5,738
Views
441
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Learners and Learning in Environmental Education: A critical review of the evidence

Pages 207-320 | Published online: 01 Jul 2010

References

  • ANDREW , J. and MALONE , K. 1995 . The first ten years: a review of the Australian Journal of Environmental Education . Australian Journal of Environmental Education , 11 : 131 – 162 .
  • BAILEY , S. and WATSON , R. 1998 . Establishing basic ecological understanding in younger pupils: a pilot evaluation of a strategy based on drama/role play . International Journal of Science Education , 20 (2) : 139 – 152 .
  • BALLANTYNE , R. , CONNELL , S. and FIEN , J. 1998a . Factors contributing to intergenerational communication regarding environmental programs: preliminary research findings . Australian Journal of Environmental Education , 14 : 1 – 10 .
  • BALLANTYNE , R. , CONNELL , S. and FIEN , J. 1998b . Students as catalysts of environmental change: a framework for researching intergenerational infl uence through environmental education . Environmental Education Research , 4 (3) : 285 – 298 .
  • BARRAZA , L. 1999 . Children's drawings about the environment . Environmental Education Research , 5 (1) : 49 – 66 .
  • BARRON , D. 1995 . Gendering environmental education reform: identifying the constitutive power of environmental discourses . Australian Journal of Environmental Education , 11 : 107 – 20 .
  • BASSEY , M. 2000 . Reviews of educational research . Research Intelligence , 71 : 22 – 29 .
  • BATTERHAM , D. , STANISSTREET , M. and BOYES , E. 1996 . Kids, cars and conservation: children's ideas about the environmental impact of motor vehicles . International Journal of Science Education , 18 (3) : 347 – 354 .
  • BATTERSBY , J. 1999 . Does environmental education have `street credibility’ and the potential to reduce pupil disaffection within and beyond their school curriculum? . Cambridge Journal of Education , 29 (3) : 447 – 459 .
  • BIXLER , R.D. and FLOYD , M.F. 1999 . Hands on or hands off? Disgust sensitivity and preference for environmental education activities . The Journal of Environmental Education , 30 (3) : 4 – 11 .
  • BIXLER , R.D. , CARLISLE , C.L. , HAMMITT , W.E. and FLOYD , M.F. 1994 . Observed fears and discomforts among urban students on field trips to wildland areas . The Journal of Environmental Education , 26 (1) : 24 – 33 .
  • BOGNER , F.X. 1998 . The infl uence of short-term outdoor ecology education on long-term variables of environmental perspective . Journal of Environmental Education , 29 (4) : 17 – 29 .
  • BOGNER , F.X. 1999 . Empirical evaluation of an educational conservation programme introduced in Swiss secondary schools (Research Report) . International Journal of Science Education , 21 (11) : 1169 – 1185 .
  • BONNETT , M. and WILLIAMS , J. 1998 . Environmental education and primary children's attitudes towards nature and the environment . Cambridge Journal of Education , 28 (2) : 159 – 174 .
  • BOYES , E. and STANISSTREET , M. 1993 . The `greenhouse effect’: children's perceptions of causes, consequences and cures (Special Issue: Environmental Education and Science Education) . International Journal of Science Education , 15 (5) : 531 – 552 .
  • BOYES , E. and STANISSTREET , M. 1994 . The ideas of secondary school children concerning ozone layer damage . Global Environmental Change , 4 (4) : 311 – 324 .
  • BOYES , E. and STANISSTREET , M. 1996 . Threats to the global atmospheric environment: the extent of pupil understanding . International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education , 5 (3) : 186 – 195 .
  • BOYES , E. and STANISSTREET , M. 1997a . Children's models of understanding of two major global environmental issues (ozone layer and greenhouse effect) . Research in Science and Technolo gical Education , 15 (1) : 19 – 28 .
  • BOYES , E. and STANISSTREET , M. 1997b . The environmental impact of cars: children's ideas and reasoning . Environmental Education Research , 3 (3) : 269 – 282 .
  • BOYES , E. and STANISSTREET , M. 1998 . High school students' perceptions of how major global environmental effects might cause skin cancer . Journal of Environmental Education , 29 (2) : 31 – 36 .
  • BOYES , E. , CHUCKRAN , D. and STANISSTREET , M. 1993 . How do high school students perceive global climatic change: what are its manifestations? What are its origins? What corrective action can be taken? . Journal of Science Education and Technology , 2 (4) : 541 – 547 .
  • BOYES , E. , STANISSTREET , M. and PAPANTONIOU , V.S. 1999 . The ideas of Greek high school students about the `ozone layer’ . Science Education , 83 (6) : 724 – 737 .
  • BRADLEY , J.C. , WALICZEK , T.M. and ZAJICEK , J.M. 1999 . Relationship between environmental knowledge and environmental attitude of high school students . Journal of Environmental Education , 30 (3) : 17 – 21 .
  • BRODY , M.J. 1996 . An assessment of 4th, 8th-, and 11th-grade students' environmental science knowledge related to Oregon's marine resources . Journal of Environmental Education , 27 (3) : 21 – 27 .
  • CARDEIRO , R.W. and SAYLER , R.D. 1994 . Student knowledge of environmental and natural resource issues in the Pacific Northwest . Journal of Natural Resources Life Science Education , 23 (2) : 132 – 136 .
  • CHAN , K.K.W. 1996 . Environmental attitudes and behaviour of secondary school students in Hong Kong . The Environmentalist , 16 (4) : 297 – 306 .
  • CHAN , K.K.W. Mass media and environmental cognition in Hong Kong . paper presented at the NCA/ICA Conference Communication: Organizing for the Future . July 15-18 , Rome .
  • CHAWLA , L. 1998 . Significant life experiences revisited: a review of research on sources of environmental sensitivity . Journal of Environmental Education , 29 (3) : 11 – 21 .
  • CHENHANSA , S. and SCHLEPPEGRELL , M. 1998 . Linguistic features of middle school environmental education texts . Environmental Education Research , 4 (1) : 53 – 66 .
  • CHIPENIUK , R. 1998 . Lay theories of spring: displacement of common-sense understandings of nature by `expert’ ideas . International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education , 7 (1) : 14 – 25 .
  • CHRISTIDOU , V. and KOULAIDIS , V. 1996 . Children's models of the ozone layer and ozone depletion . Research in Science Education , 26 (4) : 421 – 436 .
  • CHRISTIDOU , V. , KOULAIDIS , V. and CHRISTIDIS , T. 1997 . Children's use of metaphors in relation to their mental models: the case of the ozone layer and its depletion . Research in Science Education , 27 (4) : 541 – 552 .
  • CLARK , C.T. and MOSS , P.A. 1996 . Researching `with’: ethical and epistemological implications of doing collaborative, change-oriented research with teachers and students . Teachers College Record , 97 (4) : 518 – 548 .
  • CLARKE , B. 1996 . Environmental attitudes and knowledge of Year 11 students in a Queensland high school . Australian Journal of Environmental Education , 12 : 19 – 26 .
  • CONNELL , S. , FIEN , J. , SYKES , H. and YENCKEN , D. 1998 . Young people and the environment in Australia: beliefs, knowledge, commitment and educational implications . Australian Journal of Environmental Education , 14 : 39 – 48 .
  • CONNELL , S. , FIEN , J. , LEE , J. , SYKES , H. and YENCKEN , D. 1999 . `If it doesnt directly affect you, you dont think about it’: a qualitative study of young people's environmental attitudes in two Australian cities . Environmental Education Research , 5 (1) : 95 – 113 .
  • COOPER , P. and MCINTYRE , D. 1996 . Effective Teaching and Learning: Teachers' and Students' Perspectives , Buckingham : Open University Press .
  • CORRAL-VERDUGO , V. 1993 . The effect of examples and gender on third graders' ability to distinguish environmental facts from opinions . Journal of Environmental Education , 24 (4) : 26 – 28 .
  • CORRAL-VERDUGO , V. , FRIAS-ARMENTA , M. and CORRAL-VERDUGO , B.A. 1996 . Predictors of environmental critical thinking: a study of Mexican children . Journal of Environmental Education , 27 (4) : 23 – 27 .
  • CULLINGFORD , C. 1994 . The attitudes of children to their environment . Cambridge Journal of Education , 24 (1) : 7 – 19 .
