1,009
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Ecological sustainability and biodiversity

Pages 89-102 | Published online: 02 Jun 2009

REFERENCES

  • Aber , J. D. and Melillo , J. M. 1991 . Terrestrial Ecosystems. Philadelphia : Saunders .
  • Baskin , Y. 1994a . Ecologists dare to ask: How much does diversity matter? . Science , 264 : 202 – 3 .
  • Baskin , Y. 1994b . Ecosystem function of biodiversity: Regarding ideal levels of species richness, the data are few and unclear. . BioScience , 44 : 657 – 60 .
  • Baskin , Y. 1997 . The Work of Nature: How the Diversity of Life Sustains Us Washington : Island Press .
  • Begon , M. , Harper , J. L. and Townsend , C. R. 1990 . Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities. Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Bond , W. J. 1993 . “ Keystone species. ” . In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function Edited by: Schulze , E.-D. and Mooney , H. A. 237 – 53 . Berlin : Springer .
  • Brundtland Commission . 1987 . Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Cairns , J. Jr. 1997 . Sustainability, ecosystem services, and health. . International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology , 4 : 154 – 65 .
  • Clements , F. E. 1916 . Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Washington : [s.n.] .
  • Clements , F. E. and Shelford , V. E. 1939 . Bio-ecology. New York : Wiley .
  • Costanza , R. 1996 . “ Designing sustainable ecological economic systems. ” . In Engineering within Ecological Constraints Edited by: Schulze , P. C. 79 – 95 . Washington : National Academy of Engineering .
  • Costanza , R. , Norton , B. G. and Haskell , B. D. , eds. 1992 . Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmenta1 Management. Washington : Island Press .
  • Daily , G. C. , ed. 1997 . Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystem. Washington : Island Press .
  • De Groot , R. S. 1992 . Functions of Nature, Evaluation of Nature in Environmental Planning, Management and Decision-making. Groningen : Wolters-Noordhoff .
  • De Groot , R. S. 1996 . “ Towards a conceptual framework for measuring ecological sustainability of ecosystems. ” . In Report of the Workshop Sustainability of Ecosystems: Ecological and Economic Factors, 27–29 March 1995, Bratislava, Slovac Republic Edited by: Sprengers , S. A. , Nienhuis , P. H. and Elias , P. 17 – 49 . Amsterdam : Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences .
  • Dekker , J. 1990 . Complete ecosystemen: Over de zin en de onzin van een concept. . Landschap , 7 : 55 – 61 . [In Dutch]
  • De Leo , G. A. and Levin , S. 1997 . The multifaceted aspects of ecosystem integrity. . Conservation Ecology [online] , l ( 1 ) : 3 Available from the Internet. URL: http://www.consecol.org/voll/issl/art3
  • De Ruiter , P. C. , Moore , J. C. , Zwart , K. B. , Bouwman , L. A. , Hassink , J. , Bloem , J. , De Vos , J. A. , Marinissen , J. C.Y. , Didden , W. A.M. , Lebbink , G. and Brussaard , L. 1993 . Simulation of nitrogen mineralization in the below-ground food webs of two winter wheat fields. . Journal of Applied Ecology , 30 : 95 – 106 .
  • During , R. and Joosten , J. H.J. 1992 . Referentiebeelden en duurzaamheid: Tijd voor beleid. . Landschap , 9 : 285 – 95 . [In Dutch]
  • Ehrenfeld , D. 1992 . “ Ecosystem health and ecological theories. ” . In Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management Edited by: Costanza , R. , Norton , B. G. and Haskell , B. D. 135 – 43 . Washington : Island Press .
  • Ehrlich , P. R. and Ehrlich , A. H. 1981 . Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species New York : Random House) .
  • Ehrlich , P. R. and Ehrlich , A. H. 1991 . Healing the Planet. Massachusetts : Addison Wesley .
  • Estes , J. A. and Duggins , D. O. 1995 . Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. . Ecological Monographs , 65 : 75 – 100 .
  • Estes , J. A. and Palmisano , J. F. 1974 . Sea otters: Their role in structuring nearshore communities. . Science , 185 : 1058 – 60 .
  • Fanai , N. and Burn , D. H. 1997 . Reversibility as a sustainability criterion for project selection. . International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology. , 4 : 259 – 73 .
  • Gatto , M. 1995 . Sustainability: is it a well defined concept? . Ecological Applications , 5 : 1181 – 4 .
  • Gilbert , L. E. 1980 . “ Food web organization and the conservation of neotropical diversity. ” . In Conservation Biology Edited by: Soulé , M. E. and Wilcox , B. A. 11 – 33 . Sunderland : Sinauer .
  • Golley , F. B. 1993 . A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology: More than the Sum of the Parts. Yale : Yale University .
