public opinion poll: Support for integration with Russia plummeting in Belarus. https://belsat.eu/en/news/public-opinion-poll-support-for-integration-with-russia-plummeting-in-belarus/.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T. A., & Zürn, M. (2021). Contestations of the liberal international order: From liberal multilateralism to postnational liberalism. International Organization, 75(2), 282–305. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000570
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretherton, C., & Vogler, J. (2006). The European Union as a global actor (2nd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bustikova, L., & Guasti, P. (2017). The illiberal turn or swerve in Central Europe? Politics and Governance, 5(4), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i4.1156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caucasus Barometer. (2022). Caucasus barometer—Single datasets. https://caucasusbarometer.org/en/datasets/.
   Google Scholar
• Chaban, N., & Elgström, O. (2021b). Theorising external perceptions of the EU. In S. Gstöhl, & S. Schunz (Eds.), The external action of the European Union: Concepts, approaches, theories (pp. 273–287). Macmillan International, Red Globe Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chaban, N., & Elgström, O. (2021). Politicization of EU development policy: The role of EU external perceptions (case of Ukraine). JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 59(1), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaban, N., Knodt, M., & Headley, J. (2018). Introduction: The EU and its Eastern neighbours – perceptions and strategic dialogue in the region. European Foreign Affairs Review, 23(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2018008
   Google Scholar
• Chaban, N., Knodt, M., & Verdun, A. (2017). ‘Talking with’ not ‘talking at’? Perceptions of the EU as a global normative energy actor in the eyes of BRICS and EU ‘Big 3’. Comparative European Politics, 15(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2016.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaban, N., & Lucarelli, S. (2021). Reassessing external images of the EU: Evolving narratives in times of crisis. European Foreign Affairs Review, 26(1), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2021014
   Google Scholar
• Cianetti, L., Dawson, J., & Hanley, S. (2018). Rethinking “democratic backsliding” in Central and Eastern Europe – looking beyond Hungary and Poland. East European Politics, 34(3), 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1491401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clément, M., & Sangar, E. (2018). Researching emotions in international relations: Methodological perspectives on the emotional turn. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Colombo, S., Soler i Lecha, E., & Otte, M. (2019). A half-empty glass: Limits and dilemmas of the EU’s relations to the MENA countries (Working Paper No. 32). IAI. https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/menara_wp_32.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, N. C. (2000). The passion of world politics: Propositions on emotion and emotional relationships. International Security, 24(4), 116–156. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228800560327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandashly, A., & Noutcheva, G. (2022). Conceptualizing norm diffusion and norm contestation in the European neighbourhood: Introduction to the special issue. Democratization, 29(3), 415–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.2012161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delcour, L., & Wolczuk, K. (2018). Well-meaning but ineffective? Perceptions of the EU’s role as a security actor in the South Caucasus. European Foreign Affairs Review, 23(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2018010
   Google Scholar
• Democratic Initiatives Foundation. (2019). European integration of Ukraine: the dynamics of public opinion. https://dif.org.ua/uploads/pdf/19751339535df7e34f5c7377.48412142.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Democratic Initiatives Foundation. (2021). Ukraine as part Central Europe: What Ukrainians think about it. Opinion Poll, 13 December 2021. https://dif.org.ua/en/article/ukraine-as-part-central-europe-what-ukrainians-think-about-it.
   Google Scholar
• Democratic Initiatives Foundation. (2022). How the war changed the way Ukrainians think about friends, enemies, and the country’s strategic goals. Opinion Poll, 30 May 2022. https://dif.org.ua/en/article/how-the-war-changed-the-way-ukrainians-think-about-friends-enemies-and-the-countrys-strategic-goals.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, N., Elsner, R., Krawatzek, F., Langbein, J., & Sasse, G. (2021). Belarus at a crossroads: Attitudes on social and political change (ZOiS Report 3/2021). Zentrum für Osteuropa- und internationale Studien. https://www.zois-berlin.de/publikationen/belarus-at-a-crossroads-attitudes-on-social-and-political-change.
