Public sea turtle watches serve as effective environmental education

References

• Ajzen, I. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50: 179–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assael, H., and J. Keon. 1982. “Nonsampling vs. Sampling Errors in Survey Research.” Journal of Marketing 46 (2): 114–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., J. Packer, and L. A. Sutherland. 2011. “Visitors’ Memories of Wildlife Tourism. Implications for the Design of Powerful Interpretive Experiences.” Tourism Management 32 (4): 770–779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont, N. 2001. “Ecotourism and the Conservation Ethic: Recruiting the Uninitiated or Preaching to the Converted?” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 9 (4): 317–341.
   Google Scholar
• Biderman, A. D., L. A. Johnson, J. McIntyre, and A. W. Weir. 1967. Report on a Pilot Study in the District of Columbia on Victimization and Attitudes Toward Law Enforcement. US President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, Vol. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Bitgood, S. 1996. “Institutional Acceptance of Evaluation: Review and Overview.” Visitor Behavior 11 (2): 4–5.
   Google Scholar
• Blamey, R. K. 1997. “Ecotourism: The search for an Operational Definition.” Journal of sustainable tourism 5 (2): 109–130.
   Google Scholar
• Carleton-Hug, A., and J. W. Hug. 2010. “Challenges and Opportunities for Evaluating Environmental Education Programs.” Evaluation and Program Planning 33 (2): 159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, L. T., and L. Fok. 2014. “Assessing the Role of Ecotourism Training in Changing Participants’ Pro-Environmental Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior.” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 19 (6): 645–661.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, L. T., A. Y. Lo, and L. Fok. 2017. “Recreational Specialization and Ecologically Responsible Behavior of Chinese Birdwatchers in Hong Kong.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25 (6): 817–831.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow, A. S., I. N. Cheng, and L. T. Cheung. 2017. “Self-Determined Travel Motivations and Ecologically Responsible Attitudes of Nature-Based Visitors to the Ramsar Wetland in South China. Annals of Leisure Research. doi: 10.1080/11745398.2017.1359791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danter, E. H. 2005. “The Intention-Behavior Gap: To What Degree Does Fishbein’s Integrated Model of Behavioral Prediction Predict Whether Teachers Implement Material Learned in a Professional Development Workshop?” Unpublished Dissertation. Columbus: The Ohio State University.
   Google Scholar
• Detterman-Easler, D., and J. L. Pease. 1999. “Evaluating the Effectiveness of Residential Environmental Education Programs in Fostering Positive Attitudes Toward Wildlife.” Journal of Environmental Education 33 (9): 33–39.
   Google Scholar
• Dierking, L. D., L. M. Adelman, J. Ogden, K. Lehnhardt, L. Miller, and J. D. Mellen. 2004. “Using a Behavior Change Model to Document the Impact of Visits to Disney’s Animal Kingdom: A Study Investigating Intended Conservation Action.” Curator: The Museum Journal 47 (3): 322–343.
   Google Scholar
• Driver, B. L., and S. R. Tocher. 1970. “Toward a Behavioral Interpretation of Recreational Engagements, with Implications for Planning.” Elements of Outdoor Recreation Planning 8: 9–31.
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer, M. M. 2004. “More Is Better: The Impact of Study Abroad Program Duration.” Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 10: 151–163.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhart, L., W. Redfoot, D. Bagley, and K. Mansfield. 2014. “Long-Term Trends in Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Nesting and Reproductive Success at an Important Western Atlantic Rookery.” Chelonian Conservation and Biology 13 (2): 173–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk, J. H., and L. D. Dierking. 1997. “School Field-Trips: Assessing Their Long-Term Impact.” Curator: The Museum Journal 40 (3): 211–218.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, J., D. Knapp, and G. Benton. 2007. “An Elementary School Environmental Education Field Trip: Long-Term Effects on Ecological and Environmental Knowledge and Attitude Development.” Journal of Environmental Education 38 (3): 33–42.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, J. M., and J. G. Lynch. 1998. “Self Generated Validity and Other Effects of Measurement on Belief, Attitude, Attention, and Behavior.” Journal of Applied Psychology 73 (3): 421–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., and I. Ajzen. 1975. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Flagg, B. 2005. “Beyond Entertainment: Educational Impact of Films and Companion Materials.” Big Fame 22 (2): 50–56.
