Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: lessons from research in zoos and aquariums

References

• Adelman , L. , Dierking , L. D. , Coulson , D. , Haley‐Goldman , K. and Adams , M. 2001a . Baseline impact study: conservation station , Annapolis, MD : Institute for Learning Innovation .
   Google Scholar
• Adelman , L. , Falk , J. H. and James , S. 2000 . Assessing the National Aquarium in Baltimore’s impact on visitors’ conservation knowledge, attitudes and behaviors . Curator , 43 (1) : 33 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Adelman , L. , Haley‐Goldman , K. and Falk , J. H. 2001b . Phase 2 impact study: the National Aquarium in Baltimore , Annapolis, MD : Institute for Learning Innovation .
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I. 1991 . The theory of planned behaviour . Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes , 50 : 179 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I. 1992 . “ Persuasive communication theory in social psychology: a historical perspective ” . In Influencing human behaviour: theory and applications in recreation, tourism, and natural resource management , Edited by: Manfredo , M. J. 1 – 27 . Champaign, IL : Sagamore .
   Google Scholar
• American Zoo and Aquarium Association . 2003 . Program animal position statement Available online at: http://www.aza.org/ConEd/proganimalposition (accessed 1 March 2005).
   Google Scholar
• American Zoo and Aquarium Association . 2005 . Conservation education in zoos and aquariums Available online at http://www.aza.org/ConEd/ConEdHistory2/ (accessed 1 March 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne , R. and Hughes , K. 2006 . Using front‐end and formative evaluation to design and test persuasive bird feeding warning signs . Tourism Management , 27 (2) : 235 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne , R. and Packer , J. 2005 . Promoting environmentally sustainable attitudes and behaviour through free‐choice learning experiences: what is the state of the game? . Environmental Education Research , 11 (3) : 21 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne , R. , Crabtree , A. , Ham , S. , Hughes , K. and Weiler , B. 2000 . Tour guiding: developing effective communication and interpretation techniques , Brisbane : Queensland, Queensland University of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne , R. , Fien , J. and Packer , J. 2001 . School environmental education programme impacts upon student and family learning: a case study analysis . Environmental Education Research , 7 (1) : 23 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Ben‐Ari , E. T. 2001 . What’s new at the zoo? . BioScience , 51 (3) : 172 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Bielick , S. and Karns , D. 1998 . Still thinking about thinking: a 1997 telephone follow‐up study of visitors to the Think Tank exhibition at the National Zoological Park , Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution, Institutional Studies Office .
   Google Scholar
• Carr , B. L. 2005 . Conservation education in zoos and aquariums Available online at: http://www.aza.org/ConEd/ConEdHistory1/ (accessed 2 February 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Coll , R. K. , Tofield , S. , Vyle , B. and Bolstad , R. Free‐choice learning at a metropolitan zoo . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for research in Science Teaching . March 23–26 , Philadelphia, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Davis , S. G. 1997 . Spectacular nature: corporate culture and the Sea World experience , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• de Place , E. 2005 . The case for charisma Avaqilable online at: http://www.sightline.org/daily_score/archive/2005/05/11/the_case_for_ch (accessed 25 September 2005).
   Google Scholar
• de White , T. G. and Jacobson , S. K. 1994 . Evaluating conservation education programs at a South American zoo . Journal of Environmental Education , 25 (4) : 18 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Dettmann‐Easler , D. and Pease , J. L. 1999 . Evaluating the effectiveness of residential environmental education programs in fostering positive attitudes toward wildlife . The Journal of Environmental Education , 31 (1) : 323 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Dierking , L. D. , Adelman , L. M. , Ogden , J. , Lehnhardt , K. , Miller , L. and Mellen , J. D. 2004 . Using a behaviour change model to document the impact of visits to Disney’s Animal Kingdom: a study investigating intended conservation action . Curator , 47 (3) : 322 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Dierking , L. D. , Burtnyk , K. , Büchner , K. S. and Falk , J. H. 2002 . American Zoo and Aquarium Association Multi‐Institutional Research Project Literature Review , Annapolis, MD : Institute for Learning Innovation .
   Google Scholar
• Duffus , D. A. and Dearden , P. 1990 . Non‐consumptive wildlife‐oriented recreation: a conceptual framework . Biological Conservation , 53 : 213 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap , J. and Kellert , S. R. 1989 . Informal learning at the zoo: a study of attitude and knowledge impacts , Philadelphia, PA : Zoological Society of Philadelphia .
   Google Scholar
• Ebersole , R. S. 2001 . The new zoo Available online at: http://magazine.audubon.org/features0111/newzoo.html (accessed 13 July 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Falk , J. H. and Adelman , L. M. 2003 . Investigating the impacts of prior knowledge and interest on aquarium visitor learning . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 40 (2) : 163 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk , J. H. and Dierking , L. D. 2000 . Learning from museums: visitor experiences and the making of meaning , Walnut Creek, CA : AltaMira Press .
   Google Scholar
• Falk , J. H. , Moussouri , T. and Coulson , D. 1998 . The effect of visitors’ agendas on museum learning . Curator , 21 (2) : 106 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Gates , L. J. and Ellis , J. A. 1999 . The role of animal presentations in zoo education . International Zoo News , 46 (6) : 7 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. J. and Higginbottom , K. 2000 . The effects of non‐consumptive wildlife tourism on free‐ranging wildlife: a review . Pacific Conservation Biology , 6 : 183 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Ham , S. H. and Krumpe , E. E. 1996 . Identifying audiences and messages for nonformal environmental education—a theoretical framework for interpreters . Journal of Interpretation , 1 (1) : 11 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Ham , S. H. and Weiler , B. 2002 . “ Interpretation as the centrepiece of sustainable wildlife tourism ” . In Sustainable tourism: a global perspective , Edited by: Harris , R. , Griffin , T. and Williams , P. 35 – 44 . Oxford : Butterworth Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Hayward , J. 1995 . Conservation baseline: visitor research for the Monterey Bay Aquarium , Northampton, MA : People, Places, & Design Research .
   Google Scholar
• Hayward , J. and Rothenberg , M. 2004 . Measuring success in the ‘Congo Gorilla Forest’ conservation exhibition . Curator , 47 (3) : 261 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Higginbottom , K. and Tribe , A. 2004 . “ Contributions of wildlife tourism to conservation ” . In Wildlife tourism: impacts, management and planning , Edited by: Higginbottom , K. 99 – 123 . Altona : Victoria, Australia, Common Ground Publishing [for] CRC Sustainable Tourism .
   Google Scholar
• Higham , J. E. S. 1998 . Tourists and albatrosses: the dynamics of tourism at the Northern Royal Albatross Colony, Taiaroa Head, New Zealand . Tourism Management , 19 (6) : 521 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzer , D. , Scott , D. and Bixler , R. D. 1998 . Socialisation influences on adult zoo visitation . Journal of Applied Recreation Research , 23 (1) : 43 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , J. 1999 . Research in progress: does environmental interpretation influence behaviour through knowledge or affect? . Australian Journal of Environmental Education , : 15 – 16 . 153 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , R. J. 1998 . Exogenous factors and visitor behaviour: a regression analysis of exhibit viewing time . Environment and Behaviour , 30 (3) : 322 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd , A. H. , Kidd , R. M. and Zasloff , R. L. 1995 . Developmental factors in positive attitudes toward zoo animals . Psychological Reports , 76 : 71 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse , C. K. and Card , J. A. 2004 . Effects of a conservation education camp program on campers’ self‐reported knowledge, attitude and behaviour . The Journal of Environmental Education , 35 (4) : 33 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Malamud , R. 1998 . Reading zoos: representations of animals and captivity , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , P. 2000 . Zoo tourism: the need for more research . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 8 (4) : 333 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Milson , J. L. 1990 . Museums, zoos and aquariums partners in teaching and learning . Education , 110 (4) : 521 – 526 .
   Google Scholar
• Monroe , M. M. 2003 . Two avenues for encouraging conservation behaviours . Human Ecology Review , 10 (2) : 113 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , J. M. and Gramann , J. H. 1989 . Predicting effectiveness of wildlife education programs: a study of students’ attitudes and knowledge toward snakes . Wildlife Society Bulletin , 17 : 501 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscardo , G. 1998 . Interpretation and sustainable tourism: functions, examples and principles . The Journal of Tourism Studies , 9 (1) : 2 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Moscardo , G. 1999 . Making visitors mindful: principles for creating sustainable visitor experiences though effective communication , Champaign, IL : Sagamore Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Moscardo , G. and Saltzer , R. 2004 . “ Understanding wildlife tourism markets ” . In Wildlife tourism: impacts, management and planning , Edited by: Higginbottom , K. 167 – 185 . Altona : Victoria, Australia, Common Ground Publishing [for] CRC Sustainable Tourism .
   Google Scholar
• Moscardo , G. , Ballantyne , R. and Hughes , K. 2007 . Interpretive signs: principles in practice , Golden, CO : Fulcrum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moscardo , G. , Woods , B. and Greenwood , T. 2000 . Understanding visitor perspectives on wildlife tourism fact sheet Available online at: http://www.crctourism.com.au/CRCbookshop/Documents/Factsheets/ENV002Visitors%20.pdf/ (accessed 9 March 2005).
   Google Scholar
• Myers , O. E. , Saunders , C. D. and Birjulin , A. A. 2004 . Emotional dimensions of watching zoo animals: an experience sampling study building on insights from psychology . Curator , 47 (3) : 299 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Ogden , J. , Routman , E. , Vernon , C. , Wagner , K. , Winsten , K. , Falk , J. , Saunders , C. and Reinhard , E. 2004 . “ Inspiring understanding, caring and conservation action: do we or don’t we? ” . In Communique 10 – 11 . 13 43
   Google Scholar
• Orams , M. 1994 . Creating effective interpretation for managing interaction between tourists and wildlife . Australian Journal of Environmental Education , 10 : 21 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Orams , M. 1996 . Using interpretation to manage nature‐based tourism . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 4 (2) : 81 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Orams , M. and Hill , G. J. E. 1998 . Controlling the ecotourist in a wild dolphin feeding program: is education the answer? . Journal of Environmental Education , 29 (3) : 33 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Packer , J. 2006 . Learning for fun: the unique contribution of educational leisure experiences . Curator , 49 (3) : 329 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Packer , J. and Ballantyne , R . 2002 . Motivational factors and the visitor experience: a comparison of three sites . Curator , 45 (3) : 183 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Packer , J. and Ballantyne , R. 2004 . Is educational leisure a contradiction in terms?: Exploring the synergy of education and entertainment . Annals of Leisure Research , 7 (1) : 54 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Rabb , G. B. 2004 . The evolution of zoos from menageries to centres of conservation and caring . Curator , 47 (3) : 237 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Reade , L. S. and Waran , N. K. 1996 . The modern zoo: how do people perceive zoo animals? . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 47 : 109 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , P. C. and Braithwaite , D. 2001 . Towards a conceptual framework for wildlife tourism . Tourism Management , 22 (1) : 31 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , C. and Saward , J. 2004 . The zoo as ecotourism attraction—visitor reaction, perceptions and management implications: the case of Hamilton Zoo, New Zealand . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 12 (3) : 245 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Serrell , B. 1981 . The role of zoological parks and aquariums in environmental education . Journal of Environmental Education , 12 (3) : 41 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackley , M. 1996 . Wildlife tourism , London : Thompson Business Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shettel‐Neuber , J. 1988 . Second‐and third‐generation zoo exhibits: a comparison of visitor, staff, and animal responses . Environment and Behavior , 20 (4) : 452 – 473 .
   Google Scholar
• Swanagan , J. S. 2000 . Factors influencing zoo visitors’ conservation attitudes and behaviour . Journal of Environmental Education , 31 (4) : 26 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Tofield , S. , Coll , R. K. , Vyle , B. and Bolstad , R. 2003 . Zoos as a source of free choice learning . Research in Science and Technological Education , 21 (1) : 67 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Turley , S. K. 1999 . Conservation and tourism in the traditional UK zoo . The Journal of Tourism Studies , 10 (2) : 2 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , C. and Tisdell , C. 2001 . Sea turtles as a non‐consumptive tourism resource especially in Australia . Tourism Management , 22 : 279 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods , B. 1998 . Animals on display: principles for interpreting captive wildlife . The Journal of Tourism Studies , 9 (1) : 28 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Woods , B. 2000 . Beauty and the beast: preferences for animals in Australia . The Journal of Tourism Studies , 11 (2) : 25 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Yalowitz , S. S. 2004 . Evaluating visitor conservation research at the Monterey Bay Aquarium . Curator , 47 (3) : 283 – 297 .
   Google Scholar
• Yerke , R. and Burns , A. Measuring the impact of animal shows on visitor attitudes . Annual Conference Proceedings of American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums . San Diego : California .
   Google Scholar