Metrics and outcomes of conservation education: a quarter century of lessons learned

References

• Ajzen, I. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 24: 179–211.10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., and B. L. Driver. 1992. “Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Leisure Choice.” Journal of Leisure Research 24: 207–224.10.1080/00222216.1992.11969889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkin, M. C. 2010. Evaluation Essentials: From a to Z. New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ardoin, N., and J. E. Heimlich. 2013. “Views from the Field: Conservation Educators’ and Practitioners’ Perceptions of Education as a Strategy for Achieving Conservation Outcomes.” Journal of Environmental Education 44 (2): 97–115.10.1080/00958964.2012.700963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardoin, N., A. W. Bowers, N. Wyman Roth, and N. Holthuis. 2017. “Environmental Education and K-12 Student Outcomes: A Review and Analysis of Research.” Journal of Environmental Education. doi:10.1080/00958964.2017.1366155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asch, J., and B. M. Shore. 1975. “Conservation Behavior as the Outcome of Environmental Education.” Journal of Environmental Education 6 (4): 25–33.10.1080/00958964.1975.9942002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AZA (Association of Zoos and Aquariums). 2000. General Conservation Messages. Accessed February 3, 2018. https://www.aza.org/assets/2332/general-conservation-messages.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., J. Fien, and J. Packer. 2000. “Program Effectiveness in Facilitating Intergenerational Influence in Environmental Education: Lessons from the Field.” Journal of Environmental Education  32 (4): 8–15.
   Google Scholar
• Baylis, K., J. Honey-Rosés, J. Börner, E. Corbera, D. Ezzine-de-Blas, P. J. Ferraro, R. Lapeyre, et al. 2016. “Mainstreaming Impact Evaluation in Nature Conservation.” Conservation Letters 9 (1): 58–64.10.1111/conl.12180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, N., R. Roth, S. Klain, K. M. A. Chan, D. A. Clark, G. Cullman, G. Epstein, et al. 2016. “Mainstreaming the Conservation Social Sciences.” Conservation Biology. Advance online publication. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12788/epdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, N., R. Roth, S. Klain, K. M. A. Chan, P. Christie, D. A. Clark, G. Cullman, et al. 2017. “Conservation Social Science: Understanding and Integrating the Human Dimensions to Improve Conservation.” Biological Conservation 205: 93–108.10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betiang, L. 2010. “Theatre of Rural Empowerment: The Example of Living Earth Nigeria Foundation’s Community Theatre Initiative in Cross River State, Nigeria.” Ride-the Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance 15 (1): 59–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts, A. T., and K. A. Alsharif. 2014. “Assessment of a Countywide Stormwater Pond Improvement Program.” Urban Water Journal 11 (1): 11–19.10.1080/1573062X.2012.750370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bickford, D., M. R. C. Posa, L. Que, A. Campos-Arceiz, and E. P. Kudavidanage. 2012. “Science Communication for Biodiversity Conservation.” Biological Conservation 151: 74–76.10.1016/j.biocon.2011.12.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, B., M. Englehart, E. Furst, W. Hill, and D. Krathwohl. 1956. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. New York: Longmans Green.