   Google Scholar
• Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 2016. “Marine Turtle Conservation Handbook”. Florida. Accessed November 2016. http://myfwc.com/media/4112794/fwc-mtconservationhandbook.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, J., J. Heimlich, J. Jacobson, V. Yocco, J. Sickler, J. Kisiel, M. Nucci, L. Jones, J. Stahl. 2012. “Giant Screen Film and Science Learning in Museums.” Museum Management and Curatorship 27: 179–195.
   Google Scholar
• Godfrey, M. H., and O. D. Drif. 2001. “Guest Editorial: Developing Sea Turtle Ecotourism in French Guiana: Perils and Practicalities.” Marine Turtle Newsletter 91: 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Hailman, J. P., and A. M. Elowson. 1992. “Ethogram of the nesting female loggerhead (Caretta caretta)”. Herpetologica 48 (1): 1–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimlich, J. E. 2010. “Environmental Education Evaluation: Reinterpreting Education as a Strategy for Meeting Mission.” Evaluation and Program Planning 33 (2): 180–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimlich, J. E., V. Yocco, C. Myers, and L. B. Myers. 2011. Wild Research, Summative Evaluation. Annapolis: Institute for Learning Innovation. Available from http://informalscience.org/sites/default/files/Summative_Report_FINAL_with_2011_study_for_submission.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Heimlich, J. E., and A. Reid. 2017. “Environmental Learning.” In Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory, edited by M. A. Peters. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Honey, M. 2008. Who Owns Paradise? 2nd ed. Washington: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horr, E. E. 2007. Identifying Overlooked Program Outcomes to Increase the Valuation of Conservation Education Programs, Unpublished Dissertation. Columbus: The Ohio State University.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, G. S. 1980. “Response-Shift Bias: A Problem in Evaluating Interventions with Pre/Post Self-Reports.” Evaluation Review 4(1): 93–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, S. K., and A. F. Lopez. 1994. “Biological Impacts of Ecotourism: Tourists and Nesting Turtles in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 22 (3): 414–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenks, B., P. W. Vaughan, and P. J. Butler. 2010. “The Evolution of Rare Pride: Using Evaluation to Drive Adaptive Management in a Biodiversity Conservation Organization.” Trends Ecol. Evol. 33: 186–190.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. A., K. A. Bjorndal, A. B. Bolten. 1996a. “A Survey of Organized Turtle Watch Participants on Sea Turtle Nesting Beaches in Florida.” Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2 (1): 60–65.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S. A., K. A. Bjorndal, and A. B. Bolten. 1996b. “Effects of Organized Turtle Watches on Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) Nesting Behavior and Hatchling Production in Florida.” Conservation Biology 10 (2): 570–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellert, S. R. 1980. “Public attitudes, knowledge and behavior toward wildlife and natural habitats.” North American Wildlife National Research Conference 45: 111–124.
   Google Scholar
• Kellert, S. R., and M. O. Westervelt. 1982. “Twentieth Century Trends in American Perceptions and Uses of Animals.” In Phase IV of U.S. Fisheries Wildlife Service Study. Washington, DC: Government Print Office.
   Google Scholar
• Kleiman, D. G., R. P. Reading, B. J. Miller, T. W. Clark, J. Michael Scott, J. Robinson, R. L. Wallace, R. J. Cabin, and F. Felleman. 2000. “Improving the Evaluation of Conservation Programs.” Conservation Biology 14 (2): 356–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp, D. and Poff. 2001. “A Qualitative Analysis of the Immediate and Short-Term Impact of an Environmental Interpretive Program.” Environmental Education Research 7 (1): 55–65.
   Google Scholar
• Laursen, S., C. Liston, H. Thiry, and J. Graf. 2007. “What Good Is a Scientist in the Classroom? Participant Outcomes and Program Design Features for a Short-Duration Science Outreach Intervention in K-12 Classrooms.” CBE- Life Sciences Education 6 (1): 49–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindland, E. H., and N. Kendall‐Taylor. 2012. “Sensical Translations: Three Case Studies in Applied Cognitive Communications.” Annals of Anthropological Practice 36 (1): 45–67.
   Google Scholar
• Loomis, J. B., and R. G. Walsh. 1986. “Assessing Wildlife and Environmental Values in Cost-Benefit Analysis: State of the Art.” Journal of Environmental Management 22: 125–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J. R. 2005. “Biodiversity Conservation and the Extinction of Experience.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20 (8): 430–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muloin, S. 1998. “Wildlife Tourism: The Psychological Benefits of Whale Watching.” Pacific Tourism Review 2 (3–4): 199–213.
   Google Scholar
• Moscardo, G. 1998. “Interpretation and Sustainable Tourism: Functions, Examples and Principles.” Journal of Tourism Studies 9 (1): 2–13.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. 2009. Learning Science in Informal Environments: People, Places, and Pursuits, edited by P. Bell, B. Lewenstein, A. W. Shouse, and M. Fender. 1–336 Washington: National Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, C. A. 2014. “Survey Burden, Response Rates, and the Tragedy of the Commons.” Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 34 (2): 93–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., and S. H. Ham. 2008. “Can Ecotourism Interpretation Really Lead to Pro-Conservation Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour? Evidence from the Galapagos Islands.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 16 (4): 467–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, S., and W. Suntikul. 2016. Can Marine Wildlife Tourism Provide an “Edutaining” Experience? Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 33(6): 867–884.
   Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., and C. C. DiClemente. 1983. “Stages and Processes of Self-Change of Smoking: Toward an Integrative Model of Change.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51: 390–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., and W. F. Velicer. 1997. “The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change.” American Journal of Health Promotion 12 (1): 38–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., C. A. Redding, and K. E. Evers. 2008. “The Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change.” In Health Behavior and Health Education Theory, Research, and Practice. 4th ed., edited by K. Glanz, B. Rimer, and K. Viswanath, 97–121. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Rust, C. 1998. “The Impact of Educational Development Workshops on Teachers’ Practice.” International Journal for Academic Development 3 (1): 72–80.
   Google Scholar
• Schänzel, H. A., and A. J. McIntosh. 2000. “An Insight into the Personal and Emotive Context of Wildlife Viewing at the Penguin Place, Otago Peninsula, New Zealand.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 8 (1): 36–52.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. 2000. “New Environmental Theories: Empathizing with Nature: The Effects of Perspective Taking on Concern for Environmental Issues.” Journal of Social Issues 56 (3): 391–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour, E. 2002. “Tracking the Process of Change in US Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology.” Science Education 86 (1): 79–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeran, P., and C. Abraham. 1996. “The Health Belief Model.” In Predicting Health Behavior: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Model, edited by M. Conner, and P. Norman, 23–61. Buckingham: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skupien, G. M, K. M. Andrews, and L. R. Larson. 2016. “Teaching Tolerance? Effects of Conservation Education Programs on Wildlife Acceptance Capacity for the American Alligator.” Human Dimensions of Wildlife 21 (3): 264–279. doi: 10.1080/10871209.2016.1147624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudman, S., and N. M. Bradburn. 1982. Asking Questions: A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, M. J., R. B. Powell, and N. M. Ardoin. 2008. “What Difference Does it Make? Assessing Outcomes from Participation in a Residential Environmental Education Program.” Journal of Environmental Education 39 (4): 31–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storksdieck, M., K. Ellenbogen, and J. Heimlich. 2005. Changing Minds? Reassessing Outcomes in Free-Choice Environmental Education. Environmental Education Research 11(3): 353–369.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO-UNEP. 1976. The Belgrade Charter. Connect: UNESCO-UNEP Environmental Education Newsletter 1(1): 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 1978. Final Report: Intergovernmental conference on environmental education, Organized by UNESCO in Cooperation with UNEP, Tbilisi, USSR, 14–26 October 1977, Paris: UNESCO ED/MD/49.
   Google Scholar
• Wearing, S., and J. Neil. 2009. Ecotourism: Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities. 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Weiler, B., and S. Ham. 2002. Tour Guide Training: A Model for Sustainable Capacity Building in Developing Countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(1): 52–69.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, K. J., and J. Cary. 2002. “Landscape Preferences, Ecological Quality, and Biodiversity Protection.” Environment and Behavior 34 (2): 257–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, E. O. 1984. Biophilia. 12th ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, C., and C. Tisdell. 2003. “Conservation and Economic Benefits of Wildlife-Based Marine Tourism: Sea Turtles and Whales as Case Studies.” Human Dimensions of Wildlife 8 (1): 49–58.
   Google Scholar
• Witherington, B., and D. Witherington. 2015. Our Sea Turtles: A Practical Guide for the Atlantic and Gulf, from Canada to Mexico. Sarasota: Pineapple Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zeppel, H. 2008. “Education and Conservation Benefits of Marine Wildlife Tours: Developing Free-Choice Learning Experiences.” The Journal of Environmental Education 39 (3): 3–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeppel, H. and S. Muloin. 2008. “Conservation and Education Benefits of Interpretation on Marine Wildlife Tours.” Tourism in Marine Environments 5 (0 ): 215–227.
   Google Scholar