References
- Acharya BP, Halpenny EA. 2013. Homestays as an alternative tourism product for sustainable community development: A case study of women-managed tourism product in rural Nepal. Tourism Plann Dev. 10:367–387.
- Agrawal A. 2002. Indigenous knowledge and the politics of classification. Int Soc Sci J. 54:287–297.
- Akama JS, Lant CL, Burnett GW. 1996. A political-ecology approach to wildlife conservation in Kenya. Environ Values. 5:335–347.
- Baral N, Stern M, Hammett A. 2012. Developing a scale for evaluating ecotourism by visitors: a study in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. J Sustain Tour. 20:975–989.
- Baral N, Stern MJ, Bhattarai R. 2008. Contingent valuation of ecotourism in Annapurna conservation area, Nepal: implications for sustainable park finance and local development. Ecological Econ. 66:218–227.
- Bhandari B 2014 March 24. Women climb Indian, Himalayan peaks to defy stereotypes. South China Morning Post.
- Bhandari K, Bhandari T. 2012. Imagining the Nepali ‘nation’ through tourism. J Heritage Tour. 7:239–254.
- Butcher J. 2009. Ecotourism, NGOs and development: A critical analysis. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Butler RW. 1990. Alternative tourism: pious hope or trojan horse? J Travel Res. 28:40–45.
- Campbell L. 2003. Participatory development and community-based conservation: opportunities missed for lessons learned? Hum Ecol. 31:417–437.
- Cater E. 2006. Ecotourism as a western construct. J Ecotourism. 5:23–39.
- CBD-UNEP. 2011. Strategic plan for biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi targets:“living in harmony with nature.”. Quebec, Canada: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and United Nations Environmental Programme.
- Chand S, Singh S, Parappurathu S, Roy SD, Kumar A. 2015. Explaining the status and scope of ecotourism development for livelihood security: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Int J Sustainable Dev World Ecol. 22:335–345.
- Cohen E, Cohen SA. 2015. Beyond Eurocentrism in tourism: a paradigm shift to mobilities. Tour Recreat Res. 40:157–168.
- De Kadt EJ. 1979. Tourism: passport to development? Perspectives on the social and cultural effects of tourism in developing countries. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- De UK. 2013. Sustainable nature-based tourism, involvement of indigenous women and development: a case of North-East India. Tour Recreat Res. 38:311–324.
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC), Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Nepal. 2016. [accessed 2016 January 11]. http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/.
- Duffy R. 2002. A trip too far: ecotourism, politics, and exploitation. Sterling, Virginia: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
- Duffy R. 2008. Neoliberalising nature: Global networks and ecotourism development in Madagasgar. J Sustainable Tour. 16:327–344.
- Empowering Women of Nepal (EWN) Website. 2015. [accessed 2016 January 13]. https://empoweringwomenofnepal.wordpress.com/.
- Escobar A. 1995. Encountering development: the making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Fennell DA. 2013. Ecotourism, animals and ecocentrism: a re-examination of the billfish debate. Tour Recreat Res. 38:189–202.
- Fennell DA. 2014. Ecotourism. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Fletcher R, Neves K. 2012. Contradictions in tourism: the promise and pitfalls of ecotourism as a manifold capitalist fix. Environ Society Adv Res. 3:60–77.
- GON. 1972. Tourism master plan 1972. Kathmandu, Nepal: Department of Tourism, Government of Nepal.
- GON. 2015. Constitution of Nepal 2015. Kathmandu, Nepal: Constituent Assembly.
- GON-MCTCA. 2009. Tourism vision 2020. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation.
- Henderson JC. 2015. The new dynamics of tourism in South East Asia: Economic development, political change and destination competitiveness. Tour Recreat Res. 40:379–390.
- Himalayan Times. 2016 January 9. Madhesi Front says govt not serious, announces fresh protests.
- Honey M. 2008. Ecotourism and sustainable development: who owns paradise? Washington, D.C:: Island Press.
- Jackson MA 2010. Empowering women of Nepal: An experience of empowerment in the land of the Himalaya [Thesis]. [Prescott, Arizona]: Prescott College.