   Google Scholar
• Bogner, F. X. 1999. “Empirical Evaluation of an Educational Conservation Programme Introduced in Swiss Secondary Schools.” International Journal of Science Education 21 (11): 1169–1185.10.1080/095006999290138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bride, I. 2006. “The Conundrum of Conservation Education and the Conservation Mission.” Conservation Biology 20 (5): 1337–1339.10.1111/cbi.2006.20.issue-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cachelin, A., K. Paisley, and A. Blanchard. 2009. “Using the Significant Life Experience Framework to Inform Program Evaluation: The Nature Conservancy’s Wings and Water Wetlands Education Program.” Journal of Environmental Education 40 (2): 2–14.10.3200/JOEE.40.2.2-14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carleton-Hug, A., and W. J. Hug. 2010. “Challenges and Opportunities for Evaluating Environmental Education Programs.” Evaluation and Program Planning 33: 159–164.10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2009.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, R. L., and B. Simmons. 2010. “History and Philosophy of Environmental Education.” In The Inclusion of Environmental Education in Science Teacher Education, edited by A. M. Bodzin, B. S. Klein and S. Weaver, 3–16. New York: Springer.10.1007/978-90-481-9222-9
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright, B. J., J. E. Wall, and J. A. P. Kaya. 2012. “Conservation Education and Environmental Communication in Great Ape Re-Introduction Projects: Two Cases from the Republic of Congo.” Journal of Environmental Education 43 (4): 241–258.10.1080/00958964.2011.652694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cincera, J., and J. Krajhanzl. 2013. “Eco-schools: What Factors Influence Pupils’ Action Competence for pro-Environmental Behaviour?” Journal of Cleaner Production 61: 117–121.10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, S., C. Litchfield, and S. E. Geller. 2013. “Psychological Science, Conservation, and Environmental Sustainability.” Frontiers in Ecology: 377–382. doi:10.1890/120351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement, C. A., J. B. Henning, and R. Osbaldiston. 2014. “Integrating Factors That Predict Energy Conservation: The Theory of Planned Behavior and Beliefs about Climate Change.” Journal of Sustainable Development 7 (6): 46–69.
   Google Scholar
• Coffey, A., and P. Atkinson. 1996. Making Sense of Qualitative Data: Complementary Strategies. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Curti, M., and U. Valdez. 2009. “Incorporating Community Education in the Strategy for Harpy Eagle Conservation in Panama.” Journal of Environmental Education 40 (4): 3–15.10.3200/JOEE.40.4.3-16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter-Mackenzie, A. 2010. “Australian Waste Wise Schools Program: Its past, Present, and Future.” Journal of Environmental Education 41 (3): 165–178.10.1080/00958960903347471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amato, L. G., and M. E. Krasny. 2011. “Outdoor Adventure Education: Applying Transformative Learning Theory to Understanding Instrumental Learning and Personal Growth in Environmental Education.” Journal of Environmental Education 42 (4): 237–254.10.1080/00958964.2011.581313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, D. J., C. Collier, and A. Howe. 2012. “A Matter of Interpretation: Developing Primary Pupils’ Enquiry Skills Using Position-Linked Datalogging.” Research in Science and Technological Education 30 (3): 311–325.10.1080/02635143.2012.738420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dierking, L. D., and J. H. Falk. 1994. “Family Behavior and Learning in Informal Science Settings: A Review of the Research.” Science Education 78 (1): 57–72.10.1002/(ISSN)1098-237X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos, D., S. Paraskevopoulos, and J. D. Pantis. 2008. “The Cognitive and Attitudinal Effects of a Conservation Educational Module on Elementary School Students.” Journal of Environmental Education 39 (3): 47–61.10.3200/JOEE.39.3.47-61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolins, F. L., A. Jolly, H. Rasamimanana, J. Ratsimbazafy, A. T. C. Feistner, and F. Ravoavy. 2010. “Conservation Education in Madagascar: Three Case Studies in the Biologically Diverse Island-Continent.” American Journal of Primatology 72 (5): 391–406.10.1002/ajp.20779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dori, Y. J., and R. T. Tal. 2000. “Formal and Informal Collaborative Projects: Engaging in Industry with Environmental Awareness.” Science Education 84 (1): 95–113.10.1002/(SICI)1098-237X(200001)84:1<>1.0.CO;2-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drissner, J., H. M. Haase, and K. Hille. 2010. “Short-Term Environmental Education – Does It Work? – An Evaluation of the ‘Green Classroom’.” Journal of Biological Education 44 (4): 149–155.10.1080/00219266.2010.9656215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duerden, M. D., and P. A. Witt. 2010. “The Impact of Direct and Indirect Experiences on the Development of Environmental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 30 (4): 379–392.10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagley, A. H., and S. Chaiken. 1993. The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
   Google Scholar
• Eflin, J., and A. L. Sheaffer. 2006. “Service-Learning in Watershed-Based Initiatives: Keys to Education for Sustainability in Geography?” Journal of Geography 105 (1): 33–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engles, C. A., and S. K. Jacobson. 2007. “Evaluating Long-term Effects of the Golden Lion Tamarin Environmental Education Program in Brazil.” Journal of Environmental Education 38 (3): 3–14.10.3200/JOEE.38.3.3-14
   Google Scholar
• Environmental Education Act. 1970. P.L. No. 91-516, 84. Stat. 1312.
