Carbon footprint analysis of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system: a case study of Xiamen City

References

• Abdelghany , KF , Mahmassani , HS and Abdelghany , AF. 2007 . A modeling framework for Bus Rapid Transit operations evaluation and service planning . Transp Plann Technol. , 30 : 571 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asif , M , Muneer , T and Kelley , R. 2007 . Life cycle assessment: A case study of a dwelling home in Scotland . Built Environ. , 42 : 1391 – 1394 .
   Google Scholar
• Barthelmie , RJ , Morris , SD and Schechter , P. 2008 . Carbon neutral Biggar: calculating the community carbon footprint and renewable energy options for footprint reduction . Sustain Sci. , 3 : 267 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Bellasio , R , Bianconi , R , Corda , G and Cucca , P. 2007 . Emission inventory for the road transport sector in Sardinia (Italy) . Atmos Environ. , 41 : 677 – 691 .
   Google Scholar
• Bitterman , A, Hess DB . 2008 . Bus rapid transit identity meets universal design. Disabil Soc , 23 ( 5 ) : 445 – 459 .
   Google Scholar
• Birgisdottir , H , Bhander , G and Hauschild , MZ. 2007 . Life cycle assessment of disposal of residues from municipal solid waste incineration: recycling of bottom ash in road construction or land filling in Denmark evaluated in the ROAD-RES model . Waste Manage. , 27 : 75 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Burnham , A , Wang , M and Wu , Y. 2006 . Development and applications of GREET 2.7 – The transportation vehicle-cycle model , Chicago, , USA : Argonne National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Carbon Trust . 2008 . “ Guide to PAS 2050 ” . In How to assess the carbon footprint of goods and services , London, , UK : Carbon Trust .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , AC , Gardner , KH and Fopiano , J. 2007 . Life cycle based risk assessment of recycled materials in roadway construction . Waste Manage , 27 ( 10 ) : 1458 – 1464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christen , K. 2007 . The carbon footprint of transportation fuels . Environ Sci Technol. , 41 : 6636 – 6636 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole , A. 2009 . More treatment in surgeries and at home will help cut NHS carbon footprint . Br Med J. , 338 : b345
   Google Scholar
• Delucchi , M and Mark , A. 2003 . Lifecycle emissions model (LEM) , California : Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Druckman , A and Jackson , T. 2009 . The carbon footprint of UK households 1990–2004: a socio-economically disaggregated, quasi-multi-regional input-output model . Ecol Econ. , 68 : 2066 – 2077 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [EPA] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . 2006 . Greenhouse gas emissions from the U.S. transportation sector, 1990–2003 , Washington, DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Transportation and Air Quality .
   Google Scholar
• Estupinan , N and Rodriguez , DA. 2008 . The relationship between urban form and station boardings for Bogota's BRT . Transp Res A Policy Pract. , 42 : 296 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrich , E , Pillay , S and Buckley , CA. 2009 . Carbon footprint analysis for increasing water supply and sanitation in South Africa: a case study . J Cleaner Prod. , 17 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuglestvedt , J , Berntsen , T , Myhre , G , Rypdal , K and Skeie , RB. 2008 . Climate forcing from the transport sectors . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. , 105 : 454 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golotta , K and Hensher , DA. 2008 . Why is the Brisbane Bus Rapid Transit system deemed a success? . Road Transp Res. , 17 : 3 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Hensher , DA. 2008 . Climate change, enhanced greenhouse gas emissions and passenger transport – what can we do to make a difference? . Transp Res D-Tr E. , 13 : 95 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , Y , Bird , R and Heidrich , O. 2009 . Development of a life cycle assessment tool for construction and maintenance of asphalt pavements . J Clean Prod , 17 ( 2 ) : 283 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) . 1996 . “ Climate change 1995: the science of climate change ” . In Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental panel on climate change , Edited by: Houghton , JT , Filho , LG , Callander , BA , Harris , N , Kattenberg , A and Maskell , K . Meira Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kenny , T and Gray , NF. 2009 . Comparative performance of six carbon footprint models for use in Ireland . Environ Impact Assess Rev. , 29 : 1 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemes , J and Pierucci , S. 2008 . PRES 2007: Carbon footprint and emission minimization, integration and management of energy sources, industrial application and case studies . Energy. , 33 : 1477 – 1479 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthews , HS , Hendrickson , CT and Weber , CL. 2008 . The importance of carbon footprint estimation boundaries . Environ Sci Technol. , 42 : 5839 – 5842 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papasavva , S , Kia , S , Claya , J and Gunther , R . 2001 . Characterization of automotive paints: an environmental impact analysis . Prog Org Coat , 43 ( 1–3 ) : 193 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Papasavva , S , Kia , S , Claya , J and Gunther , R. 2002 . Life cycle environmental assessment of paint processes . J Coat Tech , 74 ( 925 ) : 65 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , S , Klemes , J and Bulatov , I. Integrating waste and renewable energy to reduce the carbon footprint of locally integrated energy sectors . 10th Conference process integration, modeling and optimization for energy saving and pollution reduction . 24–27 June 2007 , Ischia, Italy. pp. 1489 – 1497 .
   Google Scholar
• Qiao , YF. 2006 . Studies on energy consumption of traditional dwelling houses based on life cycle assessment [master's thesis] , Xi'an, China : Xian University of Architecture and Technology . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Scheuer , C , Keoleian , GA and Reppe , P. 2003 . Life cycle energy and environmental performance of a new university building: modeling challenges and design implications . Energy Build. , 35 : 1049 – 1064 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , A , Gangopadhyay , S , Nanda , PK , Bhattacharya , S , Sharma , C and Bhan , C. 2008 . Trends of greenhouse gas emissions from the road transport sector in India . Sci Total Environ. , 390 : 124 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somner , J , Scott , K , Morris , D , Gaskell , A and Shepherd , I. 2009 . Ophthalmology carbon footprint: something to be considered? . J Cataract Refract Surg. , 35 : 202 – 203 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steenhof , P , Woudsma , C and Sparling , E. 2006 . Greenhouse gas emissions and the surface transport of freight in Canada . Transp Res D-Tr E. , 11 : 369 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNFCCC. 2006. CDM–EB: Approved baseline methodology AM0031 (Version 01) Baseline Methodology for Bus Rapid Transit Projects [Internet]. 2006. Publisher: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_ AM_IK6BL2878HZ4NHV86V65CB J2Y1ZBDI (http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage/CDMWF_ AM_IK6BL2878HZ4NHV86V65CB J2Y1ZBDI) (Accessed: 11 June 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Wang , M , Wu , Y and Elgowainy , A. 2007 . Operating manual for GREET: Version 1.7 , Chicago : Argonne National Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Weidema , BP , Thrane , M , Christensen , P , Schmidt , J and Lokke , S. 2008 . Carbon footprint – A catalyst for life cycle assessment? . J Ind Ecol. , 12 : 3 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• William , V and Jerram , LC. 2006 . The potential for BRT to reduce transportation-related CO2 emissions . J Public Transp. , 9 ( 3 ) : 219 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Wohrnschimmel , H , Zuk , M , Martinez-Villa , G , Cardenas , B , Bracho , LR and Bremauntz , AF. 2008 . The impact of a Bus Rapid Transit system on commuters’ exposure to Benzene, CO, PM2.5 and PM10 in Mexico City . Atmos Environ. , 42 : 8194 – 8203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan , X and Crookes , RJ. 2009 . Reduction potentials of energy demand and GHG emissions in China's road transport sector . Energy Policy. , 37 : 658 – 668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachary , J. 2008 . Options for reducing a coal-fired plant's carbon footprint, part II . Power. , 152 : 50 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar