Plants have a chance: outdoor educational programmes alter students' knowledge and attitudes towards plants

References

• Baumert , K. , Herzog , T. and Pershing , J. 2006 . Navigating the numbers: Greenhouse gas data and international climate policy , Washington, DC : World Resource Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Bebbington , A. 2005 . The ability of A‐level student to name plants . Journal of Biological Education , 32 ( 2 ) : 62 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• DiEnno , C. and Hilton , S. 2005 . High school students' knowledge, attitudes, and levels of enjoyment of an environmental education unit on non‐native plants . Journal of Environmental Education , 37 ( 1 ) : 13 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Dudley , N. 2005 . “ Impact of forest loss and degradation on biodiversity ” . In Forest restoration in landscapes , Edited by: Mansourian , S. and Vallauri , D. vol. XXVIII , 17 – 21 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Eshach , H. 2007 . Bringing in‐school and out of school learning: Formal, non‐formal and informal education . Journal of Science Education and Technology , 16 ( 2 ) : 171 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Fančovičová , J. and Prokop , P. 2010 . Development and initial psychometric assessment of the Plant Attitude Questionnaire . Journal of Science Education and Technology , 19 ( 5 ) : 415 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fančovičová , J. and Prokop , P. 2011 . Children's ability to recognise toxic and non‐toxic fruits: A preliminary study . Energy Education Science and Technology Part B: Social and Educational Studies , 3 ( 3 ) : 497 – 504 .
   Google Scholar
• Fernández‐Manzanal , R. , Barreiro , L.M.R. and Jimenez , M.C. 1999 . Relationship between ecology fieldwork and student attitudes toward environmental protection . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 36 ( 4 ) : 431 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatt , S. , Tunnicliffe , S. , Borg , K. and Lautier , K. 2007 . Young Maltese children's ideas about plants . Journal of Biological Education , 41 ( 3 ) : 117 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorsuch , R. 1983 . Factor analysis. , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Grime , J. 1998 . Essay review: Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems – Immediate filter and founder effects . Journal of Ecology , 86 ( 6 ) : 902 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruenewald , D.A. 2003 . Foundations of place: A multidisciplinary framework for place‐conscious education . American Educational Research Journal , 40 ( 3 ) : 619 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton‐Ekeke , J. 2007 . Relative effectiveness of expository and field trip methods of teaching on students' achievement in ecology . International Journal of Science Education , 29 ( 15 ) : 1869 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , M.R. 1989 . Children's experiences with vegetation . Children's Environment Quarterly , 6 ( 1 ) : 36 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Heerwagen , J. and Orians , G. 1993 . “ Humans, habitats, and aesthetics ” . In The biophilia hypothesis , Edited by: Kellert , S.R. and Wilson , E.O. 138 – 72 . Washington, DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heimlich , J.E. and Ardoin , N.M. 2008 . Understanding behavior to understand behavior change: A literature review . Environmental Education Research , 14 ( 3 ) : 215 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , J. , Shim , K. and Chang , N. 1998 . A study of Korean middle school students' interests in biology and their implications for biology education . International Journal of Science Education , 20 ( 8 ) : 989 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaac , S. and Michael , W.B. 1972 . Handbook in research and evaluation , San Diego, CA : Robert Knapp .
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser , F. , Wolfing , S. and Fuhrer , U. 1999 . Environmental attitude and ecological behaviour . Journal of Environmental Psychology , 19 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , H. 1996 . A theory of fertility and parental investment in traditional and modern human societies . Yearbook of Physical Anthropology , 39 : 91 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kareiva , P. and Marvier , M. 2003 . Conserving biodiversity coldspots . American Scientist , 91 ( 4 ) : 344 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinchin , I. 1999 . Investigating secondary‐school girls' preferences for animals or plants: A simple ‘head‐to‐head’ comparison using two unfamiliar organisms . Journal of Biological Education , 33 ( 2 ) : 95 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzig , A. , Pacal , S. and Tilman , D. 2002 . The functional consequences of biodiversity: Empirical progress and theoretical expectations , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kollmuss , A. and Agyeman , J. 2002 . Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro‐environmental behavior? . Environmental Education Research , 8 ( 3 ) : 239 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhlemeier , H. , Van Den Bergh , H. and Lagerweij , N. 1999 . Environmental knowledge, attitudes and behavior in Dutch secondary education . Journal of Environmental Education , 30 ( 2 ) : 4 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindemann‐Matthies , P. 2005 . ‘Loveable’ mammals and ‘lifeless’ plants: How children's interest in common local organisms can be enhanced through observation of nature . International Journal of Science Education , 27 ( 6 ) : 655 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippa , R. 2002 . Gender, nature, and nurture , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Lohr , V. and Pearson‐Mims , C. 2005 . Children's active and passive interactions with plants influence their attitudes and action toward trees and gardening as adults . HortTechnology , 15 ( 3 ) : 472 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr , V. , Pearson‐Mims , C. , Tarnai , J. and Dillman , D. 2004 . How urban residents rate and rank the benefits and problems associated with trees in cities . Journal of Arboriculture , 30 ( 1 ) : 28 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Martín‐López , B. , Montes , C. and Benayas , J. 2007 . The non‐economic motives behind the willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation . Biological Conservation , 139 ( 1–2 ) : 67 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascia , M. , Brosius , J. , Dobson , T. , Forbes , B. , Horowitz , L. , McKean , M. and Turner , N. 2003 . Conservation and the social sciences . Conservation Biology , 17 ( 3 ) : 649 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito , T. , Matsuda , T. , Intasuwan , P. , Chuawanlee , W. , Thanachanan , S. , Ounthitiwat , J. and Fukushima , M. 2010 . Gratitude for, and regret toward, nature: Relationships to proenvironmental intent of university students from Japan . Social Behavior and Personality , 38 ( 7 ) : 993 – 1008 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnaly , J. 1978 . Psychometric theory , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Passey , R. , Morris , M. and Reed , F. 2010 . Impact of school gardening on learning: Final report submitted to the Royal Horticultural Society , London : RHS .
   Google Scholar
• Price , E.A. , Vining , J. and Saunders , C.D. 2009 . Intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in a nonformal environmental education program . ZOO Biology , 28 ( 5 ) : 361 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokop , P. , Prokop , M. and Tunnicliffe , S. 2007 . Is biology boring? Student attitudes toward biology . Journal of Biological Education , 42 ( 1 ) : 36 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokop , P. , Tuncer , G. and Chudá , J. 2007 . Slovakian students' attitudes toward biology . Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education , 3 ( 4 ) : 287 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Prokop , P. , Tuncer , G. and Kvasničák , R. 2007 . Short‐term effects of field programme on students' knowledge and attitude toward biology: A Slovak experience . Journal of Science Education and Technology , 16 ( 3 ) : 247 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , G. 2006 . Pro‐environmental behavior in Egypt: Is there a role for Islamic environmental ethics? . Journal of Business Ethics , 65 ( 4 ) : 373 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickinson , M. , Dillon , J. , Teamey , K. , Morris , M. , Choi , M. , Sanders , D. and Benefield , P. 2004 . A review of research on outdoor learning , Preston Montford : Field Studies Council .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , D. 2007 . Making public the private life of plants: The contribution of informal learning environments . International Journal of Science Education , 29 ( 10 ) : 1209 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders , C.D. , Brook , A.T. and Myers , O.E. 2006 . Using psychology to save biodiversity and human well‐being . Conservation Biology , 20 ( 3 ) : 702 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schussler , E. and Olzak , L. 2008 . It's not easy being green: Student recall of plant and animal images . Journal of Biological Education , 42 ( 3 ) : 112 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrigley , R. 1990 . Attitude and behavior correlates . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 27 ( 2 ) : 97 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith‐Sebasto , N. and Cavern , L. 2006 . Effects of pre‐ and posttrip activities associated with a residential environmental education experience on students' attitudes toward the environment . Journal of Environmental Education , 37 ( 4 ) : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , M.J. , Powell , R.B. and Ardoin , N.M. 2008 . What difference does it make? Assessing outcomes from participation in a residential environmental education program . Journal of Environmental Education , 39 ( 4 ) : 31 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strgar , J. 2007 . Increasing the interest of students in plants . Journal of Biological Education , 42 ( 1 ) : 19 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tull , D. 1994 . Elementary students' responses to questions about plant identification: Response strategies in children . Science Education , 78 ( 4 ) : 323 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuncer , G. , Ertepinar , H. , Tekkaya , C. and Sungur , S. 2005 . Environmental attitudes of young people in Turkey: Effects of school type and gender . Environmental Education Research , 11 ( 2 ) : 215 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Tunnicliffe , S. 2001 . Talking about plants: Comments of primary school groups looking at plant exhibits in a botanical garden . Journal of Biological Education , 36 ( 1 ) : 27 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunnicliffe , S. and Reiss , M. 2000 . Building a model of the environment: How do children see plants? . Journal of Biological Education , 34 ( 4 ) : 172 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske , J. and Kobrin , K. 2001 . Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior . Journal of Environmental Education , 32 ( 4 ) : 16 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Wandersee , J. 1986 . Plants or animals – Which do junior high school students prefer to study? . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 23 ( 5 ) : 415 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wandersee , J. and Schussler , E. 1999 . Preventing plant blindness . The American Biology Teacher , 61 : 82 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wandersee , J. and Schussler , E. Plants that draw a crowd: An analysis of the visual characteristics of six unusual plants featured at botanic gardens . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America . August , Albuquerque, NM.
   Google Scholar
• Wandersee , J. and Schussler , E. 2001b . Toward a theory of plant blindness . Plant Science Bulletin , 47 ( 1 ) : 2 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Wood‐Robinson , C. 1991 . Young people's ideas about plants . Studies in Science Education , 19 ( 1 ) : 119 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Zelezny , L. 1999 . Educational interventions that improve environmental behaviors: A meta‐analysis . Journal of Environmental Education , 31 ( 1 ) : 5 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Žoldošová , K. and Prokop , P. 2006 . Education in the field influences children's ideas and interest toward Science . Journal of Science Education and Technology , 15 ( 3 ) : 304 – 13 .
   Google Scholar