   Google Scholar
• Elgström, O., & Chaban, N. (2015). Studying external perceptions of the EU: Conceptual and methodological approaches. In V. Bachmann, & M. Müller (Eds.), Perceptions of the EU in Eastern Europe and Sub-saharan Africa: Looking in from the outside (pp. 17–33). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, R. A. (2014). Overcoming ‘economic backwardness’ in the European Union. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, R. A., & Jacoby, W. (2014). Eastern enlargement ten years on: Transcending the East–West divide? JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EU Neighbours East. (2020a). Annual survey report: Armenia. https://euneighbourseast.eu/news/opinion-polls/opinion-survey-2020-armenia/.
   Google Scholar
• EU Neighbours East. (2020b). Annual survey report: Republic of Moldova. https://euneighbourseast.eu/news/publications/annual-survey-2022-republic-of-moldova/.
   Google Scholar
• EU Neighbours East. (2021). Opinion polls—EU Neighbours East (2016–2020). https://euneighbourseast.eu/news/opinion-polls/opinion-survey-2020-regional-overview/.
   Google Scholar
• EU Neighbours South. (2021). Opinion polls—EU Neighbours South (2016–2020). https://www.euneighbours.eu/en/south/stay-informed/publications?f%5B0%5D=type%3A169&page=4.
   Google Scholar
• EU Neighbours South. (2022). Opinion poll findings and analysis for the Southern Neighbourhood countries. https://south.euneighbours.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Opinion-Polls-Final-Regional-Report-1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Euroradio. (2021, March 11). Classified Belarus poll data leaked online. Euroradio.Fm. https://euroradio.fm/en/classified-belarus-poll-data-leaked-online.
   Google Scholar
• Finnemore, M. (2009). Legitimacy, hypocrisy, and the social structure of unipolarity. World Politics, 61(1), 58–85. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887109000082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52(4), 887–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher Onar, N., & Nicolaïdis, K. (2013). The decentring agenda: Europe as a post-colonial power. Cooperation and Conflict, 48(2), 283–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836713485384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Görgülü, A., & Dark Kahyaoğlu, G. (2019). The remaking of the Euro-Mediterranean vision. Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Head, N. (2012). Transforming conflict: Trust, empathy, and dialogue. International Journal of Peace Studies, 17(2), 33–55.
   Google Scholar
• Hobson, J. (2012). The eurocentric conception of world politics: Western international theory, 1760–2010. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hurd, I. (1999). Legitimacy and authority in international politics. International Organization, 53(2), 379–408. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081899550913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IISEPS (Independent Institute of Socio-Economic and Political Studies). (2016). The most important results of the public opinion poll in June 2016. http://www.iiseps.org/?p=4699&lang=en.
   Google Scholar
• IntelliNews. (2022). Poll shows rising support for EU membership in Moldova (March 10, 2022). IntelliNews. https://intellinews.com/poll-shows-rising-support-for-eu-membership-in-moldova-237581/.
   Google Scholar
• International Republican Institute. (2021a). Public opinion survey: residents of Moldova (March 2021). https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/new_iri_march_21_slide_deck_descriptive_public_release_2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• International Republican Institute. (2021b). Public opinion survey of residents of Ukraine (November 2021). https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/for_release_2021_november_survey_of_residents_of_ukraine_eng.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• International Republican Institute. (2022a). Public opinion survey of residents of Ukraine (June 2022). https://www.iri.org/resources/public-opinion-survey-of-residents-of-ukraine-june-2022/.
   Google Scholar
• International Republican Institute. (2022b). Public opinion survey of residents of Georgia (March–April 2022). https://www.iri.org/resources/public-opinion-survey-residents-of-georgia/.
   Google Scholar
• International Republican Institute. (2022c). Public opinion survey of residents of Moldova (April 2022). https://www.iri.org/resources/public-opinion-surveyresidents-of-moldova/.
   Google Scholar
• Isani, M., & Schlipphak, B. (2017). The desire for sovereignty – An explanation of EU attitudes in the Arab world. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 55(3), 502–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby, W. (2014). The EU factor in fat times and in lean: Did the EU amplify the boom and soften the bust? JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(1), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jupille, J., & Caporaso, J. A. (1998). States, agency, and rules: The European Union in global environmental politics. In C. Rhodes (Ed.), The European Union in the world community (pp. 213–230). Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Kelemen, R. D. (2017). Europe’s other democratic deficit: National authoritarianism in Europe’s democratic union. Government and Opposition, 52(2), 211–238. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keukeleire, S., & Lecocq, S. (2021). Decentring European foreign policy analysis. In S. Gstöhl, & S. Schunz (Eds.), The external action of the European Union: Concepts, approaches, theories (pp. 305–320). Macmillan International, Red Globe Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krastev, I., & Holmes, S. (2019). The light that failed: A reckoning. Penguin UK.
   Google Scholar
• Krekó, P., & Enyedi, Z. (2018). Orbán’s laboratory of illiberalism. Journal of Democracy, 29(3), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebow, R. (2005). Reason, emotion and cooperation. International Politics, 42(3), 283–313. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ip.8800113
   Google Scholar
• Lecocq, S., & Keukeleire, S. (2018). Decentring the analysis of EU foreign policy and external-internal legitimacy: (Re-)introducing polity. Global Affairs, 4(2-3), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2018.1532307
   Google Scholar
• Lecocq, S., & Keukeleire, S. (2021). Decentring European Foreign Policy Analysis. In S. Gstöhl & S. Schunz (Eds.), The External Action of the European Union: Concepts, Approaches, Theories (pp. 305–320). Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lucarelli, S., & Fioramonti, L. (2009). External perceptions of the European Union as a global actor. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Makszin, K. (2020). The east–west divide: Obstacles to European integration. In S. L. Greer, & J. Laible (Eds.), The European Union after brexit (1st edition) (pp. 128–145). Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• March, J. G. (1995). Democratic governance. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1998). The institutional dynamics of international political orders. International Organization, 52(4), 943–969. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (2011). The logic of appropriateness. In R. E. Goodin (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of political science (pp. 479–497). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Medve-Bálint, G. (2014). The role of the EU in shaping FDI flows to East Central Europe. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer, J. (2010). Emotional beliefs. International Organization, 64(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818309990221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier, S., & Vachudova, M. A. (2018). Liberal intergovernmentalism, illiberalism and the potential superpower of the European Union. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(7), 1631–1647. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Democratic Institute. (2019). Opportunities and challenges facing Ukraine’s democratic transition. Nationwide Survey 2019.https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20Ukraine_May%202019%20survey_Public_ENG.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National Democratic Institute. (2021). Opportunities and challenges facing Ukraine’s democratic transition. Nationwide Survey 2021. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/July%202021%20_bi-annual%20survey%20-%20public.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National Democratic Institute. (2022b). Taking Georgians’ pulse: Key findings from December 2021 telephone survey. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/NDI%20Georgia%20-%20December%202021%20poll_Eng_vf.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2012, July 10). Most Muslims want democracy, personal freedoms, and Islam in political life (Data set). Pew Research Center’s Global Attitudes Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2012/07/10/most-muslims-want-democracy-personal-freedoms-and-islam-in-political-life/.
   Google Scholar
• Pintsch, A., Hammerschmidt, D., & Meyer, C. (2022). Introduction: The decline of democracy and rise of populism in Europe and their effect on democracy promotion. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 35(4), 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2022.2082797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RaitingGroup. (2022). Thirteenth national survey: Foreign policy orientations (June 18-19, 2022). https://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/trinadcatyy_obschenacionalnyy_opros_vneshnepoliticheskie_orientacii_18-19_iyunya_2022.html.
   Google Scholar
• Raube, K., & Tonra, B. (2018). From internal-input to external-output: A multi-tiered understanding of legitimacy in EU foreign policy. Global Affairs, 4(2-3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2018.1535836
   Google Scholar
• Razumkov Center. (2016). Results of the Razumkov Centre's survey: Foreign policy orientations of Ukrainian citizens. https://razumkov.org.ua/napriamky/sotsiologichni-doslidzhennia/rezultaty-sotsiolohichnoho-doslidzhennia-tsentru-razumkova-zovnishnopolitychni-oriientatsii-hromadian-ukrainy.