- Jamal T, Borges M, Stronza A. 2006. The institutionalisation of ecotourism: certification, cultural equity and praxis. J Ecotourism. 5:145–175.
- Jenkins CL. 2015. Tourism policy and planning for developing countries: some critical issues. Tour Recreat Res. 40:144–156.
- Johnston AM. 2013. Is the sacred for sale? Tourism and indigenous peoples. London, UK: Earthscan.
- K.C A, Rijal K, Sapkota RP. 2015. Role of ecotourism in environmental conservation and socioeconomic development in Annapurna conservation area, Nepal. Int J Sustainable Dev World Ecol. 22:251–258.
- Karanth K, Nepal S. 2012. Local residents perception of benefits and losses from protected areas in India and Nepal. Environ Manage. 49:372–386.
- Krüger O. 2005. The role of ecotourism in conservation: panacea or pandora’s box? Biodivers Conserv. 14:579–600.
- Lacher RG, Nepal S. 2010. From leakages to linkages: local-level strategies for capturing tourism revenue in Northern Thailand. Tour Geographies. 12:77–99.
- Leung P. 2002. Tourism and economic development of less developed countries: the case of Cambodia. Tour Recreat Res. 27:91–102.
- Lim FKG. 2008. Of reverie and emplacement: spatial imaginings and tourism encounters in Nepal Himalaya. Inter-Asia Cult Stud. 9:375–394.
- Lu J, Nepal S. 2009. Sustainable tourism research: an analysis of papers published in the journal of sustainable tourism. J Sustainable Tour. 17:5–16.
- Lück M, Kirstges T. 2003. Global ecotourism policies and case studies: perspectives and contraints. Toronto, Canada: Channel View Books.
- MoCTCA Nepal. 2013. Nepal tourism statistics 2012. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation.
- MoCTCA Nepal. 2014. Tourism employment survey 2014. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (MoCTCA).
- Mowforth M, Munt I. 2009. Tourism and sustainability: development, globalisation and new tourism in the Third World. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Nepal S. 1997. Sustainable tourism, protected areas and livelihood needs of local communities in developing countries. Int J Sustainable Dev World Ecol. 4:123–135.
- Nepal S. 2002. Linking parks and people: Nepal’s experience in resolving conflicts in parks and protected areas. Int J Sustainable Dev World Ecol. 9:75–90.
- Nepal S. 2015. Irish pubs and dream cafes: tourism, tradition and modernity in Nepal’s Khumbu (Everest) region. Tour Recreat Res. 40:248–261.
- Nepal: People and Nature. 2016. National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC), Nepal; [accessed 2016 January 10]. http://www.ntnc.org.np/nepal-people-and-nature.
- NPC Nepal. 1956. The first five year plan of Nepal 1956-1961. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 1962. The Second Plan of Nepal 1962-65. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 1965. The third five year plan of Nepal 1965-1970. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 1970. The fourth five year plan of Nepal 1970-1975. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 1975. The fifth five year plan of Nepal 1975-1980. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 1980. The sixth five year plan of Nepal 1980-1985. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 1985. The seventh five year plan of Nepal 1985-1990. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 1992. The eighth five year plan of Nepal 1992-1997. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission (NPC.
- NPC Nepal. 1997. The ninth five year plan of Nepal 1997-2002. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 2002. The tenth five year plan of Nepal 2002-2007. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 2007. The eleventh plan of Nepal: three year interim plan 2007-2010. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 2010. The twelfth plan of Nepal: three years plan 2010-2013. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 2014. The thirteenth plan of Nepal 2014-2015. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission.
- NPC Nepal. 2015. Nepal earthquake 2015: post disaster needs assessment. Kathmandu, Nepal: National Planning Commission (NPC).
- Nyaupane G. 2015. Mountaineering on Mt Everest: evolution, economy, ecology and ethics. In: Musa G, Higham J, Thompson-Carr A, editors. Mountaineering tourism. New York, NY: Routledge; p. 265.
- Nyaupane G, Thapa B. 2004. Evaluation of ecotourism: A comparative assessment in the Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Nepal. J Ecotourism. 3:20–45.
- Peet R, Hartwick ER. 2009. Theories of development: contentions, arguments, alternatives. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Pieterse NJ. 1996. The development of development theory: towards critical globalism. Rev Int Political Economy. 3:541–564.
- Reimer JK, Walter P. 2013. How do you know it when you see it? Community-based ecotourism in the Cardamom Mountains of southwestern Cambodia. Tour Manage. 34:122–132.
- Ricardo D. 1891. Principles of political economy and taxation. London, UK: G. Bell.
- Rostow WW. 1971. The stages of economic growth: A non-communist manifesto. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Scheyvens R. 2002. Tourism for development: empowering communites. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.
- Sherpa NS. 2005. Indigenous peoples of Nepal and traditional knowledge. Pnama City: United Nations. No. PFII/2005/WS.TK/8.
- Singh S. 2014. Women’s participation in ecotourism in the Annapurna (Mustang) Region of Nepal. New York, NY: UN Women and Asian Development Bank.
- Spiteri A, Nepal S. 2008. Evaluating local benefits from conservation in Nepal’s Annapurna Conservation Area. Environ Manage. 42:391–401.
- Spoon J. 2012. Tourism, persistence, and change: sherpa spirituality and place in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) national park and buffer zone, Nepal. J Ecological Anthropol. 15:41–57.
- Thapa B. 2004. Tourism in Nepal: Shangri-La’s troubled times. J Travel Tour Mark. 15:117–138.
- Tribe J, Xiao H, Chambers D. 2012. The reflexive journal: Inside the black box. Ann Tourism Res. 39:7–35.
- Twarog S, Kapoor, P. 2004. Protecting and promoting traditional knowledge: systems, national experiences and international dimensions. New York, NY: United Nations.
- UNDG. 2013. A million voices – the world we want: A sustainable future with dignity for all. New York, NY: United Nations Development Group (UNDG.
- UNDP-UNEP. 2014. Poverty Environment Initiative. UNDP-UNEP Poverty-Environment Initiative.
- UNEP. 2013. A toolkit to support conservation by indigenous peoples and local communities: building capacity and sharing knowledge for indigenous Peoples’ and Community Conserved Territories and Areas (ICCAs). Cambridge, UK: World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
- UNEP-WTO. 2002. Quebec declaration on ecotourism. Quebec, Canada: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Tourism Organization (WTO).
- UNEP-WTO. 2005. Making tourism more sustainable: A guide for policy makers. Madrid, Spain: United Nations Environment Program and World Tourism Organisation.
- United Nations. 1987. Report of the world commission on environment and development: our common future [Brundtland Report]. New York, NY: United Nations.
- United Nations. 2015. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. New York, NY: UN General Assembly.
- UNWTO. 2010. Technical cooperation and services: annual report 2010. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organisation.
- UNWTO. 2013. The sustainable tourism for development. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO.
- UNWTO. 2014. Annual progress report 2013. Madrid, Spain: World Tourism Organization.
- Walter P. 2007. Activist forest monks, adult learning and the Buddhist environmental movement in Thailand. Int J Lifelong Educ. 26:329–345.
- Walter P. 2009. Local knowledge and adult learning in environmental adult education: community‐based ecotourism in southern Thailand. Int J Lifelong Educ. 28:513–532.
- Walter P. 2013. Theorising visitor learning in ecotourism. J Ecotourism. 12:15–32.
- Weaver DB. 2006. Peripheral tourism, sustainability, ecotourism and a light at the end of the tunnel. Tour Recreat Res. 31:98–100.
- Wells M, Brandon K, Hannah LJ. 1992. People and parks: linking protected area management with local communities. Washington, D.C: World Bank.
- West P, Carrier JG. 2004. Ecotourism and authenticity. Curr Anthropol. 45:483–498.
- Zeppel H. 2006. Indigenous ecotourism: Sustainable development and management. Cambridge, MA: CABI Pub.