   Google Scholar
• Espinosa, S., and S. K. Jacobson. 2012. “Human-wildlife Conflict and Environmental Education: Evaluating a Community Program to Protect the Andean Bear in Ecuador.” Journal of Environmental Education 43 (1): 55–65.10.1080/00958964.2011.579642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, C., E. Abrams, R. Reitsma, K. Roux, L. Salmonsen, and P. P. Marra. 2005. “The Neighborhood Nestwatch Program: Participant Outcomes of a Citizen-science Ecological Research Project.” Conservation Biology 19 (3): 589–594.10.1111/cbi.2005.19.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk, J. 2005. “Free‐choice Environmental Learning: Framing the Discussion.” Environmental Education Research 11 (3): 265–280.10.1080/13504620500081129
   Google Scholar
• Fazey, I., J. G. Salisbury, D. B. Lindenmayer, J. Maindonald, and R. Douglas. 2004. “Can Methods Applied in Medicine Be Used to Summarize and Disseminate Conservation Research?” Environmental Conservation 31: 190–198.10.1017/S0376892904001560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, S. 2012. “Moulding Urban Children towards Environmental Stewardship: The Table Mountain National Park Experience.” Environmental Education Research 18 (2): 251–270.10.1080/13504622.2011.622838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., and I. Ajzen. 2011. Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, W. D. 2001. “Interpretation Programming in the NYS Forest Preserve Campgrounds: Successful Consensus Building, Partnership, and Regional Management.” In: Proceedings of the 2000 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, 251–255. Newton Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Flowers, A. B. 2010. “Blazing an Evaluation Pathway: Lessons Learned from Applying Utilization-Focused Evaluation to a Conservation Education Program.” Evaluation and Program Planning 33 (2): 165–171.10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2009.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich, G., D. Sellmann, and F. X. Bogner. 2013. “The Influence of Situational Emotions on the Intention for Sustainable Consumer Behaviour in a Student-centred Intervention.” Environmental Education Research 19 (6): 747–764.10.1080/13504622.2012.749977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaus, H., and C. E. Mueller. 2011. “Evaluating Free-choice Climate Education Interventions Applying Propensity Score Matching.” Evaluation Review 35 (6): 673–722.10.1177/0193841X12439703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glesne, C. 2006. Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Beacon.
   Google Scholar
• Gorodetsky, M., and S. Keiny. 1995. “Conceptual Change and Environmental Cognition.” International Journal of Science Education 17 (2): 207–217.10.1080/0950069950170205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerro, F., and L. Abbott. 1990. “School Community Education Program in New York City 1988-89.” Volume II. OREA Evaluation Section Report.
   Google Scholar
• Heimlich, J. E. 2010. “Environmental Education Evaluation: Reinterpreting Education as a Strategy for Meeting Mission.” Evaluation and Program Planning. 33: 180–185.10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2009.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, B. C., J. K. Olson, J. D. Holtz, and J. T. Colbert. 2013. “The Relationship Between Environmental Free-choice Learning and Students’ Learning, Attitudes, and Policy Views about Waterways.” International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 11 (6): 1327–1350.10.1007/s10763-012-9379-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilaire, L. J., D. E. Benson, and K. P. Burnham. 1998. “Evaluation of Home-study versus Teacher-taught Hunter Education: Expanding Learning Opportunities.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 26 (1): 56–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofreiter, T. D., M. C. Monroe, and T. V. Stein. 2007. “Teaching and Evaluating Critical Thinking in an Environmental Context.” Applied Environmental Education and Communication 6: 149–157.10.1080/15330150701598197
   Google Scholar
• Homer, P. M., and L. R. Kahle. 1988. “A Structural Equation Test of the Value-attitude-behavior Hierarchy.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54: 638–646.10.1037/0022-3514.54.4.638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovardas, T., and K. Poirazidis. 2006. “Evaluation of the Environmentalist Dimension of Ecotourism at the Dadia Forest Reserve (Greece).” Environmental Management 38 (5): 810–822.10.1007/s00267-006-0009-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe, V. 2001. “Local Community Training and Education in Southern Tanzania – A Case Study.” Marine Policy 25 (6): 445–455.10.1016/S0308-597X(01)00029-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, S. 2004. “The Effects of an Environmental Education Program on Responsible Environmental Behavior and Associated Environmental Literacy Variables in Taiwanese College Students.” Journal of Environmental Education 35 (2): 37–48.10.3200/JOEE.35.2.37-48
   Google Scholar
• Hungerford, H. R., and T. L. Volk. 1990. “Changing Learner Behavior through Environmental Action.” The Journal of Environmental Education 21 (3): 8–21.10.1080/00958964.1990.10753743
   Google Scholar
• IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2010. Why is Biodiversity in Crisis? Accessed October 16, 2017. http://www.iucnredlist.org/news/biodiversity-crisis
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, S., M. McDuff, and M. Monroe. 2006. Conservation Education and Outreach Techniques. Oxford, UK: Oxford Biology.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567714.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, E. 2014. “Evaluating Children’s Conservation Biology Learning at the Zoo.” Conservation Biology 28 (4): 1004–1011.10.1111/cobi.2014.28.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose-Diaz, M., E. Martinez, C. Pineiro, M. Palavecinos, J. Benayas, and M. Angeles Toribio. 2012. “Involvement of Citizens in Hazardous Waste Management and Use of Recycling Centres in the City of Madrid (Spain).” Waste Management and Research. 30 (7): 689–699.10.1177/0734242X11432189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karieva, P., and M. Marvier. 2012. “What is Conservation Science?” BioScience 62 (11): 962–969.10.1525/bio.2012.62.11.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmerly, J. D., and V. Macfarlane. 2009. “The Elements of a Consumer-Based Initiative in Contributing to Positive Environmental Change: Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch P\Program.” Zoo Biology 28 (5): 398–411.10.1002/zoo.v28:5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolandi-Matchett, K., I. Spellberg, G. D. Buchan, and N. Early. 2009. “Sustainability in Journalism Education: Assessment of a Trial Module in New Zealand.” Applied Environmental Education and Communication 8: 204–215.10.1080/15330150903362293
   Google Scholar
• Kouthouris, C. H., and A. Spontis. 2005. “Outdoor Recreation Participation: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.” The Sport Journal 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhar, C. W., T. L. Bettinger, K. Lehnhardt, S. Townsend, and D. Cox. 2007. “Into the Forest: The Evolution of a Conservation Education Program at the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda.” Applied Environmental Education & Communication 6 (2): 159–166.10.1080/15330150701598213
   Google Scholar
• Kuhar, C. W., T. L. Bettinger, K. Lehnhardt, O. Tracy, and D. Cox. 2010. “Evaluating for Long-term Impact of an Environmental Education Program at the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda.” American Journal of Primatology 72 (5): 407–413.10.1002/ajp.20726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhar, C. W., T. L. Bettinger, K. Lehnhardt, B. Cartwright, and D. Cress. 2012. “Education Program Evaluation at Multiple Primate Sanctuaries in Equatorial Africa.” International Journal of Primatology 33 (1): 208–217.10.1007/s10764-011-9557-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumler, L. M. 2011. “Students of Action? A Comparative Investigation of Secondary Science and Social Studies Students’ Action Repertoires in a Land Use Context.” Journal of Environmental Education 42 (1): 14–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, S. 1999. “Predicting Intentions to Conserve Water from the Theory of Planned Behavior, Perceived Moral Obligation, and Perceived Water Right.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29 (5): 1058–1071.10.1111/jasp.1999.29.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, R., D. Lucas, F. Vanclay, F. Henry, and I. Coates. 2005. “‘Committing to Place’ at the Local Scale: The Potential of Youth Education Programs for Promoting Community Participation in Regional Natural Resource Management.” Australian Geographer 36 (3): 351–367.10.1080/00049180500325736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeming, F. C., W. O. Cwyer, B. E. Porter, and M. K. Cobern. 1993. “Outcome Research in Environmental Education: A Critical Review.” Journal of Environmental Education 24 (4): 8–21.10.1080/00958964.1993.9943504
   Google Scholar
• Liddicoat, K. R., and M. E. Krasny. 2014. “Memories as Useful Outcomes of Residential Outdoor Environmental Education.” Journal of Environmental Education 45 (3): 178–193.10.1080/00958964.2014.905431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieflaender, A. K., G. Froehlich, F. X. Bogner, and P. W. Schultz. 2013. “Promoting Connectedness with Nature through Environmental Education.” Environmental Education Research 19 (3): 370–384.10.1080/13504622.2012.697545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, A., C. Vasconcelos, N. Felix, J. Barros, and A. Mendonca. 2010. “Field Trip Activity in an Ancient Gold Mine: Scientific Literacy in Informal Education.” Public Understanding of Science 19 (3): 322–334.10.1177/0963662509104725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littell, J. H., N. Corcoran, and V. Pillai. 2008. Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326543.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Mosquera, N., T. Garcia, and R. Barrena. 2012. “Theory of Planned Behavior and the Value-belief-norm Theory Explaining Willingness to Pay for a Suburban Park.” Journal of Environmental Management. 113: 251–262.10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louv, R. 2008. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books.
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie-Mohr, D., N. R. Lee, P. W. Schultz, and P. A. Kotler. 2011. Social Marketing to Protect the Environment: What Works. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Manfredo, M. J., T. L. Teel, and K. L. Henry. 2009. “Linking Society and Environment: A Multilevel Model of Shifting Wildlife Value Orientations in the Western United States.” Social Science Quarterly 90 (2): 407–427.10.1111/ssqu.2009.90.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marynowski, S. B., and S. K. Jacobson. 1999. “Ecosystem Management Education for Public Lands.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 27 (1): 134–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascia, M. 2003. “Conservation and the Social Sciences.” Conservation Biology 17 (3): 649–650.10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01738.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, F. S., and C. M. Frantz. 2004. “The Connectedness to Nature Scale: A Measure of Individuals’ Feeling in Community with Nature.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 24: 503–515.10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrea, E. J. 2006. The Roots of Environmental Education: How the past Supports the Future. Accessed February 3, 2018. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED491084.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McDuff, M., and S. Jacobson. 2000. “Impacts and Future Directions of Youth Conservation Organizations: Wildlife Clubs in Africa.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 28 (2): 414–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertens, D. M., and A. T. Wilson. 2012. Program Evaluation Theory and Practice: A Comprehensive Guide. New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Middlestadt, S., M. Grieser, K. T. Hernandez, J. Sanchak, B. Southwell, and R. Schwartz. 2001. “Turning Minds on and Faucets off: Water Conservation Education in Jordanian Schools.” Journal of Environmental Education 32 (2): 37–45.10.1080/00958960109599136
