Environmental identity, pro-environmental behaviors, and civic engagement of volunteer stewards in Portland area parks

References

• Ajzen, I. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50: 179–211.10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almond, G., and S. Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Countries. New Jersey, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arai, S., and A. Pedlar. 2003. “Moving Beyond Individualism in Leisure Theory: A Critical Analysis of Concepts of Community and Social Engagement.” Leisure Studies 22: 185–202.10.1080/026143603200075489
   Google Scholar
• Asah, S. T., and D. J. Blahna. 2012. “Motivational Functionalism and Urban Conservation Stewardship: Implications for Volunteer Involvement.” Conservation Letters 5 (6): 470–477.10.1111/conl.2012.5.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astin, A., and L. Sax. 1998. “How Undergraduates Are Affected by Service Participation.” Journal of College Student Development 29 (3): 251–263.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, J. M. 1993. “Citizen Groups and the Changing Nature of Interest Group Politics in America.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 528: 30–41.10.1177/0002716293528001003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalwa, L. 1999. “Life Paths into Effective Environmental Action.” Journal of Environmental Education 31 (1): 15–26.
   Google Scholar
• Civic life in America. 2010. http://www.volunteeringinamerica.gov/rankings/Large-Cities.
   Google Scholar
• Clair, R. 2003. “Words for the World: Creating Critical Environmental Literacy for Adults.” New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 99: 69–78.10.1002/(ISSN)1536-0717
   Google Scholar
• Clary, E. G., M. Snyder, R. Ridge, J. Copeland, A. Stukas, J. Haugen, and P. Miene. 1998. “Understanding and Assessing the Motivations of Volunteers: A Functional Approach.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (6): 1516–1530.10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disinger, J. F., and C. E. Roth. 1992. “Environmental Literacy.” ERIC/CSMEE Digest. http://eric.ed.gov/id=ED351201
   Google Scholar
• Donald, B. J. 1997. “Fostering Volunteerism in an Environmental Stewardship Group: A Report on the Task Force to Bring Back the Don, Toronto, Canada.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 40 (4): 483–505.10.1080/09640569712056
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson, G. W., and L. E. Donaldson. 1958. “Outdoor Education; A Definition.” Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation 29 (5): 17–63.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, B., and M. W. Foley. 1997. “Civil Society and Social Capital Beyond Putnam.” American Behavioral Scientist 42 (1): 124–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, Joakim, and Erik Amnå. 2012. “Political Participation and Civic Engagement: Towards a New Typology.” Human Affairs 22 (3): 283–300.10.2478/s13374-012-0024-1
   Google Scholar
• England, Y. A., and T. Marcinkowski. 2007. “Environmental Service-learning Programs in Florida High Schools and Colleges: Nature, Status, and Effects as Determined by a Statewide Program Census.” Journal of Environmental Education 38 (4): 51–60.10.3200/JOEE.38.4.51-60
   Google Scholar
• Gifford, R., and R. Sussman. 2012. “Environmental Attitudes.” In The Oxford Handbook of Environmental and Conservation Psychology, edited by Susan Clayton, 65–80. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Göckeritz, S., P. Schultz, T. Rendón, R. B. Cialdini, N. J. Goldstein, and V. Griskevicius. 2010. “Descriptive Normative Beliefs and Conservation Behavior: The Moderating Roles of Personal Involvement and Injunctive Normative Beliefs.” European Journal of Social Psychology 40 (3): 514–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartig, T., F. G. Kaiser, and E. Strumse. 2007. “Psychological Restoration in Nature as a Source of Motivation for Ecological Behavior.” Environmental Conservation 34 (4): 291–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbard, M., and S. Lurie. 2006. “Some Socio-economic Benefits of Watershed Council. A Case Study from Oregon.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 49 (6): 891–908.10.1080/09640560600946974
   Google Scholar
• Hollweg, K. S., J. R. Taylor, R. W. Bybee, and T. J. Marcinkowski. 2011. Developing a Framework for Assessing Environmental Literacy: Executive Summary. Washington, DC: North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE).
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, S. J., and R. E. Roth. 1998. “An Assessment of Environmental Literacy and Analysis of Predictors of Responsible Environmental Behaviour Held by Secondary Teachers in the Hualien Area of Taiwan.” Environmental Education Research 4 (3): 229–249.10.1080/1350462980040301
   Google Scholar
• Hungerford, H. R., and T. Volk. 1990. “Changing Learner Behavior Through Environmental Education.” Journal of Environmental Education 21 (3): 8–21.10.1080/00958964.1990.10753743
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, B. B. 2002. “Knowledge, Action and Pro-environmental Behaviour.” Environmental Education Research 8 (3): 325–334.10.1080/13504620220145474
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, B. B., and K. Schnack. 1997. “The Action Competence Approach in Environmental Education.” Environmental Education Research 3 (2): 163–178.10.1080/1350462970030205
   Google Scholar
• King, K. N., and C. V. Lynch. 1998. “The Motivation of Volunteers in the Nature Conservancy-Ohio Chapter, a Non-profit Environmental Organization.” Journal of Volunteer Administration 16 (2): 5–11.
   Google Scholar
• Kollmuss, A., and J. Agyeman. 2002. “Mind the Gap: Why Do People Act Environmentally and What are the Barriers to Pro-environmental Behavior?” Environmental Education Research 8 (3): 239–260.10.1080/13504620220145401
   Google Scholar
• Leopold, A. 1949. “The Land Ethic.” In A Sand County Almanac, 204. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manzo, L., and N. Weinstein. 1987. “Behavioral Commitment to Environmental Protection: A Study of Active and Nonactive Members of the Sierra Club.” Environment and Behavior 19 (6): 673–694.10.1177/0013916587196002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride, B. B., C. A. Brewer, A. R. Berkowitz, and W. T. Borrie. 2013. “Environmental Literacy, Ecological Literacy, Ecoliteracy: What Do We Mean and How Did We Get Here?” Ecosphere 4: 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00075.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundel, K., and D. Schugurensky. 2008. “Community Based Learning and Civic Engagement: Informal Learning Among Adult Volunteers in Community Organizations.” New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2008 (118): 49–60.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, J. M., P. W. Schultz, R. B. Cialdini, N. J. Goldstein, and V. Griskevicius. 2008. “Normative Social Influence is Underdetected.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (7): 913–923.10.1177/0146167208316691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr, D. 1994. Earth in Mind. Washington, DC: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, A., and J. Videras. 2006. “Civic Cooperation, Pro-environment Attitudes, and Individual Behavior.” Ecological Economics 58 (4): 814–829.10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, C. A., and H. S. Lee. 2013. “Changes in Participants’ Scientific Attitudes and Epistemological Beliefs During an Astronomical Citizen Science Project.” Journal of Research in Science Teaching 50 (7): 773–801.10.1002/tea.v50.7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, C. E. 1968. “On the Road to Conservation.” Massachusetts Audubon 52 (4): 38–41.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, C. E. 1992. Environmental Literacy: Its Roots, Evolution and Directions in the 1990s. Columbus, OH: ERIC Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education, Columbus.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. L. 2005. “Exploring the Effects of Environmental Experience on Attachment to Urban Natural Areas.” Environment and Behavior 37 (1): 3–42.10.1177/0013916504264147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. L., R. Kaplan, and R. E. Grese. 2001. “Predicting Volunteer Commitment in Environmental Stewardship Programmes.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 44 (5): 629–648.10.1080/09640560120079948
   Google Scholar
• Scannell, L., and R. Gifford. 2010. “The Relations between Natural and Civic Place Attachment and Pro-environmental Behavior.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 30 (3): 289–297.10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnack, K. 2008. “Participation, Education, and Democracy: Implications for Environmental Education, Health Education, and Education for Sustainable Development.” In Participation and Learning; Perspectives on Education and the Environment, Health and Sustainability, edited by Alan Reid, Bjarne Jensen, Juda Nikel, and Venka Simovska, 181–196. London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schneller, A. J. 2008. “Environmental Service Learning: Outcomes of Innovative Pedagogy in Baja California Sur, Mexico.” Environmental Education Research 14 (3): 291–307.10.1080/13504620802192418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, H. W. 1998. “The Motivations and Values of Ecosystem Restoration Volunteers.” Paper presented at the Seventh International Symposium on Society and Resource Management, University of Missouri-Columbia, May 27–31.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. W., and F. G. Kaiser. 2012. “Promoting Pro-environmental Behavior.” Chapter. In Handbook of Environmental and Conservation Psychology, edited by Susan Clayton, 556–580. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. W., J. Tabanico, and T. Rendón. 2008. “Normative Beliefs as Agents of Influence: Basic Processes and Real-world Applications.” In Attitudes and Attitude Change, edited by William Crano and Radmilla Prislin, 385–395. Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, P. 2000. “New Environmental Theories: Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior.” Journal of Social Issues 56 (3): 407–424.10.1111/0022-4537.00175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, D., and M. Hogg. 1996. “Group Norms and the Attitude-behavior Relationship: A Role for Group Identification.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22 (8): 776–793.10.1177/0146167296228002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, D., and M. Hogg. 2000. “Attitude-behaviour Relations: The Role of In-group Norms and Mode of Behavioural Decision-making.” British Journal of Social Psychology 39 (3): 337–361.10.1348/014466600164534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske, J. J., and K. Kobrin. 2001. “Place Attachment and Environmentally Responsible Behavior.” Journal of Environmental Education 32 (4): 16–21.10.1080/00958960109598658
   Google Scholar
• Whitmarsh, L., and S. O’Neill. 2010. “Green Identity, Green Living? The Role of Pro-environmental Self-identity in Determining Consistency across Diverse Pro-Environmental Behaviours.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 30 (3): 305–314.10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar