501
Views
47
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Rural economy and livelihoods from the non-timber forest products trade. Compromising sustainability in southern Africa?

Pages 247-262 | Published online: 02 Jun 2009

REFERENCES

  • Abbiw , D. K. 1990 . Useful Plants of Ghana. London : Intermediate Technology Publications and Kew Gardens .
  • Arnold , J. E.M. 1995 . “ Socio-economic benefits and issues in non-wood forest products use. In the Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products, yogyakarta, Indonesia. ” . In Non-wood forest products for sustainable forestry. Rome : FAO .
  • Ayuk , E. T. , Duguma , B. , Franzel , S. , Kengue , J. , Mollet , M. , Tiki-Manga , T. and Zenkeng , P. 1999a . Uses, management and economic potential of Garcinia kola Ricinodendron heudelotii in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. . Journal of Tropical Forest Science , 11 ( 4 ) : 746 – 61 .
  • Ayuk , E. T. , Duguma , B. , Franzel , S. , Kengue , J. , Mollet , M. , Tiki-Manga , T. and Zenkeng , P. 1999b . Uses, management and economic potential of Irvingia gabonensis in the humid lowlands of Cameroon. . Forest Ecology and Management , 113 : 1 – 9 .
  • Barham , B. L. , Commes , O. T. and Takasaki , Y. 1999 . Rain forest livelihoods: income generation, household wealth and forest use. . Unsolved , 198 : 34 – 42 .
  • Botha , J. 1998 . Developing an understanding of problems being experienced by traditional healers living on the western border of the Kruger National Park: foundations for an integrated conservation and development programme. . Development Southern Africa , 15 ( 4 ) : 621 – 34 .
  • Botha , J. , Witkowski , E. T.F. and Shackleton , C. M. 2001 . An inventory of medicinal plants traded on the western boundary of the Kruger National Park, South Africa. . Koedoe , 44 ( 2 ) : 7 – 46 .
  • Brigham , T. , Chihongo , A. and Chidumayo , E. 1996 . “ Trade in woodland products from the miombo region. ” . In The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. Edited by: Campbell , B. Bogor : CIFOR .
  • Brutsch , M. O. and Zimmerman , H. G. 1993 . The prickly pear Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae) in southern Africa: utilisation of the naturalised weed and of cultivated plants. . Economic Botany , 47 : 154 – 62 .
  • Campbell , B. M. , Luckert , M. and Scoones , I. 1997 . Local level valuation of savanna resources: A case study from Zimbabwe. . Economic Botany , 51 ( 1 ) : 59 – 77 .
  • Campbell , B. M. , Costanza , R. and Van Den Belt , M. 2000 . Land use options in dry tropical woodland ecosystems in Zimbabwe: Introduction, overview and synthesis. . Ecological Economics , 33 : 341 – 5 .
  • Cavendish , W. 2000 . Empirical irregularities in the poverty-environment relationship of rural households: evidence from Zimbabwe. . World Development , 28 1979-2003
  • Clarke , J. , Cavendish , W. and Coyote , C. 1996 . “ Rural households and miombo woodlands: use, value and management. ” . In The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa Edited by: Campbell , B. M. 101 – 36 . Bogor : CIFOR .
  • Clarke , L. E. and Sunderland , T. C.H. 1999 . “ Aregional market survey of the non-wood forest products traded in Central Africa. ” . In Non-wood forest products of Central Africa. Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. Edited by: Johnson , E. , Johnson , T. J. and Vantomme , P. Rome : WE-FAO .
  • Cowling , R. M. and Hilton-Taylor , C. 1994 . “ Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in southern Africa: an overview. ” . In Conservation and Utilisation of Southern African Botanical Diversity. Strelitzia Edited by: Huntley , B. J. Vol. 1 , 31 – 52 .
  • Cunningham , A. B. 1993 . Ethics, ethnobotanical research and biodiversity. Gland : People and Plants Initiative, WWF International .
  • Cunningham , A. B. 1997 . Review of ethnobotanical literature from eastern and southern Africa. . Bulletin of the African Ethnobotany Network , 1 : 23 – 88 .
  • Cunningham , A. B. 2001 . Applied ethnobotany: People, wild plant use and conservation. London : Earthscan Publications .
  • Dovie , B. , Witkowski , E. T.F. and Shackleton , C. M. 2003 . Monetary valuation of livelihoods for understanding the composition and complexity of rural households. . Agriculture and Human Values , (in press)
  • Dovie , B. D.K. 2002 . ‘Towards Rio + 10’ — Trend of environmentalism and implications for sustainable livelihoods in the 21 st century. . Environment, Development and Sustainability , 4 ( 1 ) : 51 – 67 .
  • Dovie , B. D. , Shackleton , C. M. and Witkowski , E. T.F. 2002a . Direct-use values of woodland resources consumed and traded in a South African village. . International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology , 9 : 269 – 83 .