   Google Scholar
• Morris, J. K., S. K. Jacobson, and R. O. Flamm. 2007. “Lessons from an Evaluation of a Boater Outreach Program for Manatee Protection.” Environmental Management 40 (4): 596–602.10.1007/s00267-006-0389-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAAEE (North American Association of Environmental Education). 2014. What is Environmental Education? Accessed June 19, 2014. www.naaee.net/what-is-ee
   Google Scholar
• National Environmental Education Act. 1990. P.L. No. 101-619. Accessed June 19, 2014. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/neea.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet, E. K., J. M. Zelenski, and S. A. Murphy. 2008. “The Nature Relatedness Scale: Linking Individuals’ Connection with Nature to Environmental Concern and Behavior.” Environment and Behavior. 41 (5): 715–740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511807763
   Google Scholar
• Padua, S. M. 1994. “Conservation Awareness through an Environmental Education Program in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.” Environmental Conservation 21 (2): 145–151.10.1017/S0376892900024577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padua, S. M. 2010. ““Primate Conservation: Integrating Communities through Environmental Education Programs.” American Journal of Primatology 72 (5): 450–453.10.1002/ajp.20766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papapanagou, E., A. Tiniakou, and T. Georgiadis. 2005. “Environmental Education as a Management Tool in Protected Areas: The Messolongi Wetlands Example (Western Greece).” In Proceeding of the 9th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Vol B – Poster Presentations, edited by T. D. Lekkas, B688–B693. Rhodes, Greece.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, P. G., C. E. Matthews, D. F. Ayers, and S. D. Tunnicliffe. 2007. “Conservation and Education: Prominent Themes in Zoo Mission Statements.” Journal of Environmental Education 38 (3): 53–60.10.3200/JOEE.38.3.53-60
   Google Scholar
• Paulette, F. E., and B. Orr. 2010. “Combining Technical Competence and Stakeholder Impact in Environmental Education: The Gambia All Schools Nursery Competition.” Applied Environmental Education & Communication 9: 18–27.10.1080/15330150903566430
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, E. L., R. Lowry, J. Dorrian, and C. A. Litchfield. 2014. “Evaluating the Conservation Impact of an Innovative Zoo-Based Educational Campaign: ‘Don’t Palm Us Off’ for Orangutan Conservation.” Zoo Biology 33 (3): 184–196.10.1002/zoo.21120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Ploeg, J., M. Cauilan-Cureg, M. van Weerd, and W. T. De Groot. 2011. “Assessing the Effectiveness of Environmental Education: Mobilizing Public Support for Philippine Crocodile Conservation.” Conservation Letters 4 (4): 313–323.10.1111/conl.2011.4.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Possingham, H. P., M. Bode, and C. J. Klein. 2015. ““Optimal Conservation Outcomes Require Both Restoration and Protection.” PLoS Biology 13 (1). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, E. A., J. Vining, and C. D. Saunders. 2009. “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards in a Nonformal Environmental Education Program.” Zoo Biology 28 (5): 361–376.10.1002/zoo.v28:5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pringle, R., M. Hakverdi, L. Cronin-Jones, and C. Johnson. 2003. “Zoo School for Preschoolers: Laying the Foundation for Environmental Education.” In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), Chicago, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Pullin, A. S., and T. M. Knight. 2001. “Effectiveness in Conservation Practice: Pointers from Medicine and Public Health.” Conservation Biology 15 (1): 50–54.10.1111/cbi.2001.15.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullin, A. S., and T. M. Knight. 2009. “Doing More Good than Harm: Building an Evidence-Base for Conservation and Environmental Management.” Biological Conservation 142 (5): 931–934.10.1016/j.biocon.2009.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullin, A. S., and B. G. Stewart. 2006. “Guidelines for Systematic Review in Conservation and Environmental Management.” Conservation Biology 20 (6): 1647–1656.10.1111/cbi.2006.20.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, H. M., G. P. Closs, and C. R. Townsend. 2007. “Stream Ecosystem Health Outcomes of Providing Information to Farmers and Adoption of Best Management Practices.” Journal of Applied Ecology 44 (6): 1106–1115.10.1111/jpe.2007.44.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickinson, M. 2001. “Learners and Learning in Environmental Education: A Critical Review of the Evidence.” Environmental Education Research 7 (3): 207–320.10.1080/13504620120065230