  • Heilig , G. K. 1997 . Sustainable development – ten arguments against a biologistic ‘slow down’ philosophy of social and economic development. . International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology , 4 : 1 – 16 .
  • Hengeveld , R. 1990a . Dynamic Biogeography. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Hengeveld , R. 1990b . Natuurontwikkeling: Theoretische uitgangspunten in de ecologie. . Landschap , 7 : 47 – 54 . [In Dutch]
  • Hengeveld , R. 1996 . Measuring ecological biodiversity. . Biodiversity Letters , 3 : 58 – 65 .
  • Hengeveld , R. and Bijlsma , R.-J. 1995 . “ Palaeo-oecologie en Oecologie biogeografie. ” . In Oecologie Edited by: Bakker , K. 95 – 111 . Houten : Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum . ([In Dutch]
  • Heywood , V. H. and Watson , R. T. , eds. 1995 . Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Holling , C. S. 1973 . Resilience and stability of ecological systems. . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 4 : 1 – 23 .
  • Holling , C. S. , ed. 1978 . Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. London : Wiley .
  • Holling , C. S. 1994 . Cross-scale morphology, geometry and dynamics of ecosystems. . Ecological Monographs , 62 : 447 – 502 .
  • Holling , C. S. , Schindler , D. W. , Walker , B. W. and Roughgarden , J. 1995 . “ Biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems: an ecological synthesis. ” . In Biodiversity Loss: Economic and Ecological Issues Edited by: Perrings , C. , Maler , K.-G. , Folke , C. , Holling , C. S. and Jansson , B. O. 44 – 8 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Jeffers , J. N.R. 1997 . Editorial: Ecological consequences of biodiversity loss. . International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology , 4 : 774
  • Klein Tank , A. and Cuperus , A. 1992 . Duurzaamheid en natuur: De betekenis van het begrip duurzaamheid voor beleid en onderzoek. . Landschap , 9 : 314 [In Dutch]
  • Klijn , J. A. 1987 . Diversiteit en stabiliteit van landschappelijke ecosystemen: een handvol paradoxen? . Landschap , 4 : 107 – 22 . [In Dutch]
  • Klijn , J. A. 1996 . “ Who is afraid of sustainability? ” . In Report of the Workshop Sustainability of Ecosystem: Ecological and Economic Factors, 27–29 March 1995, Bratislava, Slovac Republic Edited by: Sprengers , S. A. , Nienhuis , P. H. and Elias , P. 121 – 4 . Amsterdam : Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences .
  • Kwa , C. L. 1987 . Stabiliteit als metafoor. . Landschap , 4 : 19 – 29 . [In Dutch]
  • Lawton , J. H. 1994 . What do species do in ecosystems? . Oikos , 71 : 367 – 74 .
  • Lawton , J. H. 1997 . “ The role of species in ecosystems: aspects of ecological complexity and biological diversity. ” . In Biodiversity: An Ecological Perspective Edited by: Abe , T. , Levin , S. A. and Higashi , M. 215 – 28 . New York : Springer .
  • Lawton , J. H. and Brown , V. K. 1993 . “ Redundancy in ecosystems. ” . In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function Edited by: Schulze , E.-D. and Mooney , H. A. 255 – 70 . Berlin : Springer .
  • Lawton , J. H. , Naeem , S. , Woodfin , R. M. , Brown , V. K. , Gauge , A. , Godfray , H. J.C. , Heads , P. A. , Lawler , S. Magda , D. 1993 . The Ecotron: A controlled environmental facility for the investigation of population and ecosystem processes. . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, Biological Sciences , 341 : 181 – 94 .
  • Lenders , H. J.R. , Aarts , B. G.W. , Strijbosch , H. and Van der Velde , G. 1998 . “ The role of reference- and target-images in ecological recovery of river systems: lines of thought in The Netherlands. ” . In New Concepts for Sustainable Management of River Basins Edited by: Nienhuis , P. H. , Leuven , R. S.E.W. and Ragas , A. M.J. 35 – 52 . Leiden : Backhuys Publishers .
  • Limburg , K. E. , Levin , S. A. and Harwell , C. C. 1986 . Ecology and estuarine impact assessment: Lesson learned from the Hudson River (USA) and other estuarine experiences. . Journal of Environmental Management , 22 : 255 – 80 .
  • Lovelock , J. E. 1979 . Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Ludwig , D. , Walker , B. and Holling , C. S. 1997 . Sustainability, stability, and resilience. . Conservation Ecology [online] , 1 ( 1 ) : 7 Available from the Internet. URL: http://ww.consecol.org/voll/issl/art7
  • MacArthur , R. H. 1955 . Fluctuations of animal populations and a measure of community stability. . Ecology , 36 : 533 – 6 .
  • MacNaughton , S. J. 1978 . Stability and diversity of ecological communities. . Nature , 274 : 251 – 3 .
  • Magurran , A. E. 1988 . Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. London : Croom-Helm .
  • May , R. M. 1973 . Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems. Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Mills , L. S. , Soulé. , M. E. and Doak , D. F. 1993 . The keystone species concept in ecology and conservation. . BioScience , 43 : 219 – 24 .
  • Mooney , H. A. , ed. 1995 . Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective. New York : Wiley .
  • Mooney , H. A. , Lubchenco , J. , Dirzo , R. , Sala , E. O. , Heywood , V. H. and Watson , R. T. , eds. 1995 . “ Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Basic principles. ” . In Global Biodiversity Assessment 275 – 452 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Naeem , S. , Thompson , J. , Lawler , S. P. , Lawton , J. H. and Woodfin , R. M. 1994 . Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. . Nature , 368 : 734 – 7 .
  • Naiman , R. J. , Melillo , J. M. and Hobbie , J. E. 1986 . Alteration of North American streams by beaver ( . Castor canadensis). Ecology , 67 : 1254 – 89 .
  • Naiman , R. J. , Pinay , G. , Johnston , C. A. and Pastor , J. 1994 . Beaver influences on the long-term biogeochemical characteristics of boreal forest drainage networks. . Ecology , 75 : 905 – 21 .
  • Neumayer , E. 1998 . Preserving natural capital in a world of uncertainty and scarce financial resources. . International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology , 5 : 27 – 42 .
  • Nienhuis , P. H. and Leuven , R. S.E.W. 1997 . “ The role of the science of ecology in the sustainable development debate in Europe. ” . In Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie Vol. 27 , 1 – 10 . Heidelberg : Springer .
  • Paine , R. T. 1966 . Food web complexity and species diversity. . American Naturalist , 100 : 65 – 75 .
  • Paine , R. T. 1969 . A note on trophic complexity and community stability. . American Naturalist , 103 : 91 – 3 .
  • Perrings , C. , Mäler , K-G. , Folke , C. , Hofling , C. S. and Jansson , B. O. , eds. 1995 . Biodiversity Loss: Economic and Ecological Issues. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Peterson , G. , De Leo , G. A. , Hellmann , J. J. , Janssen , M. A. , Kinzig , A. , Malcolm , J. R. , O'Brien , K. L. , Pope , S. E. , Rothman , D. S. , Shevliakova , E. and Tinch , R. R.T. 1997 . Uncertainty, climate change, and adaptive management. . Conservation Ecology [online] , 1 ( 2 ) : 4 Available from the Internet. URL: http://www.consecol.org/voll/iss2/art4
  • Pickett , S. T.A. , Kolasa , J. , Armesto , J. and Collins , S. L. 1989 . The ecological concept of disturbance and its expression at various hierarchical levels. . Oikos , 54 : 129 – 36 .
  • Pimm , S. L. 1984 . The complexity and stability of ecosystems. . Nature , 307 : 321 – 6 .
  • Pimm , S. L. 1991 . The Balance of Nature? Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Pollock , M. M. , Naiman , R. J. , Erickson , H. E. , Johnston , C. A. , Pastor , J. and Pinay , G. 1995 . “ Beaver as engineers: Influences on biotic and abiotic characteristics of drainage basins. ” . In Linking Species and Ecosystems Edited by: Jones , C. G. and Lawton , J. H. 117 – 26 . New York : Chapman and Hall .
  • Power , M. E. , Tilman , D. , Estes , J. A. , Menge , B. A. , Bond , W. J. , Mills , L. S. , Daily , G. , Castilla , J. C. , Lubchenco , J. and Paine , R. T. 1996 . Challenges in the quest for keystones. . BioScience , 46 : 609 – 20 .
  • Ramade , F. 1995 . “ Qualitative and quantitative criteria defining a ‘healthy’ ecosystem. ” . In Evaluating and Monitoring the Health of Large-Scale Ecosystems Edited by: Rapport , D. J. , Gaudet , C. L. and Calow , P. 43 – 61 . Berlin : Springer .
  • Rapport , D. J. 1992 . Evaluating ecosystem health. . Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health , 1 : 15 – 24 .
  • Rapport , D. J. , Gaudet , C. L. and Calow , P. , eds. 1995 . Evaluating and Monitoring the Health of Large-Scale Ecosystem. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop. Series I: Global Environmental Change 28 Berlin : Springer .
  • Schaeffer , D. J. , Herricks , D. E. , Adwin , E. and Kerster , H. W. 1988 . Ecosystem health: I. Measuring ecosystem health . Environmental Management , 12 : 445 – 55 .
  • Scheffer , M. , Hosper , S. H. , Meijer , M.-L. , Moss , B. and Jeppesen , E. 1993 . Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. . Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 8 : 275 – 9 .
  • Scheffer , M. 1998 . Ecology of Shallow Lakes. London : Chapman & Hall .
  • Schindler , D. W. 1990 . Experimental perturbations of whole lakes as tests of hypotheses concerning ecosystem structure and function. . Oikos , 57 : 25 – 41 .
  • Schulze , E. D. and Mooney , H. A. , eds. 1993 . Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
  • Simberloff , D. 1998 . Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is single-species management passé in the landscape era? . Biological Conservation , 83 : 247 – 57 .
  • Southwood , T. R.E. 1995 . Ecological processes and sustainability. . International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology , 2 : 229 – 39 .
  • Sprengers , S. A. , Nienhuis , P. H. and Elias , P. , eds. 1996 . Report of the Workshop Sustainability of Ecosystems: Ecological and Economic Factors, 27–29 March 1995, Bratislava, Slovac Republic. Amsterdam : Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences .
  • Tapsell , S. M. 1995 . River restoration: what are we restoring to? A case study of the Ravensbourne River, London. . Landscape Research , 20 : 98 – 111 .
  • Ten Brink , B. J.E. , Hosper , S. H. and Colijn , F. 1990 . “ Ecologische normstelling voor het waterbeheer: Theorie en praktijk van de AMOEBE-benadering. ” . In Strategieën vom Ecologische Normstelling. Het Spel en de Knikkers Edited by: Van der Schraaf , A. A.A. , De Kruijf , H. A.M. and Cuperus , R. 109 – 33 . Den Haag : SDU Uitgeverij . ([In Dutch]
  • Tilman , D. 1996 . Biodiversity: Population versus ecosystem stability. . Ecology , 77 : 350 – 63 .
  • Tilman , D. and Downing , J. A. 1994 . Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. . Nature , 367 : 363 – 5 .
  • Tilman , D. , Knops , J. , Wedin , D. , Reich , P. , Ritchie , M. and Siemann , E. 1997 . The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. . Science , 277 : 1300 – 1 .
  • Tilman , D. , Wedin , D. and Knops , J. 1996 . Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. . Nature , 379 : 718 – 20 .
  • Turner , R. K. 1993 . Sustainable Environmental Economics and Management. London : Belhaven Press .
  • Usher , M. B. 1986 . Wildlife Conservation Evaluation. London : Chapman and Hall .
  • Van den Aarsen , L. F.M. 1994 . Randuomuaaden voor Natuurlijke Kwaliteit in Pleistocene Zandgebieden: Een Ondaoek vanuit de Persistentietheorie in het Perspectief van Planning. Thesis, Wageningen : Landbouw-universiteit Wageningen . [In Dutch]
  • Van der Hamsvoort , C. P.C.M. and Latacz-Lohmann , U. 1998 . Sustainability: A review of the debate and an extension. . International Journal of Stainable Development and World Ecology , 5 : 99 – 110 .
  • Van der Voet , E. , Klijn , F. , Tamis , W. and Huele , R. 1997 . Regulatiefuncties van deBiosfeer. The Hague : Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment . [In Dutch]
  • Van Dobben , W. H. and Lowe-McConnell , R. H. , eds. 1975 . Unifying Concepts in Ecology. (The Hague: Dr. W. Junk by Publishers & Wageningen: Pudoc)
  • Van Ierland , E. C. , De Man , N. Y.H. and Becht , J. A.R. 1996 . “ Sustainable ecosystems in Europe: An economic analysis for river systems and mountainous areas. ” . In Report of the Workshop Sustainability of Ecosystems: Ecological and Economic Factors, 27–29 March 1995, Bratislava, Slovac Republic Edited by: Sprengers , S. A. , Nienhuis , P. H. and Elias , P. 51 – 101 . Amsterdam : Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences .
  • Walker , H. B. 1992 . Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. . Conservation Biology , 6 : 18 – 23 .
  • Walters , C. J. 1986 . Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Walters , C. J. 1997 . Challenges in adaptive management of riparian and coastal ecosystems. . Conservation Ecology [online] , 1 ( 1 ) : 4 Available from the Internet. URL: http://www.consecol.org/voll/issl/art4
  • Wams , T. J. , Wiersinga , W. A. , Van der Windt , HJ. , Looijen , R. C. and Oosterveld , E. B. 1992 . Duurzaamheid en het natuurbeleid: Nut en onnut van een nieuwe term. . Landschap , 9 : 217 – 23 . [In Dutch]
  • Wilson , E. O. 1992 . The Diversity of Life. London : Penguin Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.