   Google Scholar
• Sabaratnam, M. (2013). Avatars of Eurocentrism in the critique of the liberal peace. Security Dialogue, 44(3), 259–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010613485870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharpf, F. W. (1997). Economic integration, democracy and the welfare state. Journal of European Public Policy, 4(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/135017697344217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharpf, F. (1999). Governing in Europe: Effective and democratic? Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F., & Sedelmeier, U. (2020). The Europeanization of Eastern Europe: The external incentives model revisited. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(6), 814–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1617333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlipphak, B., & Isani, M. A. (2018). Muslim attitudes towards the European Union. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, M. (2018). Logic of consequences and logic of appropriateness. In M. Augier, & D. J. Teece (Eds.), The Palgrave encyclopedia of strategic management (pp. 914–920). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Seabrooke, L. (2006). The social sources of financial power: Domestic legitimacy and international financial orders. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sichinava, D. (2021). A tumultuous 2020: views and values in Georgia. Caucasus Barometer presentation. https://caucasusbarometer.org/downloads/cb2020_presentation_Jan28_2021_EN_Public.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sjursen, H. (2018). The legitimacy of European Union foreign policy. Global Affairs, 4(2-3), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2018.1532308
   Google Scholar
• Smolka, T. (2021). Decline of democracy—the European Union at a crossroad. Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 15(1), 81–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-021-00481-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffek, J. (2003). The legitimation of international governance: A discourse approach. European Journal of International Relations, 9(2), 249–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066103009002004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571–610. https://doi.org/10.2307/258788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallberg, J., & Zürn, M. (2019). The legitimacy and legitimation of international organizations: Introduction and framework. The Review of International Organizations, 14(4), 581–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-018-9330-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terzi, Ö, Palm, T., & Gürkan, S. (2021). Introduction: Emotion(al) norms in European foreign policy. Global Affairs, 7(2), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2021.1953394
   Google Scholar
• Teti, A. (2012). The EU’s first response to the ‘Arab spring’: A critical discourse analysis of the partnership for democracy and shared prosperity. Mediterranean Politics, 17(3), 266–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2012.725297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teti, A., & Abbott, P. (2017a). Perceptions of EU foreign policy in the MENA region. Open Democracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/perceptions-of-eu-foreign-policy-in-mena-region/.
   Google Scholar
• Teti, A., & Abbott, P. (2017b). Perceptions of the EU: Public Opinion in Six Arab States. Arab Transformations Project. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep14095.
   Google Scholar
• Teti, A., & Abbott, P. (2017c). What do ‘the People’ want?: The demand for democracy in six Middle Eastern states. Arab Transformations Project. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep14092.
   Google Scholar
• Teti, A., Abbott, P., & Cavatorta, F. (2019). Beyond elections: Perceptions of democracy in four Arab countries. Democratization, 26(4), 645–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1566903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teti, A., Abbott, P., Talbot, V., & Maggiolini, P. (2020). Democratisation against democracy: How EU foreign policy fails the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Teti, A., Gervasio, G., Abbott, P., Bouris, D., Huber, D., & Pace, M. (2021). Perceptions of the EU: Activists and public opinion in the Middle East. In D. Bouris, D. Huber, & M. Pace (Eds.), Routledge handbook of EU–Middle East relations (pp. 20–33). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Teti, A., Maggiolini, P., Talbot, V., & Abbott, P. (2017). MENA populations’ perceptions of key challenges, international context, and role of the European Union [Working Paper No. 9]. University of Aberdeen.
   Google Scholar
• Vachudova, M. A. (2020). Ethnopopulism and democratic backsliding in Central Europe. East European Politics, 36(3), 318–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2020.1787163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardomatski, A. (2016). Adaptation without borders. Full-year 2015 Results, in Belarusian Yearbook 2016. https://nmnby.eu/yearbook/2016/en/page24.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wajner, D. F. (2019). “Battling” for legitimacy: Analyzing performative contests in the Gaza flotilla paradigmatic case. International Studies Quarterly, 63(4), 1035–1050. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wajner, D. F., & Kacowicz, A. M. (2018). The quest for regional legitimation: Analyzing the Arab league’s legitimizing role in the Arab spring. Regional & Federal Studies, 28(4), 489–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2018.1451846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wajner, D. F., & Roniger, L. (2019). Transnational identity politics in the americas: Reshaping “nuestramérica” as chavismo’s regional legitimation strategy. Latin American Research Review, 54(2), 458–475. https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelditch, M. (2001). Processes of legitimation: Recent developments and new directions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 64(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielonka, J. (2020). The mythology of the East-West divide. In F. Laszó, & L. L. Gabrijelčič (Eds.), The legacy of division: East and West after 1989 (pp. 70–75). Eurozine, Central European University Press.
   Google Scholar