  • Dovie , B. , Shackleton , C. M. and Witkowski , E. T.F. 2002b . “ Accessing natural resources: implications for sustainable management and livelihoods. ” . In Contested Resources: Challenges to Governance of Natural Resources in Southern Africa Edited by: Benjaminsen , T. , Cousins , B. and Thompson , L. 336 – 48 . Cape Town : Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape .
  • Dzerefos , C. M. , Shackleton , C. M. and Witkowski , E. T.F. 1999 . Sustainable utilisation of woodrose-producing mistletoes (Loranthaceae) in South Africa. . Economic Botany , 53 ( 4 ) : 439 – 47 .
  • Falconer , J. 1990 . The major significance of ‘minor’ forest products: the local use and value of forests an the West African humid forest zone. Community Forestry Note No. 6 Rome : FAO .
  • Falconer , J. 1992 . Non-timber forest products in southern Ghana: a summary report. ODA Forestry Series No. 2 London : UK Overseas Development Authority .
  • FAO . 1995 . “ Non-wood forest products in nutrition. In ” . In Non-wood forest products for sustainable forestry. Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Rome : FAO .
  • FAO . 1996 . Domestication and commercialization of non-timber forest products in agroforestry systems. Rome : FAO .
  • FAO . 1997 . State of the World's Forests. Rome : FAO .
  • Franzel , S. , Jaenicke , H. and Janssen , W. 1996 . Choosing the right trees: setting priorities for multipurpose tree improvement. ISNAR Research Report 8. The Hague : International Service for National Agricultural Research .
  • Gibbs , R. G. 1987 . Preliminary floristic analysis of the major biomes in southern Africa . Bothalia , 15 : 613 – 29 .
  • Guijt , I. , Hinchcliffe , F. and Melnyk , M. 1995 . The hidden harvest: the value of wild resources in agricultural systems. London : International Institute for Environment and Development .
  • Hall , P. and Bawa , K. 1993 . Methods to assess the impact of extraction of non-timber tropical forest products on plant populations. . Economic Botany , 47 ( 3 ) : 234 – 47 .
  • Hammett , A. L. and Chamberlain , J. L. 1998 . “ Sustainable use of non-timber forest products: alternative forest-based income opportunities. ” . In Natural resources income opportunities on private lands Edited by: Kay , J. S. , Golf , G. R. , Smallidge , P. J. , Grafton , W. N. and Parkhurst , J. N. 141 – 7 . Maryland : University of Maryland Cooperative Extension Service .
  • Hanson , J. H. 1992 . “ Extractive economies in a historical perspective: gum arabic in West Africa. ” . In Advances in Economic Botany Edited by: Nepstad , D. C. and Schwartzman , S. Vol. 9 , 107 – 14 . Non-timber products from tropical forests: Evaluation of a conservation and development strategy
  • Hedge , R. , Suryaprakash , S. , Achoth , L. and Bawa , K. S. 1996 . Extraction of Non-Timber Forest Products in the forest of Biligiri Hills, India: Contribution to income. . Economic Botany , 50 : 243 – 51 .
  • Homma , A. K.O. 1992 . “ The dynamics of extraction in Amazonia: a historical perspective. ” . In Advances in Economic Botany Edited by: Nepstad , D. C. and Schwartzman , S. Vol. 9 , 23 – 31 . Non-timber products from tropical forests: Evaluation of a conservation and development strategy
  • Hot Springs Working Group . 2001 . Household livelihoods, marketing and resource impacts: a case study of bark products in Eastern Zimbabwe. IES Working Paper No. 18 Harare : Institute of Environment Studies .
  • Johnson , E. and Johnson , T. J. 1976 . Economic plants in a rural Nigerian market. . Economic Botany , 30 : 375 – 81 .
  • Kizmaz , M. 2001 . “ Policies to promote sustainable forest operations and utilisation of non wood forest products. In ” . In Harvesting of non-wood forest products. Joint FAO/ECE/ILO Committee Seminar proceedings 97 – 111 . Izmir : Ministry of Forestry .
  • Luckert , M. K. , Nemarundwe , N. , Gibbs , L. , Grundy , I. , Hauer , G. , Maruzane , D. , Shackleton , S. and Sithole , J. 2001 . “ Contribution of baobab production activities to household livelihoods. In ” . In Household livelihoods marketing and resource impacts: a case study of bark products in Eastern Zimbabwe , IES Working Paper No. 18 1 – 18 . Harare : Institute of Environment Studies .
  • Macía , M. J. 2001 . Economic use of Totorilla (Juncus arcticus, Juncaeae) in Ecuador. . Economic Botany , 55 : 236 – 42 .
  • Mander , M. 1997 . Medicinal plant marketing and strategies for sustaining the plant supply in the Bushbuckridge area and Mpumalanga Province. Nelspruit : DARUDEC .
  • Mander , M. 1998 . Marketing of indigenous medicinal plants in South Africa: a case study in Kwa Zulu-Natal. Rome : FAO .
  • McGregor , J. 1995 . Gathered produce in Zimbabwe's communal areas: changing resource availability and use. . Ecology of Food and Nutrition , 33 : 163 – 93 .
  • Milliken , W. and Albert , B. 1996 . The use of medicinal plants by the Yonamami Indians of India. . Economic Botany , 50 ( 1 ) : 10 – 25 .
  • Mishra , M. 2001 . “ Harvesting practices and management of two critically endangered medicinal plants in the natural forests of Central India. In ” . In Harvesting of non-wood forest products. Joint FAO/ECE/ILO Committee Seminar proceedings 335 – 41 . Izmir : Ministry of Forestry .
  • Özugurlu , E. and Düzgün , M. 2001 . “ Policies to promote sustainable forest operations and utilisation of non-wood forest products in Turkey. In ” . In Harvesting of non-wood forest products. Joint FAO/ECE/ILO Committee Seminar proceedings 113 – 22 . Izmir : Ministry of Forestry .
  • Padoch , C. 1992 . “ Marketing of non-timber forest products in Western Amazonia: General observations and research priorities. ” . In Advances in Economic Botany Edited by: Nepstad , D. C. and Schwartzman , S. Vol. 9 , 43 – 50 . Non-timber products from tropical forests: Evaluation of a conservation and development strategy
  • Pearce , D. and Moran , D. 1994 . The Economic Value of Biodiversity. London : Earthscan Publications .
  • Peluso , N. L. 1992 . “ The rattan trade in Eastern Kalimantan, Indonesia. ” . In Advances in Economic Botany Edited by: Nepstad , D. C. and Schwartzman , S. Vol. 9 , 115 – 28 . Non-timber products from tropical forests: Evaluation of a conservation and development strategy
  • Peters , C. M. 1994 . Sustainable harvest of non-timber plant resources in tropical moist forest: an ecological primer. Washington, D.C. : Biodiversity Support Program-WWF .
  • Reis , M. 1995 . Resource development for non-wood forest products. In Non-wood forest products for sustainable forestry. Expert Consultation on Non-Wood Forest Products, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.(Rome: FAO)
  • Romero , C. , Dovie , D. , Luoga , E. , Schmmidt , S. , Gambiza , J. and Grundy , I. 2001 . “ The effects of commercial bark harvesting on Baobab, Adansonia digitata in the Save Odzi valley, with considerations for management ” . In Household livelihoods, marketing and resource impacts: a case study of bark products in Eastern Zimbabwe. IES Working Paper No. 18 28 – 50 . Harare : Institute of Environment Studies .
  • Scoones , I. C. , Melnyk , M. and Pretty , J. , eds. 1992 . The Hidden harvest: wild foods and agricultural systems. A literature review and annotated bibliography. London : ODI .
  • Shackleton , C. 1996 . Potential stimulation of local rural economies by harvesting secondary products: a case study from the Transvaal Lowveld, South Africa. . Ambio , 25 ( 1 ) : 33 – 8 .
  • Shackleton , C. M. and Shackleton , S. E. 2000 . Direct use values of NTFPs harvested from communal savannas in the Bushbuckridge Lowveld, South Africa. . Journal of Tropical Forest Products , 6 : 28 – 47 .
  • Shackleton , C. M. , Dzerefos , C. M. , Shackleton , S. E. and Mathabela , F. R. 2000 . The use of and trade in indigenous edible fruits in the Bushbuckridge savanna region, South Africa. . Ecology of Food and Nutrition , 39 : 225 – 45 .
  • Shackleton , C. M. , Netshiluvhi , T. R. , Shackleton , S. E. , Geach , B. S. , Ballance , A. and Fairbanks , D. F.K. 2002 . Direct use values of woodland resources from three rural villages. . Economic Botany , 56 ( 2 ) : 130 – 46 .
  • Vazquez , R. and Gentry , A. H. 1989 . Use and misuse of forest harvested fruits in the Iquitos area. . Conservation Biology , 3 : 350 – 61 .
  • Veeman , M. , Cocks , M. , Muwonge , A. , Choge , S. and Campbell , B. 2001 . “ Markets for three bark products in Zimbabwe: A case study of markets for bark of Adansonia digitata, Berchemia discolor Warburgia salutaris. ” . In Household livelihoods. marketing and resource impacts: a case study of bark products in Eastern Zimbabwe. IES Working Paper No. 18 51 – 70 . Harare : Institute of Environment Studies .
  • Wickramasinghe , A. , Ruiz-Perez , M. and Blochus , J. M. 1996 . Non-timber forest products gathering in Ritigala forest (Sri Lanka): household strategies and community differentiation. . Human Ecology , 24 : 493 – 519 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.