  • DAVIES , P. 2000 . “ Contributions from qualitative research ” . In What Works? Evidence-based policy and practice in public services , Edited by: DAVIES , H.T.O. , NUTLEY , S.M. and SMITH , P.C. Bristol : Policy Press .
  • DETTMANN-EASLER , D. and PEASE , J.L. 1999 . Evaluating the effectiveness of residential environmental education programs in fostering positive attitudes toward wildlife . Journal of Environmental Education , 31 (1) : 33 – 39 .
  • ELLIOTT , J. 1994 . “ Developing community-focused environmental education through action-research ” . In Evaluating Innovation in Environmental Education , Edited by: ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT . Paris : OECD .
  • ELLIOTT , J. 1995 . “ Reconstructing the environmental educational curriculum: teachers' perspectives ” . In Environmental Learning for the 21st Century , Edited by: ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT . Paris : OECD .
  • EMMONS , K.M. 1997 . Perceptions of the environment while exploring the outdoors: a case study in Belize . Environmental Education Research , 3 (3) : 327 – 344 .
  • ERICKSON , F. and SHULTZ , J. 1992 . “ Students' experience of the curriculum ” . In Handbook of Research on Curriculum , Edited by: JACKSON , P.W. New York , NY : Macmillan .
  • EVANS , S.M. , GILL , M.E. and MARCHANT , J. 1996 . Schoolchildren as educators: the indirect infl uence of environmental education in schools on parents' attitudes towards the environment . Journal of Biological Education , 30 (4) : 243 – 248 .
  • FARMER , A.J. and WOTT , J.A. 1995 . Field trips and follow-up activities: fourth graders in a public garden . Journal of Environmental Education , 27 (1) : 33 – 35 .
  • FIEN , J. 1992 . Education for the environment: a critical ethnography , University of Queensland . unpublished PhD thesis
  • FILHO , W.L. 1996 . “ Eurosurvey: an analysis of current trends in environmental education in Europe ” . In Environmental Education. Vol. 1: Monitoring Change in Education , Edited by: HARRIS , G. and BLACKWELL , C. Aldershot : Arena .
  • FOREID , B. and FILHO , W.L. 1997 . Young people's attitudes towards and knowledge about the environment: an analysis based on TIMSS-data . Scientia Paedagogica Experimentalis , 34 (2) : 231 – 244 .
  • FOSKETT , N. and MARSDEN , B. , eds. 1998 . A Bibliography of Geographical Education 1970-1997 , Sheffield : The Geographical Association .
  • FOSTER , P. and HAMMERSLEY , M. 1998 . A review of reviews: structure and function in reviews of educational research . British Educational Research Journal , 24 (5) : 609 – 628 .
  • GAMBRO , J.S. and SWITZKY , H.N. 1996 . A national survey of high school students' environmental knowledge . Journal of Environmental Education , 27 (3) : 28 – 33 .
  • GAMBRO , J.S. and SWITZKY , H.N. 1999 . Variables associated with American high schools students' knowledge of environmental issues related to energy and pollution . Journal of Environmental Education , 30 (2) : 15 – 22 .
  • GAYFORD , C. 1995 . Science education and sustainability: a case-study in discussion-based learning . Research in Science and Technological Education , 13 (2) : 135 – 145 .
  • GLAZAR , S.A. , VRTACÏNIK , M. and BACÏNIK , A. 1998 . Primary school children's understanding of municipal waste processing . Environmental Education Research , 4 (3) : 299 – 308 .
  • GOMEZ-GRANELL , C. and CERVERA-MARCH , S. 1993 . Development of conceptual knowledge and attitudes about energy and the environment (Special Issue: Environmental Education and Science Education) . International Journal of Science Education , 15 (5) : 553 – 565 .
  • GOUGH , A. 1999 . Recognising women in environmental education pedagogy and research: toward an ecofeminist poststructuralist perspective . Environmental Education Research , 5 (2) : 143 – 162 .
  • GOUGH , N. 1999 . Rethinking the subject: (de)constructing human agency in environmental education research . Environmental Education Research , 5 (1) : 35 – 48 .
  • GREAVES , E. , STANISSTREET , M. , BOYES , E. and WILLIAMS , T. 1993 . Children's ideas about rainforests . Journal of Biological Education , 27 (3) : 189 – 194 .
  • GUTIERREZ DE WHITE , T. and JACOBSON , S.K. 1994 . Evaluating conservation education programs at a South American zoo . Journal of Environmental Education , 25 (4) : 18 – 22 .
  • HAMMERSLEY , M. 2000 . The relevance of qualitative research . Oxford Review of Education , 26 (3&4) : 393 – 405 .
  • HAMPEL , B. , HOLDSWORTH , R. and BOLDERO , J. 1996 . The impact of parental work experience and education on environmental knowledge, concern and behaviour among adolescents . Environmental Education Research , 2 (3) : 287 – 300 .
  • HANSON , R. 1993 . Long-term effects of the Energy Source Education Program . Studies in Educational Evaluation , 19 (4) : 363 – 381 .
  • HART , P. 1996 . Problematizing enquiry in environmental education: issues of method in a study of teacher thinking and practice . Canadian Journal of Environmental Education , 1 : 56 – 88 .
  • HART , P. and NOLAN , K. 1999 . A critical analysis of research in environmental education . Studies in Science Education , 34 : 1 – 69 .
  • HATTIE , J. , MARSH , H.W. , NEILL , J.T. and RICHARDS , G.E. 1997 . Adventure education and outward bound: out-of-class experiences that make a lasting difference . Review of Educational Research , 67 (1) : 43 – 87 .
  • HICKS , D. and HOLDEN , C. 1995 . Exploring the future: a missing dimension in environmental education . Environmental Education Research , 1 (2) : 185 – 193 .
  • HUTCHINSON , F. 1997 . Our children's futures: are there lessons for environmental educators? . Environmental Education Research , 3 (2) : 189 – 201 .
  • INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE . 1970 . International Working Meeting on Environmental Education in the School Curriculum , Paris : UNESCO .
  • INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE, UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME & WORLD WILDLIFE FUND . 1991 . Caring for the Earth: a strategy for sustainable living , Gland , Switzerland : IUCN .
  • IOZZI , L.A. 1981 . Research in Environmental Education 1971-1980 (ED214762) , Columbus , OH : ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education .
  • IOZZI , L.A. 1989 . What research says to the educator. Part one: environmental education and the affective domain . Journal of Environmental Education , 20 (3) : 3 – 9 .
  • IVY , T.G-C. , LEE , C.K-E. and CHUAN , G.K. 1998 . A survey of environmental knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of students in Singapore . International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education , 7 (3) : 181 – 202 .
  • JENSEN , B.B. , KOFOED , J. , UHRENHOLDT , G. and VOGNSEN , C. 1995 . Environmental Education in Denmark-- the Jñ gerspris Project , Publication No. 31 Copenhagen : The Royal Danish School of Educational Studies, Research Centre for Environmental and Health Education .
  • KADJI-BELTRAN , C. 1999 . National Policies for Environmental Education in Europe , Cyprus : Pedagogical Institute of Cyprus .
  • KAHN , P.H. Jr and FRIEDMAN , B. 1995 . Environmental views and values of children in an inner-city black community . Child Development , 66 (5) : 1403 – 1417 .
  • KEIGHLEY , P.W.S. 1997 . The impact of experiences out-of-doors on personal development and environmental attitudes . Horizons , 2 : 27 – 29 .
  • KELIHER , V. 1997 . Children's perceptions of nature . International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education , 6 (3) : 240 – 243 .
  • KORTLAND , J. 1997 . Garbage: dumping, burning and reusing/recycling: students' perception of the waste issue . International Journal of Science Education , 19 (1) : 65 – 77 .
  • KOULAIDIS , V. and CHRISTIDOU , V. 1999 . Models of students' thinking concerning the greenhouse effect and teaching implications . Science Education , 83 (5) : 559 – 576 .
  • KUHLEMEIER , H. , VAN DEN BERGH , H. and LAGERWEIJ , N. 1999 . Environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior in Dutch secondary education . Journal of Environmental Education , 30 (2) : 4 – 14 .
  • KWAN , T. and MILES , J. 1998 . In the words of children and young people: the opinions and concerns about their environments of some Brisbane school students . Australian Journal of Environmental Education , 14 : 11 – 18 .
  • LAI , K.C. 1999 . Freedom to learn: a study of the experiences of secondary school teachers and students in a geography field trip . International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education , 8 (3) : 239 – 255 .
  • LEEMING , F.C. , DWYER , W.O. , PORTER , B.E. and COBERN , M.K. 1993 . Outcome research in environmental education: a critical review . Journal of Environmental Education , 24 (4) : 8 – 21 .
  • LEEMING , F.C. , PORTER , B.E. , DWYER , W.O. , COBERN , M.K. and OLIVER , D.P. 1997 . Effects of participation in class activities on children's environmental attitudes and knowledge . Journal of Environmental Education , 28 (2) : 33 – 42 .
  • LYONS , E. and BREAKWELL , G.M. 1994 . Factors predicting environmental concern and indifference in 13- to 16-year-olds . Environment and Behavior , 26 (2) : 223 – 238 .
  • MALONE , K. 1996 . School and community partnerships in socially critical environmental education: research as activism , Australia : Deakin University . unpublished Doctoral thesis
  • MARCINKOWSKI , T. and MRAZEK , R. , eds. 1996 . Research in Environmental Education 1981-1990 , Troy , OH : North American Association for Environmental Education .
  • MASON , L. and SANTI , M. 1998 . Discussing the greenhouse effect: children's collaborative discourse reasoning and conceptual change . Environmental Education Research , 4 (1) : 67 – 85 .
  • MCCALLUM , B. , HARGREAVES , E. and GIPPS , C. 2000 . Learning: the pupil's voice . Cambridge Journal of Education , 30 (2) : 275 – 289 .
  • MEANS , B. 1998 . Melding authentic science, technology, and inquiry-based teaching: experiences of the GLOBE Program . Journal of Science Education and Technology , 7 (1) : 97 – 105 .
  • MEMBIELA , P. , NOGUEIRAS , E. and SUAREZ , M. 1993 . Students' preconceptions about urban environmental problems and solid waste . Journal of Environmental Education , 24 (2) : 30 – 34 .
  • MEMBIELA , P. , NOGUEIRAS , E. and SUAREZ , M. 1994 . Preconceptions of students about the natural urban environment in a small Spanish city . The Environmentalist , 14 (2) : 131 – 138 .
  • MILTON , B. , CLEVELAND , E. and BENNETT-GATES , D. 1995 . Changing perceptions of nature, self, and others: a report on a Park/School Program . Journal of Environmental Education , 26 (3) : 32 – 39 .
  • MORRIS , M. and SCHAGEN , I. 1996 . Green Attitudes or Learned Responses? , Slough : NFER .
  • MORRIS , M. , NELSON , J. , RICKINSON , M. , STONEY , S. and BENEFIELD , P. 1999 . A Literature Review of Young People's Attitudes Towards Education, Employment and Training , DfEE Research Report 170 London : DfEE .
  • MUNSON , B.H. 1994 . Ecological misconceptions . Journal of Environmental Education , 25 (4) : 30 – 34 .
  • MYERS , G. , BOYES , E. and STANISSTREET , M. 1999 . Something in the air: school students' ideas about air pollution . International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education , 8 (2) : 108 – 119 .
  • NEWHOUSE , N. 1990 . Implications of attitude and behavior research for environmental conservation . Journal of Environmental Education , 22 (1) : 26 – 32 .
  • ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION & DEVELOPMENT . 1995 . Environmental Learning for the 21st Century , Paris : OECD .
  • OSCARSSON , V. 1996 . Pupils' views on the future in Sweden . Environmental Education Research , 2 (3) : 261 – 277 .
  • PALMER , J.A. 1995 . Environmental thinking in the early years: understanding and misunderstanding of concepts related to waste management . Environmental Education Research , 1 (1) : 35 – 45 .
  • PALMER , J.A. 1998 . Environmental Education in the 21st Century: theory, practice, progress and promise , London : Routledge .
  • PALMER , J.A. 1999 . Research matters: a call for the application of empirical evidence to the task of improving the quality and impact of environmental education . Cambridge Journal of Education , 29 (3) : 379 – 395 .
  • PALMER , J.A. , SUGGATE , J. and MATTHEWS , J. 1996 . Environmental cognition: early ideas and misconceptions at the ages of four and six . Environmental Education Research , 2 (3) : 301 – 329 .
  • PARASKEVOPOULOS , S. , PADELIADU , S. and ZAFIROPOULOS , K. 1998 . Environmental knowledge of elementary school students in Greece . Journal of Environmental Education , 29 (3) : 55 – 60 .
  • PARK , J-H. and CHANG , N-K. 1998 . The development and effects of a teaching strategy to foster environmental sensitivity . International Journal of Education and Information , 17 (2) : 167 – 178 .
  • PAYNE , P. 1997 . Embodiment and environmental education . Environmental Education Research , 3 (2) : 133 – 153 .
  • PAYNE , P. 1998a . Childrens' conceptions of nature . Australian Journal of Environmental Education , 14 : 19 – 26 .
  • PAYNE , P. 1998b . “ The politics of nature: childrens conceptions, constructions and values ” . In Environmental Education for Sustainability, Good Environment and Good Life , Edited by: AHLBERG , M. and FILHO , W. Frankfurt : Peter Lang .
  • POLAND , R.H.C. , HALL , G.B. and SMITH , M. 1996 . Turtles and tourists: a hands-on experience of conservation for sixth formers from King's College, Taunton, on the Ionian island of Zakynthos . Journal of Biological Education , 30 (2) : 120 – 128 .
  • POLLARD , A. and FILER , A. 1996 . The Social World of Children's Learning: case studies of pupils from four to seven , London : Cassell .
  • POLLARD , A. , THIESSEN , D. and FILER , A. 1997 . Children and their Curriculum: the perspectives of primary and elementary school children , London : Falmer Press .
  • POTTS , A. , STANISSTREET , M. and BOYES , E. 1996 . Children's ideas about the ozone layer and opportunities for physics teaching . School Science Review , 78 (283) : 57 – 61 .
  • PRELLE , S. and SOLOMON , J. 1996 . Young people's `general approach’ to environmental issues in England and Germany . Compare , 26 (1) : 91 – 101 .
  • QUALIFICATIONS AND CURRICULUM AUTHORITY . 1999 . The National Curriculum: handbook for secondary teachers in England. Key Stages 3 and 4 , London : QCA .
  • QUALTER , A. , FRANCIS , C. , BOYES , E. and STANISSTREET , M. 1995 . The greenhouse effect: what do primary children think? . Education 3-13 , 23 (2) : 28 – 31 .
  • RAMSEY , J.M. 1993 . The effects of issue investigation and action training on eighth-grade students environmental behavior . Journal of Environmental Education , 24 (3) : 31 – 36 .
  • REISS , M.J. 2000 . Understanding Science Lessons: five years of science teaching , Buckingham : Open University Press .
  • REVELL , T. , STANISSTREET , M. and BOYES , E. 1994 . Children's views about marine pollution . International Journal of Environmental Studies , 45 : 245 – 260 .
  • RICKINSON , M. 1999 . People-environment issues in the geography classroom: towards an understanding of students' experiences . International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education , 8 (2) : 120 – 139 .
  • RICKINSON , M. Making Sense of Environmental Educational Research as an Evidence Base . Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Annual Conference . April 13 , Seattle .
  • RIECHARD , D.E. and MCGARRITY , J. 1994 . Early adolescents' perceptions of relative risk from 10 societal and environmental hazards . Journal of Environmental Education , 26 (1) : 16 – 23 .
  • RIECHARD , D.E. and PETERSON , S.J. 1998 . Perception of environmental risk related to gender, community socioeconomic setting, age, and locus of control . Journal of Environmental Education , 30 (1) : 11 – 19 .
  • ROBOTTOM , I. and HART , P. 1993 . Research in Environmental Education: Engaging the Debate , Geelong , Victoria : Deakin University .
  • ROPER STARCH WORLDWIDE . 1994 . Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors of American Youth with an Emphasis on Youth from Disadvantaged Areas (ED 381 599) , Washington, DC : National Environmental Education and Training Foundation .
  • RUDDUCK , J. , CHAPLAIN , R. and WALLACE , G. , eds. 1996 . School Improvement: what can pupils tell us? , London : David Fulton .
  • SCHINDLER , G. 1993 . The Environment and School Initiatives (ENSI). II: the confl ict . Educational Action Research , 1 (3) : 457 – 469 .
  • SCOTT , W. 2000 . Qualitative methods of inquiry (Special Issue) . Environmental Education Research , 6 (1) (whole issue)
  • SILVER , M. Nature nearby for young children . paper presented at the East Tennessee State University Center's Early Childhood Conference . July 17-18 , Johnson City , TN .
  • SIMMONS , D.A. 1994a . A comparison of urban children's and adults' preferences and comfort levels for natural areas . Environmental Education and Information , 13 (4) : 399 – 414 .
  • SIMMONS , D.A. 1994b . Urban children's preferences for nature: lessons for environmental education . Children's Environments , 11 (3) : 194 – 203 .
  • SIMMONS , M.R. 1998 . A Study of High School Students' Attitudes Toward the Environment and Completion of an Environmental Science Course (ED 423 119) , Washington, DC : US Department of Education, Educational Resources Information Centre .
  • SMITH-SEBASTO , N.J. 1995 . The effects of an environmental studies course on selected variables related to environmentally responsible behaviour . Journal of Environmental Education , 26 (4) : 30 – 4 .
  • SOOHOO , S. 1993 . Students as partners in research and restructuring schools . The Educational Reform , 57 (4) : 386 – 393 .
  • STROMMEN , E. 1995 . Lions and tigers and bears, oh my! Childrens conceptions of forests and their inhabitants . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 32 (7) : 683 – 698 .
  • THIESSEN , D. 1997 . “ Knowing about, acting on behalf of, and working with primary pupils perspectives: three levels of engagement with research ” . In Children and their Curriculum: The Perspectives of Primary and Elementary School Children , Edited by: POLLARD , A. , THIESSEN , D. and FILER , A. London : Falmer Press .
  • UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT . 1992 . Agenda 21: the United Nations Programme of Action from Rio , New York , NY : United Nations .
  • UZZELL , D. 1999 . Education for environmental action in the community: new roles and relationships . Cambridge Journal of Education , 29 (3) : 397 – 413 .
  • UZZELL , D. , DAVALLON , J. , FONTES , P.J. , GOTTESDIENER , H. , JENSEN , B.B. , KOFOED , J. , UHRENHOLDT , G. and VOGNSEN , C. 1994 . Children as Catalysts of Environmental Change: report of an investigation on environmental education. Final report , Brussels : European Commission .
  • UZZELL , D.L. , RUTLAND , A. and WHISTANCE , D. 1995 . “ Questioning values in environmental education ” . In Values and the Environment: a social science perspective , Edited by: GUERRIER , Y. , ALEXANDER , N. , CHASE , J. and OBRIEN , M. Chichester : John Wiley .
  • WAGNER , E. 1997 . Environmental Attitudes in the Elementary Grades: a bibliographic essay (ED 412 075) , Atlanta , GA : Emory University .
  • WALS , A.E.J. 1994a . Nobody planted it, it just grew! Young adolescents' perceptions and experiences of nature in the context of urban environmental education . Children's Environments , 11 (3) : 177 – 193 .
  • WALS , A.E.J. 1994b . Pollution Stinks! Young adolescents' perceptions of nature and environmental issues with implications for education in urban settings , DeLier , The Netherlands : Academic Book Center .
  • WILLIAMS , M. , ed. 1996 . Understanding Geographical and Environmental Education: the role of research , London : Cassell .
  • WYLIE , J. , SHEEHY , N. , MCGUINNESS , C. and ORCHARD , G. 1998 . Children's thinking about air pollution: a systems theory analysis . Environmental Education Research , 4 (2) : 117 – 137 .
  • YEUNG , S.P-M. 1995 . Environmental consciousness and geography teaching in Hong Kong: an empirical study . Environmental Education and Information , 14 (2) : 171 – 194 .
  • YEUNG , S.P-M. 1998 . Environmental consciousness among students in senior secondary schools: the case of Hong Kong . Environmental Education Research , 4 (3) : 251 – 268 .
  • ZELEZNY , L.C. 1999 . Educational interventions that improve environmental behaviors: a meta-analysis . Journal of Environmental Education , 31 (1) : 5 – 14 .
  • ZIMMERMANN , L.K. 1996 . Knowledge, affect, and the environment: 15 years of research (1979-1993) . Journal of Environmental Education , 27 (3) : 41 – 44 .
  • Appendix 1: Further details of literature search procedures

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.