Exploring adaptability through learning layers and learning loops

References

• Adger , W.N. , Lorenzoni , I. and O'Brien , K.L. 2009a . “ Adaptation now ” . In Adapting to climate change: Thresholds, values, governance , Edited by: Adger , W.N. , Lorenzoni , I. and O'Brien , K.L. 1 – 22 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Adger , W.N. , Lorenzoni , I. and O'Brien , K.L. 2009b . Adapting to climate change: Thresholds, values, governance , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anderies , J. and Norberg , J. 2008 . “ Theoretical challenges: Information processing and navigation in social–ecological systems ” . In Complexity theory for a sustainable future , Edited by: Norberg , J. and Cumming , G.S. 155 – 79 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Argyris , C. and Schön , D.A. 1978 . A theory of action perspective , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Argyris , C. and Schön , D.A. 1996 . Organizational learning II: Theory, method and practice , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Armitage , D.R. 2008 . Governance and the commons in a multi‐level world . International Journal of the Commons , 2 ( 1 ) : 7 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Armitage , D.R. , Marschke , M. and Plummer , R. 2008 . Adaptive co‐management and the paradox of learning . Global Environmental Change , 18 ( 1 ) : 86 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , C.J. and Howlett , M. 1992 . The lessons of learning: Reconciling theories of policy learning and policy change . Policy Sciences , 25 ( 3 ) : 275 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkes , F. , Armitage , D.R. and Doubleday , N. 2007 . Adaptive co‐management: Collaboration, learning, and multi‐level governance , Vancouver : UBC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berkhout , F. , Hertin , J. and Gann , D. 2006 . Learning to adapt: Organisational adaptation to climate change impacts . Climatic Change , 78 ( 1 ) : 135 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackmore , C. 2007 . What kinds of knowledge, knowing and learning are required for addressing resource dilemmas? A theoretical overview . Environmental Science & Policy , 10 ( 6 ) : 512 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , N. 2003 . “ Vulnerability, risk and adaptation: A conceptual framework ” . Tyndall Centre : University of East Anglia . Faculty Working Paper 38
   Google Scholar
• Busenberg , G.J. 2001 . Learning in organizations and public policy . Journal of Public Policy , 21 ( 2 ) : 173 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , S. and Brock , W. 2008 . Adaptive capacity and traps . Ecology and Society , 13 ( 2 ) art. 40. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art40/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , S. , Walker , B. , Anderies , J. and Abel , N. 2001 . From metaphor to measurement: Resilience of what to what? . Ecosystems , 4 ( 8 ) : 765 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash , D. , Adger , W.N. , Berkes , F. , Garden , P. , Lebel , L. , Olsson , P. , Pritchard , L. and Young , O. 2006 . Scale and cross‐scale dynamics: Governance and information in a multilevel world . Ecology and Society , 11 ( 2 ) art. 8. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art8/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , W.C. and Dickson , N.M. 2003 . Sustainability science: The emerging research program . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 100 ( 14 ) : 8059 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossan , M. and Berdrow , I. 2003 . Organizational learning and strategic renewal . Strategic Management Journal , 24 ( 11 ) : 1087 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossan , M. , Lane , H. and White , R. 1999 . An organizational learning framework: From intuition to institution . Academy of Management Review , 34 ( 3 ) : 522 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , J.M. 2005 . Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed , New York : Viking .
   Google Scholar
• Duit , A. and Galaz , V. 2008 . Governance and complexity: Emerging issues for governance theory . Governance , 21 ( 3 ) : 311 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folke , C. , Carpenter , S.R. , Elmqvist , T. , Gunderson , L. , Holling , C.S. and Walker , B. 2002 . Resilience and sustainable development: Building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations . Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment , 31 ( 5 ) : 437 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folke , C. , Colding , J. and Berkes , F. 2003 . “ Synthesis: Building resilience and adaptive capacity in social–ecological systems ” . In Navigating social–ecological systems: Building resilience for complexity and change , Edited by: Berkes , F. , Colding , J. and Folke , C. 352 – 87 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Folke , C. , Hahn , T. , Olsson , P. and Norberg , J. 2005 . Adaptive governance of social–ecological systems . Annual Review of Environment and Resources , 30 ( 1 ) : 441 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folke , C. and Rockström , J. 2009 . Turbulent times . Global Environmental Change , 19 ( 1 ) : 1 – 3 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallopín , G.C. 2006 . Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity . Global Environmental Change , 16 ( 3 ) : 293 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson , L. 2000 . Ecological resilience – In theory and application . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 31 ( 1 ) : 425 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Gunderson , L. , Carpenter , S.R. , Folke , C. , Olsson , P. and Peterson , G. 2006 . Water rats (resilience, adaptability, and transformability) in lake and wetland social–ecological systems . Ecology and Society , 11 ( 1 ) art. 16. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art16/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , P.A. 1993 . Policy paradigms, social learning, and the state: The case of economic policymaking in Britain . Comparative Politics , 25 ( 3 ) : 275 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , L. , Haedrich , R. and Duncan , C. 2004 . Above and below the water: Social/ecological transformation in northwest Newfoundland . Population and Environment , 25 ( 6 ) : 195 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Healey , P. 2006 . Transforming governance: Challenges of institutional adaptation and a new politics of space . European Planning Studies , 14 ( 3 ) : 299 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holling , C.S. 1996 . Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management . Conservation Biology , 10 ( 2 ) : 328 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holling , C.S. 2001 . Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems . Ecosystems , 4 ( 5 ) : 390 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotimsky , S. , Cobb , R. and Bond , A. 2006 . Contracts or scripts? A critical review of the application of institutional theories to the study of environmental change . Ecology and Society , 11 ( 1 ) art. 41. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art41/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchings , J. and Myers , R. 1994 . What can be learned from the collapse of a renewable resource? Atlantic cod, gadus morhua, of Newfoundland and Labrador . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 51 ( 9 ) : 2126 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen , M.A. , Anderies , J.M. and Ostrom , E. 2007 . Robustness of social–ecological systems to spatial and temporal variability . Society & Natural Resources , 20 ( 4 ) : 307 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan , A. 2008 . The governance of sustainable development: Taking stock and looking forwards . Environment and Planning C – Government and Policy , 26 ( 1 ) : 17 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keen , M. and Mahanty , S. 2006 . Learning in sustainable natural resource management: Challenges and opportunities in the Pacific . Society and Natural Resources: An International Journal , 19 ( 6 ) : 497 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjær , A.M. 2004 . Governance , Malden, MA : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kooiman , J. 2003 . Governing as governance , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , S. 2003 . Complex adaptive systems: Exploring the known, the unknown and the unknowable . Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society , 40 ( 1 ) : 3 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , S. and Harvey , J. 1999 . Fragile dominion: Complexity and the commons , Reading, MA : Perseus .
   Google Scholar
• Lundholm , C. and Plummer , R. 2010 . Resilience and learning: A conspectus for environmental education . Environmental Education Research , 16 ( 5–6 ) : 475 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maarleveld , M. and Dabgbégnon , C. 1999 . Managing natural resources: A social learning perspective . Agriculture and Human Values , 16 ( 3 ) : 267 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• March , J.G. 1991 . Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning . Organization Science , 2 ( 1 ) : 71 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March , J.G. and Olsen , J.P. 1989 . Rediscovering institutions: The organizational basis of politics , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mostert , E. , Pahl‐Wostl , C. , Rees , Y. , Searle , B. , Tabara , D. and Tippett , J. 2007 . Social learning in European river‐basin management: Barriers and fostering mechanisms from 10 river basins . Ecology and Society , 12 ( 1 ) art. 19. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art19/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , D.R. 2009 . “ Conclusions: Transforming the world ” . In Adapting to climate change: Thresholds, values, governance , Edited by: Adger , W.N. , Lorenzoni , I. and O'Brien , K.L. 491 – 500 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Norberg , J. and Cumming , G.S. 2008 . Complexity theory for a sustainable future , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Normile , D. 2009 . Restoring a ‘biological desert’ on Borneo . Science , 325 ( 5940 ) : 557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North , D. 1990 . Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Olsson , P. , Folke , C. , Galaz , V. , Hahn , T. and Schultz , L. 2007 . Enhancing the fit through adaptive co‐management: Creating and maintaining bridging functions for matching scales in the Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve, Sweden . Ecology and Society , 12 ( 1 ) art. 28. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss1/art28/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson , P. , Gunderson , L.H. , Carpenter , S.R. , Ryan , P. , Lebel , L. , Folke , C. and Holling , C.S. 2006 . Shooting the rapids: Navigating transitions to adaptive governance of social–ecological systems . Ecology and Society , 11 ( 1 ) art. 18. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art18/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlove , B. 2005 . Human adaptation to climate change: A review of three historical cases and some general perspectives . Environmental Science & Policy , 8 ( 6 ) : 589 – 600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom , E. 2005 . Understanding institutional diversity , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pahl‐Wostl , C. , Tabara , D. , Bouwen , R. , Craps , M. , Dewulf , A. , Mostert , E. , Ridder , D. and Taillieu , T. 2008 . The importance of social learning and culture for sustainable water management . Ecological Economics , 64 ( 3 ) : 484 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , G. , Cumming , G.S. and Carpenter , S.R. 2003 . Scenario planning: A tool for conservation in an uncertain world . Conservation Biology , 17 ( 2 ) : 358 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierre , J. and Peters , B. 2005 . Governing complex societies: Trajectories and scenarios , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Pierson , P. 2004 . Politics in time: History, institutions, and social analysis , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Plummer , R. 2010 . Social–ecological resilience and environmental education: Synopsis, application, implications . Environmental Education Research , 16 ( 5–6 ) : 493 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plummer , R. and Armitage , D.R. 2010 . “ Integrating perspectives on adaptive capacity and environmental governance ” . In Adaptive capacity and environmental governance , Edited by: Armitage , D. and Plummer , R. 1 – 19 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Rist , S. , Chiddambaranathan , M. , Escobar , C. and Wiesmann , U. 2006 . ‘It was hard to come to mutual understanding…’ – The multidimensionality of social learning processes concerned with sustainable natural resource use in India, Africa and Latin America . Systemic Practice and Action Research , 19 ( 3 ) : 219 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockström , J. , Steffen , W. , Noone , K. , Persson , Å. , Chapin , F.S. , Lambin , E.F. Lenton , T.M. 2009 . A safe operating space for humanity . Nature , 461 ( 7263 ) : 472 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein , B. 1992 . Explaining Swedish corporatism: The formative moment . Scandinavian Political Studies , 15 ( 3 ) : 173 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Schusler , T. , Decker , D. and Pfeffer , M. 2003 . Social learning for collaborative natural resource management . Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal , 16 ( 4 ) : 309 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöstrand , S.‐E. 1992 . “ On institutions and institutional change ” . Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet, Handelshögskolan Stockholm . Research report
   Google Scholar
• Smit , B. and Wandel , J. 2006 . Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability . Global Environmental Change , 16 ( 3 ) : 282 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stagl , S. 2007 . Theoretical foundations of learning processes for sustainable development . International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology , 14 ( 1 ) : 52 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen , W. , Crutzen , P. and McNeill , J.R. 2007 . The anthropocene: Are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature . AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment , 36 ( 8 ) : 614 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling , S. 2010 . Learning for resilience, or the resilient learner? Towards a necessary reconciliation in a paradigm of sustainable education . Environmental Education Research , 16 ( 5–6 ) : 511 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tainter , J.A. 1988 . The collapse of complex societies , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , K. and Allen , S. 2006 . The learning organisation: A meta‐analysis of themes in literature . The Learning Organization , 13 ( 2 ) : 123 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , B. , Holling , C.S. , Carpenter , S. and Kinzig , A. 2004 . Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems . Ecology and Society , 9 ( 2 ) art. 5. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , B. and Salt , D. 2006 . Resilience thinking: Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world , Washington, DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wals , A.E.J. , ed. 2007 . Social learning towards a sustainable world: Principles, perspectives and praxis , Wageningen : Wageningen Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Winswold , M. , Stokke , K.B. , Erling Klausen , J. and Saglie , I.‐L. 2009 . “ Organizational learning and governance in adaptation in urban development ” . In Adapting to climate change: Thresholds, values, governance , Edited by: Adger , W.N. , Lorenzoni , I. and O'Brien , K.L. 476 – 90 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Young , O.R. , King , L.A. and Schroeder , H. 2008 . Institutions and environmental change: Principal findings, applications, and research frontiers , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar