2,715
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Measuring zoo visitor learning and understanding about orangutans: evaluation to enhance learning outcomes and to foster conservation action

, &
Pages 823-843 | Received 24 May 2011, Accepted 17 Dec 2012, Published online: 15 Feb 2013

References

  • Ancrenaz, M., A. Marshall, B. Goossens, C. van Schaik, J. Sugardjito, M. Gumal, and S. Wich. 2008. Pongo pygmaeus. In IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. www.iucnredlist.org (accessed December 31, 2011).
  • Anderson, U. S., A. S. Kelling, R. Pressley-Keough, M. Bloomsmith, and T. L. Maple. 2003. “Enhancing the zoo visitor’s experience by public animal training and interpretation at an otter exhibit.” Environment and Behavior 35: 826–841.
  • Armitage, C. J., and M. Conner. 2001. “Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analytic review.” British Journal of Social Psychology 40: 471–499.
  • Association of Zoos and Aquariums [AZA]. 2011. Visitor demographics summary. http://www.aza.org/visitor-demographics/.
  • Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria [ARAZPA]. 2009. Report on the economic and social contribution of the zoological industry in Australia. http://www.zooaquarium.org.au/ArticleDocuments/12/Socio-Economic%20Contribution%20of%20Zoological%20Industry%20Report.pdf.aspx.
  • Ballantyne, R. R., and J. M. Packer. 2005. “Promoting environmentally sustainable behavior through free-choice learning experiences: What’s the state of the game?” Environmental Education Research 11: 281–295.
  • Ballantyne, R., J. Packer, K. Hughes, and L. Dierking. 2007. “Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: Lessons from research in zoos and aquariums.” Environmental Education Research 13: 367–383.
  • Balmford, A., N. Leader-Willims, G. Mace, A. Manica, O. Walter, C. West, and A. Zimmermann. 2007. “Message received? Quantifying the impact of informal conservation education on adults visiting UK zoos.” In Zoos in the 21st century: Catalysts for conservation, edited by A. Zimmermann, M. Hatchwell, L. Dickie and C. West, 120–136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Barnosky, A. D., N. Matzke, S. Tomiya, G. O. U. Wogan, B. Swartz, T. B. Quental, C. Marshall, et al. 2011. “Has the earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?” Nature 471: 51–57.
  • Bitgood, S. 2000. “The role of attention in designing effective interpretive labels.” Journal of Interpretation Research 5: 31–45.
  • Broad, S., and B. Weiler. 1998. “Captive animals and interpretation – a tale of two tiger exhibits.” The Journal of Tourism Studies 9: 14–27.
  • The Great Ape project: Equality beyond humanity Cavalieri P. Singer P. St Martin’s Griffin New York NY 1996.
  • Clayton, S., J. Fraser, and C. D. Saunders. 2009. “Zoo experiences: Conversations, connections, and concern for animals.” Zoo Biology 28: 377–397.
  • Cocks, L. 2002. Orangutans and their battle for survival. Crawley: Tuart House.
  • Corbey, R. 2001. “Negotiating the ape–human boundary.” In Great Apes and humans: The ethics of coexistence, edited by B. B. Beck, et al., 163–177. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Dierking, L.D., L.M. Adelman, J. Ogden, K. Lehnhardt, L. Miller, J. Ogden, K. Lehnhardt, and J.D. Mellen. 2004. Using a behaviour change model to document the impact of visits to Disney’s Animal Kingdom: A study investigating intended conservation action. Curator: The Museum Journal 47: 322–43.
  • Falk, J. H. 2005. “Free-choice environmental learning: Framing the discussion.” Environmental Education Research 11: 265–280.
  • Falk, J. H., and L. M. Adelman. 2003. “Investigating the impacts of prior knowledge and interest on aquarium visitor learning.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 40: 163–176.
  • Falk, J.H., E.M. Reinhard, C.L. Vernon, K. Bronnenkant, J.E. Heimlich, and N.L. Deans. 2007. Why zoos and aquariums matter: Assessing the impact of a visit to a zoo or aquarium. Report published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. www.aza.org/uploadedFiles/Education/why_zoos_matter.pdf.
  • Fraser, J., J. Bicknell, and J. Sickler. 2006. “Assessing the connotative meaning of animals using semantic differential techniques to aid in zoo exhibit development.” Visitor Studies Today 9: 1–9.
  • Fraser, J., J. Bicknell, J. Sickler, and A. Taylor. 2009. “What information do Zoo & Aquarium visitors want on animal identification labels?” Journal of Interpretation 14: 7–19.
  • Goodall, J., and P. Berman. 2003. Reason for hope: A spiritual journey. New York, NY: Grand Central.
  • Hayward, J., and M. Rothenberg. 2004. “Measuring success in the Congo Gorilla Forest conservation exhibition.” Curator 47: 261–282.
  • Heimlich, J. E., and E. E. T. Horr. 2010. “Adult learning in free-choice, environmental settings: What makes it different?” New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2010: 57–66.
  • Herzog Jr, H. A., N. S. Betchart, and R. Pittman. 1991. “Sex role identity and attitudes toward animals.” Anthrozoös 4: 184–192.
  • Hosmer, D. W., S. Lemeshow, and S. May. 2008. Applied survival analysis: Regression modelling of time-to-event data. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Hughes, K., J. Packer, and R. Ballantyne. 2011. “Using post-visit action resources to support family conservation learning following a wildlife tourism experience.” Environmental Education Research 17: 307–328.
  • Hwang, Y.-H., S.-I. Kim, and J.-M. Jeng. 2000. “Examining the causal relationships among selected antecedents of responsible environmental behavior.” The Journal of Environmental Education 31: 19–25.
  • Kaiser, F. G., and P. W. Schultz. 2009. “The attitude–behavior relationship: A test of three models of the moderating role of behavioral difficulty.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39: 186–207.
  • Kaplan, G., and L. Rogers. 1995. “Of human fear and indifference: The plight of the orangutan.” In The neglected Ape, edited by R. D. Nadler, B. M. F. Galdikas, L. K. Sheeran and N. Rosen, 3–12. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Koh, L. P., and D. S. Wilcove. 2007. “Cashing in palm oil for conservation.” Nature 448: 993–994.
  • Locke, D. P., L. W. Hillier, W. C. Warran, K. C. Worley, L. V. Nazareth, D. M. Muzny, S.-P. Yang, et al. 2011. “Comparative and demographic analysis of orangutan genomes.” Nature 469: 529–533.
  • Lukas, K. E., and S. R. Ross. 2005. “Zoo visitor knowledge and attitudes toward Gorillas and Chimpanzees.” The Journal of Environmental Education 4: 33–48.
  • MacDonald, E., and M. Gavin. 2010. Engaging our visitors in conservation action: What are their perceptions and how can we empower them? Paper presented at the New Zealand Conservation Management Group Conference [CMaG], June 8–10, in Hamilton, New Zealand.
  • Marino, L., S. O. Lilienfeld, R. Malamud, N. Nobis, and R. Broglio. 2010. “Do zoos and aquariums promote attitude change in visitors? A critical evaluation of the American Zoo and Aquarium study.” Society and Animals 18: 126–138.
  • Mazur, N. A., and T. Clark. 2001. “Zoos and conservation: Policy making and organizational challenges.” Yale F&ES Bulletin 105: 185–201.
  • Moscardo, G. 1998. “Interpretation and sustainable tourism: Functions, examples and principles.” The Journal of Tourism Studies 9: 2–13.
  • Moss, A., and M. Esson. 2010. “Visitor interest in zoo animals and the implications for collection planning and zoo education programmes.” Zoo Biology 28: 1–17.
  • Nellemann, C., L. Miles, B.P. Kaltenborn, M. Virtue, and H. Ahlenius, eds. 2007. The last stand of the orangutan – state of emergency: Illegal logging, fire and palm oil in Indonesia’s national parks. United Nations Environmental Programme. www.grida.no/files/publications/orangutan-full.pdf.
  • Packer, J. 2006. “Learning for fun: The unique contribution of educational leisure experiences.” Curator 49: 329–344.
  • Payne, J., and C. Prudente. 2008. Orangutans: Behavior, ecology, and conservation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Pearson, E. L., J. Dorrian, and C. A. Litchfield. 2011. “Harnessing visual media in environmental education: Increasing knowledge of orangutan conservation issues and facilitating sustainable behaviour through video presentations.” Environmental Education Research 17: 751–767.
  • Penn, L. 2009. “Zoo theater’s influence on affect and cognition: A case study from the Central Park Zoo in New York.” Zoo Biology 28: 412–428.
  • Petty, R. E., D. T. Wegener, and L. R. Fabrigar. 1997. “Attitudes and attitude change.” Annual Review of Psychology 48: 609–647.
  • Preacher, K. J., and A. F. Hayes. 2004. “SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models.” Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 36: 717–731.
  • Randler, C., S. Baumgärtner, H. Eisele, and W. Kienzle. 2007. “Learning at workstations in the zoo: A controlled evaluation of cognitive and affective outcomes.” Visitor Studies 10: 205–216.
  • Rijksen, H. D., and E. Meijard. 1999. Our vanishing relative: The status of wild orangutans at the close of the twentieth century. London: Kluwer Academic.
  • Ross, S. R., and K. L. Gillespie. 2009. “Influences on visitor behavior at a modern immersive zoo exhibit.” Zoo Biology 28: 462–472.
  • Schuster, G., W. Smits, and J. Ullal. 2008. Thinkers of the jungle: The orangutan report. h.f. ullmann.
  • Singleton, I., S.A. Wich and M. Griffiths. 2008. Pongo abelii. In IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. www.iucnredlist.org (accessed December 31, 2011).
  • Orangutan population and habitat viability assessment: Final report Singleton I. Wich S. Husson S. Stephens S. Utami Atmoko S. Leighton M. Rosen N. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group Apple Valley MN 2004.
  • Stoinski, T. S., J. J. Ogden, K. C. Gold, and T. L. Maple. 2001. “Captive apes and zoo education.” In Great Apes and humans: The ethics of coexistence, edited by B. B. Beck, 113–132. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Terry, D. J., M. A. Hogg, and B. M. McKimmie. 2000. “Attitude–behavior relations: The role of in-group norms and mode of behavioural decision-making.” British Journal of Social Psychology 39: 337–361.
  • Tofield, S., R. K. Coll, B. Vyle, and R. Bolstad. 2003. “Zoos as a source of free choice learning.” Research in Science & Technological Education 21: 67–99.
  • US Census Bureau. 2012. US and world population clocks. http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html.
  • Vaughan, C., J. Gack, H. Solorazano, and R. Ray. 2003. “The effect of environmental education on schoolchildren, their parents, and community members: A study of intergenerational and intercommunity learning.” The Journal of Environmental Education 34: 12–21.
  • Vischer, N. C., R. Snider, and G. Vander Stoep. 2009. “Comparative analysis of knowledge gain between interpretive and fact-only presentations at an animal training session: An exploratory study.” Zoo Biology 28: 488–495.
  • Wake, D. B., and V. T. Vrendenburg. 2008. “Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians.” PNAS 105: 11466–11473.
  • Weiler, B., and L. Smith. 2009. “Does more interpretation lead to greater outcomes? An assessment of the impacts of multiple layers of interpretation in a zoo context.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17: 91–105.
  • Wich, S., Riswan, J. Jenson, J. Refisch, and C. Nellemann. 2011. Orangutans and the economics of sustainable forest management in Sumatra. UNEP/GRASP/PanEco/YEL/ICRAF/GRID-Arendal. www.un-grasp.org.
  • Woods, B. 1998. “Animals on display: Principles for interpreting captive wildlife.” The Journal of Tourism Studies 9: 28–39.
  • World Association of Zoos and Aquariums [WAZA]. 2005. Building a future for wildlife- The world zoo and aquarium conservation strategy. Switzerland: WAZA Executive Office.
  • World Association of Zoos and Aquariums [WAZA]. 2011. United for Conservation homepage. http://www.waza.org/en/site/home.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.