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, N. S. 2009. “Impacts of the National Green Corps Program (Eco‐Clubs) on Students in India and Their Participation in Environmental Education Activities.” Environmental Education Research 15 (4): 443–464.10.1080/13504620902994127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roczen, N., F. G. Kaiser, F. X. Bogner, and M. Wilson. 2014. “A Competence Model for Environmental Education.” Environment and Behavior 46 (8): 972–992.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokeach, M. 1973. The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ruchter, M., B. Klar, and W. Geiger. 2010. “Comparing the Effects of Mobile Computers and Traditional Approaches in Environmental Education.” Computers and Education 54 (4): 1054–1067.10.1016/j.compedu.2009.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Mallen, I., L. Barraza, B. Bodenhorn, and V. Reyes-Garcia. 2009. “Evaluating the Impact of an Environmental Education Programme: An Empirical Study in Mexico.” Environmental Education Research 15 (3): 371–387.10.1080/13504620902906766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakurai, R., and S. K. Jacobson. 2011. “Evaluation of the Monkey-Persimmon Environmental Education Program for Reducing Human-wildlife Conflicts in Nagono, Japan.” Applied Environmental Education and Communication 10: 43–51.10.1080/1533015X.2011.549798
   Google Scholar
• Salata, T. L., and D. M. Ostergren. 2010. “Evaluating Forestry Camps with National Standards in Environmental Education: A Case Study of the Junior Forester Academy, Northern Arizona University.” Applied Environmental Education and Communication 9: 50–57.10.1080/15330150903566521
   Google Scholar
• Sauvé, L. 2005. “Currents in Environmental Education: Mapping a Complex and Evolving Pedagogical Field.” Canadian Journal of Environmental Education 10 (1): 11–37.
   Google Scholar
• Schneller, A. J. 2008. “Environmental Service Learning: Outcomes of Innovative Pedagogy in Baja California Sur, Mexico.” Environmental Education Research 14 (3): 291–307.10.1080/13504620802192418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHULTZ, W. P. 2011. “Conservation Means Behavior.” Conservation Biology 25 (6): 1080–1083.10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01766.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, J. G. W., and S. Joordens. 2014. “The Effect of Visitor Motivation on the Success of Environmental Education at the Toronto Zoo.” Environmental Education Research 20 (6): 753–775.10.1080/13504622.2013.843646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellmann, D., and F. X. Bogner. 2013. “Climate Change Education: Quantitatively Assessing the Impact of a Botanical Garden as an Informal Learning Environment.” Environmental Education Research 19 (4): 415–429.10.1080/13504622.2012.700696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seybold, B., T. Braunbeck, and C. Randler. 2014. “Primate Conservation – An Evaluation of Two Different Educational Programs in Germany.” International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 12 (2): 285–305.10.1007/s10763-013-9405-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeby, L., and P. Dingle. 2004. “Educating Communities for Sustainability: Living Smart in the City of Fremantle, Western Australia.” Sustainable City III: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability 18: 505–513.
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Sebasto, N. J., and H. J. Semrau. 2004. “Evaluation of the Environmental Education Program at New Jersey School of Conservation.” Journal of Environmental Education 36 (1): 3–18.10.3200/JOEE.36.1.3-18
   Google Scholar
• Stankey, G. H., and S. F. McCool. 2004. “Social Sciences and Natural Resources Management: An Assessment of Advances.” In Society and Natural Resources: A Summary of Knowledge, edited by M. J. Manfredo, J. J. Vaske, B. L. Bruyere, D. R. Field and P. J. Brown, 21–34. Jefferson, MO: Modern Litho.
   Google Scholar
• Sterling, S. 2010. “Learning for Resilience, or the Resilient Learner? Towards a Necessary Reconciliation in a Paradigm of Sustainable Education.” Environmental Education Research 15: 511–528.10.1080/13504622.2010.505427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, M. J., R. B. Powell, and N. M. Ardoin. 2008. “What Difference Does It Make? Assessing Outcomes from Participation in a Residential Environmental Education Program.” Journal of Environmental Education 39 (4): 31–43.10.3200/JOEE.39.4.31-43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, M. J., R. B. Powell, and N. M. Ardoin. 2011. “Evaluating a Constructivist and Culturally Responsive Approach to Environmental Education for Diverse Audiences.” Journal of Environmental Education 42 (2): 109–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, M. J., R. B. Powell, and D. Hill. 2014. “Environmental Education Program Evaluation in New Millennium: What Do We Measure and What Have We Learned?” Environmental Education Research 20(4): 581–611.10.1080/13504622.2013.838749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland, W. J., A. S. Pullin, P. M. Dolman, and T. M. Knight. 2004. “The Need for Evidence-Based Conservation.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19 (6): 305–308.10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teel, T. L., M. J. Manfredo, and A. M. Dietsch. 2015. “A (Social) Psychology Approach in Conservation.” In The Conservation Social Sciences: What?, How? And Why? 21–25. Vancouver, BC: Canadian Wildlife Federation and Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Teisl, M. F., M. W. Anderson, C. L. Noblet, G. K. Criner, and J. Rubin. 2011. “Are Environmental Professors Unbalanced? Evidence from the Field.” Journal of Environmental Education 42 (2): 67–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theimer, S., and J. Ernst. 2012. “Fostering ‘Connectedness to Nature’ through U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Education and Outreach Programming: A Qualitative Evaluation.” Applied Environmental Education and Communication 11: 79–87.10.1080/1533015X.2012.751281
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, R. E. W., B. Bruyere, S. Sundaresan, S. Bouzo, R. Welden, and J. Trimarco. 2015. “Youth Experiences with Wildlife during a Period of Significant Cultural Change in Laikipia, Kenya.” Human Dimensions of Wildlife 20 (2): 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trewhella, W. J., K. M. Rodriguez-Clark, N. Corp, A. Entwistle, S. R. T. Garrett, E. Granek, and B. J. Sewall. 2005. “Environmental Education as a Component of Multidisciplinary Conservation Programs: Lessons from Conservation Initiatives for Critically Endangered Fruit Bats in the Western Indian Ocean.” Conservation Biology 19 (1): 75–85.10.1111/cbi.2005.19.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trochim, W. 1998. “An Evaluation of Michael Scriven’s ‘Minimalist Theory’: The Least Theory That Practice Requires.” American Journal of Evaluation 19 (2): 243–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO-UNEP. 1976. “The Belgrade Charter.” Connect: UNESCO-UNEP Environmental Education Newsletter 1(1): 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development). 2009. Performance Monitoring and Assessment. Accessed January 15, 2017. http://fa.usaidallnet.gov/fa-pme/viewhome.html
   Google Scholar
• Uzun, N., and N. Saglam. 2007. “The Effect of the Course “Man and Environment” and Voluntary Environmental Organisations on Secondary School Students’ Knowledge and Attitude towards Environment.” Hacettepe Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi-Hacettepe University Journal of Education 33: 210–218.
   Google Scholar
• Veríssimo, D. 2013. “Influencing Human Behavior: An Underutilized Tool for Biodiversity Management.” Conservation Evidence 10: 29–31.
   Google Scholar
• Wagenet, L. P., M. J. Pfeffer, H. D. Sutphin, and J. M. Stycos. 1999. “Adult Education and Watershed Knowledge in Upstate New York.” Journal of the American Water Resources Association 35 (3): 609–621.10.1111/jawr.1999.35.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waliczek, T. M., P. Logan, and J. M. Zajicek. 2003. “Exploring the Impact of Outdoor Environmental Activities on Children Using a Qualitative Text Data Analysis System.” Horttechnology 13 (4): 684–688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waylen, K. A., A. Fischer, P. J. K. Mcgowan, S. J. Thirgood, and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 2010. “Effect of Local Cultural Context on the Success of Community-Based Conservation Initiatives.” Conservation Biology 24 (4): 1119–1129.10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01446.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, A. M., and S. L. Dann. 1999. “Vessel-Based Education Programs in the Great Lakes: An Evaluation of Effects on Student Knowledge and Attitudes.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 25 (4): 930–941.10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70790-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelezny, L. 1999. “Educational Interventions That Improve Environmental Behaviors: A Meta-analysis.” The Journal of Environmental Education 31 (1): 5–14.10.1080/00958969909598627
   Google Scholar
• Zint, M., A. Kraemer, H. Northway, and M. Lim. 2002. “Evaluation of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation's Conservation Education Programs.” Conservation Biology 16 (3): 641–649.10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00546.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar