Visual orienting in response to attentional cues: Spatial correspondence is critical, conscious awareness is not

REFERENCES

• Bartolomeo, P., Decaix, C., & Sieroff, E. (2007). The phenomenology of endogenous orienting. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 144–161.
   Google Scholar
• Cheal , M. and Lyon , D. R. 1991 . Central and peripheral precuing of forced-choice discrimination . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology , 43A ( 4 ) : 859 – 880 .
   Google Scholar
• Chica, A. B., & Bartolomeo, P. (2010). Unconscious strategies? Commentary on Risko and Stolz (2010): “The proportion valid effect in covert orienting: Strategic control or implicit learning?” Consciousness and Cognition, 19, 443–444.
   Google Scholar
• Chun, M. (2000). Contextual cueing of visual attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 170–178.
   Google Scholar
• Corbetta , M. and Shulman , G. S. 2002 . Control of goal directed and stimulus driven attention in the human brain . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 3 : 201 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson , A. and Balleine , B. 2002 . The role of learning in the operation of motivational systems , Hoboken, NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Doallo , S. , Lorenzo-Lopez , L. , Vizoso , C. , Rodriguez Holguin , S. , Amenedo , E. Bara , S. 2004 . The time course of the effects of central and peripheral cues on visual processing: An event-related potentials study . Clinical Neurophysiology , 115 ( 1 ) : 199 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd , M. D. and Wilson , D. 2009 . Training attention: Interactions between central cues and reflexive attention . Visual Cognition , 17 : 736 – 754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesen , C. K. , Moore , C. and Kingstone , A. 2005 . Does gaze direction really trigger a reflexive shift of spatial attention? . Brain and Cognition , 57 ( 1 ) : 66 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friesen , C. K. , Ristic , J. and Kingstone , A. 2004 . Attentional effects of counterpredictive gaze and arrow cues . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 30 ( 2 ) : 319 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funes , M. J. , Lupianez , J. and Milliken , B. 2007 . Separate mechanisms recruited by exogenous and endogenous spatial cues: Evidence from a spatial Stroop paradigm . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 33 ( 2 ) : 348 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , B. S. and Kingstone , A. 2006 . Visual attention and the semantics of space: Beyond central and peripheral cues . Psychological Science , 17 ( 2 ) : 622 – 627 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greene , D. J. , Mooshagian , E. , Kaplan , J. T. , Zaidel , E. and Iacoboni , M. 2009 . The neural correlates of social attention: Automatic orienting to social and nonsocial cues . Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung , 73 ( 4 ) : 499 – 511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holender, D. (1986). Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 1–66.
   Google Scholar
• Hommel , B. and Akyurek , E. G. 2009 . Symbolic control of attention: Tracking its temporal dynamics. Attention, Perception . and Psychophysics , 71 ( 2 ) : 385 – 391 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hommel , B. , Pratt , J. , Colzato , L. and Godijn , R. 2001 . Symbolic control of visual attention . Psychological Science , 12 ( 5 ) : 360 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopfinger , J. and Mangun , G. R. 2001 . Tracking the influence of reflexive attention on sensory and cognitive processing. Cognitive, Affective . and Behavioral Neuroscience , 1 : 56 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Jonides , J. 1981 . “ Voluntary versus automatic control of the mind's eye's movement ” . In Attention and performance , Edited by: Long , J. B. and Baddeley , A. D. Vol. 9 , 187 – 203 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , R. 2004 . “ On the control of visual orienting ” . In Cognitive neuroscience of attention , Edited by: Posner , M. I. 29 – 44 . New York, NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lambert , A. J. 2006 . “ Effects of derived peripheral cues on visual attention ” . In Cognition and language: Perspectives from New Zealand , Edited by: Fletcher-Flinn , C. and Haberman , G. Melbourne, , Australia : Australian Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lambert , A. J. and Duddy , M. 2002 . Visual orienting with central and peripheral precues: Deconfounding the contributions of cue eccentricity, cue discrimination and spatial correspondence . Visual Cognition , 9 ( 3 ) : 303 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, A. J., Marrett, N. E., Roser, M., Kentridge, R. W., Milner, A. D., & de Wit, L. (2011). Testing the dorsal stream attention hypothesis: Electrophysiological correlates and the effects of ventral stream damage. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert , A. J. , Naikar , N. , McLachlan , K. and Aitken , V. 1999 . A new component of visual orienting: Implicit effects of peripheral information and sub-threshold cues on covert attention . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 25 : 321 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , A. J. , Norris , A. , Naikar , N. and Aitken , V. 2000 . Effects of informative peripheral cues on eye movements: Revisiting William James’ “derived attention” . Visual Cognition , 7 : 545 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , A. J. , Roser , M. , Wells , I. and Heffer , C. 2006 . The spatial correspondence hypothesis and orienting in response to central and peripheral precues . Visual Cognition , 13 : 65 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , A. J. and Shin , M.-J. 2010 . The hare and the snail: Dissociating visual orienting from conscious perception . Visual Cognition , 18 ( 6 ) : 829 – 838 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner , A. D. and Goodale , M. A. 2006 . The visual brain in action , 2nd ed. , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Muller , H. and Rabbitt , P. 1989 . Reflexive and voluntary orienting of visual attention: Time course of activation and resistance to interruption . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 15 : 315 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nummenmaa , L. and Hietanen , J. K. 2009 . How attentional systems process conflicting cues: The superiority of social over symbolic orienting revisited . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 35 ( 6 ) : 1738 – 1754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olk , B. , Hildebrandt , H. and Kingstone , A. 2010 . Involuntary but not voluntary orienting contributes to a disengage deficit in visual neglect . Cortex , 46 ( 9 ) : 1149 – 1164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peelen , M. V. , Heslenfeld , D. J. and Theeuwes , J. 2004 . Endogenous and exogenous attention shifts are mediated by the same large scale neural network . Neuroimage , 22 : 822 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , S. A. , & Gibson , T. N. ( in press ). Implicit attentional orienting in a target detection task with central cues . Consciousness and Cognition .
   Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. 1978 . Chronometric explorations of mind , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. , Snyder , C. R. and Davidson , B. J. 1980 . Attention and the detection of signals . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 109 ( 2 ) : 160 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt , J. , Radulescu , P. , Guo , R. M. and Hommel , B. 2010 . Visuospatial attention is guided by both the symbolic value and the spatial proximity of selected arrows . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 36 ( 5 ) : 1321 – 1324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risko , E. and Stolz , J. 2010 . The proportion valid effect in covert orienting: Strategic control or implicit learning? . Consciousness and Cognition , 19 : 432 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristic, J., & Kingstone, A. (2009). Rethinking attentional development: Reflexive and volitional orienting in children and adults. Developmental Science, 12, 289–296.
   Google Scholar
• Santangelo , V. and Spence , C. 2008 . Is the exogenous orienting of spatial attention truly automatic? Evidence from unimodal and multisensory studies . Consciousness and Cognition , 17 ( 3 ) : 989 – 1015 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schreij , D. , Theeuwes , J. and Olivers , C. N. 2010 . Abrupt onsets capture attention independent of top-down control settings II: Additivity is no evidence for filtering . Attention, Perception and Psychophysics , 72 ( 3 ) : 672 – 682 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shanks, D. R., & St. John, M. F. (1994). Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 17, 367–447.
   Google Scholar
• Tipples , J. 2002 . Eye gaze is not unique: Automatic orienting in response to uninformative arrows . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 9 ( 2 ) : 314 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipples , J. 2008 . Orienting to counterpredictive gaze and arrow cues . Perception and Psychophysics , 70 : 77 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecera , S. P. and Rizzo , M. 2004 . What are you looking at? Impaired “social attention” following frontal-lobe damage . Neuropsychologia , 42 ( 12 ) : 1657 – 1665 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright , R. D. and Ward , L. M. 1998 . The control of visual attention , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , R. D. and Ward , L. M. 2008 . Orienting of attention , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar