Development of own-race biases

REFERENCES

• Abel, H., & Sahinkaya, R. (1962). Emergence of sex and race friendship preferences. Child Development, 33, 939–943. doi:10.2307/1126904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboud, F. (1988). Children and prejudice. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Aboud, F. E. (2003). The formation of in-group favouritism and out-group prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes? Developmental Psychology, 39, 48–60. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzures, G., Kelly, D. J., Pascalis, O., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A., & Lee, K. ( in press). Own- and other-race face identity recognition in children: The effects of pose and feature composition. Developmental Psychology.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzures, G., Pascalis, O., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., & Lee, K. (2011). Minimizing skin color differences does not eliminate the own-race recognition advantage in infants. Infancy, 16, 640–654. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2010.00066.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzures, G., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., Slater, A. M., & Lee, K. (2010). Categorization, categorical perception, and asymmetry in infants’ representation of face race. Developmental Science, 13, 553–564. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00900.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzures, G., Wheeler, A., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., Slater, A. M., Heron-Delaney, M., … Lee, K. (2012). Brief daily exposures to Asian females reverses perceptual narrowing for Asian faces in Caucasian infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 112, 484–495. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyle, M., & Cook, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. Oxford: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balas, B. (2012). Bayesian face recognition and perceptual narrowing in face-space. Developmental Science, 15, 579–588. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01154.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balas, B. ( in press). Developing race categories in infancy via Bayesian face recognition. Visual Cognition. doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.800622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balas, B., Westerlund, A., Hung, K., & Nelson, C. A. (2011). Shape, color and the other-race effect in the infant brain. Developmental Science, 14, 892–900. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01039.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Haim, Y., Saidel, T., & Yovel, G. (2009). The role of skin colour in face recognition. Perception, 38, 145–148. doi:10.1068/p6307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Haim, Y., Ziv, T., Lamy, D., & Hodes, R. M. (2006). Nature and nurture in own-race face processing. Psychological Science, 17, 159–163. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01679.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, M. J., Young, S. G., & Hugenberg, K. (2007). The cross-category effect: Mere social categorization is sufficient to elicit an own-group bias in face recognition. Psychological Science, 18, 706–712. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01964.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2007). Developmental intergroup theory: Explaining and reducing children's social stereotyping and prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 162–166. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Brown, R., Funke, F., Kessler, T., & Mummendey, A. (2009). Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three European countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 843–856. doi:10.1037/a0013470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais, C., Jack, R. E., Scheepers, C., Fiset, D., & Caldara, R. (2008). Culture shapes how we look at faces. PLos ONE, 3, e3022. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brebner, J. L., Krigolson, O., Handy, T. C., Quadflieg, S., & Turk, D. J. (2011). The importance of skin color and facial structure in perceiving and remembering others: An electrophysiological study. Brain Research, 1388, 123–133. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, J. A., Alvarez, J. M., Ruble, D. N., & Fuligni, A. J. (2001). Children's lay theories about ingroups and outgroups: Reconceptualizing research on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 118–128. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0502_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor, G. N. (1972). Effects of familiarization on children's ratings of pictures of whites and blacks. Child Development, 43, 1219–1229. doi:10.2307/1127509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy, K. D., Quinn, K. A., & Humphreys, G. W. (2011). The influence of ingroup/outgroup categorization on same- and other-race face processing: The moderating role of inter- versus intra-racial context. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 811–817. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.02.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chance, J. E., Turner, A. L., & Goldstein, A. G. (1982). Development of differential recognition for own- and other-race faces. Journal of Psychology, 112, 29–37. doi:10.1080/00223980.1982.9923531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A., Hocevar, D., & Dembo, M. H. (1980). The role of cognitive development in children's explanations and preferences for skin color. Developmental Psychology, 16, 332–339. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.16.4.332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corenblum, B., & Meissner, C. A. (2006). Recognition of faces of ingroup and outgroup children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 93, 187–206. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2005.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, A. G., & Mullin, P. N. (1980). Ethnic identification and preference of British primary school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21, 241–251. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1980.tb01799.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Heering, A., de Liedekerke, C., Deboni, M., & Rossion, B. (2010). The role of experience during childhood in shaping the other-race effect. Developmental Science, 13, 181–187. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00876.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunham, Y., Chen, E. E., & Banaji, M. R. (2013). Two signatures of implicit intergroup attitudes: Developmental invariance and early enculturation. Psychological Science, 24, 860–868. doi:10.1177/0956797612463081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantz, R. L. (1963). Pattern vision in newborn infants. Science, 140, 296–297. doi:10.1126/science.140.3564.296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinman, S., & Entwisle, D. R. (1976). Children's ability to recognize other children's faces. Child Development, 47, 506–510. doi:10.2307/1128809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, K. T., Kulkofsky, S., Cashon, C. H., & Casasola, M. (2009). The development of specialized processing of own-race faces in infancy. Infancy, 14, 263–284. doi:10.1080/15250000902839369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, G., Hu, C. S., Wang, Q., Quinn, P. C., & Lee, K. (2012). Adults scan own- and other-race faces differently. PLoS ONE, 7, e37688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furl, N., Phillips, P. J., & O'Toole, A. J. (2002). Face recognition algorithms and the other-race effect: Computational mechanisms for a developmental contact hypothesis. Cognitive Science, 26, 797–815. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2606_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaither, S. E., Pauker, K., & Johnson, S. P. (2012). Biracial and monoracial infant own-race face perception: An eye tracking study. Developmental Science, 15, 775–782. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01170.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge, L., Zhang, H., Wang, Z., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., Kelly, D., … Lee, K. (2009). Two faces of the other-race effect: Recognition and categorisation of Caucasian and Chinese faces. Perception, 38, 1199–1210. doi:10.1068/p6136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, E. J. (1969). Principles of perceptual learning and development. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1980). Memory for faces and schema theory. Journal of Psychology, 105, 47–59. doi:10.1080/00223980.1980.9915131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1985). Effects of training on Japanese face recognition: Reduction of the other-race effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23, 211–214.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, G. S., Sayfan, L., Lee, J. S., Sandhei, M., Walle-Olsen, A., Magnussen, S., … Arredondo, P. (2007). The development of memory for own- and other-race faces. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 98, 233–242. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2007.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goren, C. C., Sarty, M., & Wu, P. Y. K. (1975). Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics, 56, 545–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, J. A., & Nesdale, D. (2006). In-group and out-group attitudes of ethnic majority and minority children. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 735–749. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden, A., Bhatt, R. S., Joseph, J. E., & Tanaka, J. W. (2007). The other-race effect in infancy: Evidence using a morphing technique. Infancy, 12, 95–104. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2007.tb00235.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden, A., Bhatt, R. S., Kangas, A., Zieber, N., & Joseph, J. E. (2012). Race-based perceptual asymmetry in face processing is evident early in life. Infancy, 17, 578–590. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00098.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden, A., Bhatt, R. S., Zieber, N., & Kangas, A. (2009). Race-based perceptual asymmetries underlying face processing in infancy. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 16, 270–275. doi:10.3758/PBR.16.2.270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward, W. G., Rhodes, G., & Schwaninger, A. (2008). An own-race advantage for components as well as configurations in face recognition. Cognition, 106, 1017–1027. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heron-Delaney, M., Anzures, G., Herbert, J. S., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Tanaka, J. W., … Pascalis, O. (2011). Perceptual training prevents the emergence of the other race effect during infancy. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e19858. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills, P. J., & Lewis, M. B. (2006). Reducing the own-race bias in face recognition by shifting attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 996–1002. doi:10.1080/17470210600654750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugenberg, K., & Corneille, O. (2009). Holistic processing is tuned for in-group faces. Cognitive Science, 33, 1173–1181. doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01048.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugenberg, K., Wilson, J., See, P., & Young, S. ( in press). Toward a synthetic model of own group biases in face memory. Visual Cognition. doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.821430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugenberg, K., Young, S. G., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F. (2010). The categorization-individuation model: An integrative account of the other-race recognition deficit. Psychological Review, 117, 1168–1187. doi:10.1037/a0020463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H., & Morton, J. (1991). Newborns' preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition, 40, 1–19. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(91)90045-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. H., & Morton, J. (1991). Biology and cognitive development: The case of face recognition. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, P. A., & Zalk, S. R. (1978). Modification of children's racial attitudes. Developmental Psychology, 14, 447–461. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.14.5.447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, D. J., Liu, S., Ge, L., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Lee, K., … Pascalis, O. (2007). Cross-race preferences for same-race faces extend beyond the African versus Caucasian contrast in 3-month-old infants. Infancy, 11, 87–95. doi:10.1207/s15327078in1101_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, D. J., Liu, S., Lee, K., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., Slater, A. M., & Ge, L. (2009). Development of the other-race effect in infancy: Evidence towards universality? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104, 105–114. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2009.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, D. J., Lui, S., Rodger, H., Miellet, S., Ge, L., & Caldara, R. (2011). Developing cultural differences in face processing. Developmental Science, 14, 1176–1184. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01067.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, D. J., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Lee, K., Ge, L., & Pascalis, O. (2007). The other-race effect develops during infancy: Evidence of perceptual narrowing. Psychological Science, 18, 1084–1089. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02029.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, D. J., Quinn, P. C., Slater, A. M., Lee, K., Gibson, A., Smith, M., … Pascalis, O. (2005). Three-month-olds, but not newborns, prefer own-race faces. Developmental Science, 8, F31–F36. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.0434a.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzler, K. D., Shutts, K., DeJesus, J., & Spelke, E. S. (2009). Accent trumps race in guiding children's social preferences. Social Cognition, 27, 623–634. doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.4.623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzler, K. D., & Spelke, E. S. (2011). Do infants show social preferences for people differing in race? Cognition, 119, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.10.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalski, K. (2003). The emergence of ethnic and racial attitudes in preschool-aged children. Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 677–690. doi:10.1080/00224540309600424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebrecht, S., Pierce, L. J., Tarr, M. J., & Tanaka, J. W. (2009). Perceptual other-race training reduces implicit racial bias. PLoS ONE, 4, e4215. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., Anzures, G., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., & Slater, A. M. (2011). Development of face processing expertise. In A. Calder, G. Rhodes, M. H. Johnson, & J. V. Haxby (Eds.), Handbook of face perception (pp. 753–778). Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, D. T. (1996). Classifying faces by race: The structure of face categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1364–1382. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.6.1364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, D. T. (2000). Race as a visual feature: Using visual search and perceptual discrimination tasks to understand face categories and the cross-race recognition deficit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 559–574. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.129.4.559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H. Z. (2004). Culture and gaze direction in conversation. RASK - International Journal of Language and Communication, 20, 3–26.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, S., Quinn, P. C., Wheeler, A., Xiao, N., Ge, L., & Lee, K. (2011). Similarity and difference in the processing of same- and other-race faces as revealed by eye tracking in 4- to 9-month-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 180–189. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macchi Cassia, V., Simion, F., & Umilta, C. (2001). Face preference at birth: The role of an orienting mechanism. Developmental Science, 4, 101–108. doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLin, O. H., & Malpass, R. S. (2001). Racial categorization of faces: The ambiguous race face effect. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 98–118. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.98
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer, D. (1985). Infants' perception of facedness. In T. M. Field & N. A. Fox (Eds.), Social perception in infants (pp. 73–100). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Maurer, D., & Young, R. E. (1983). Newborns' following of natural and distorted arrangements of facial features. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 127–131. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(83)80018-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 3–35. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel, C., Caldara, R., & Rossion, B. (2006). Same-race faces are perceived more holistically than other-race faces. Visual Cognition, 14, 55–73. doi:10.1080/13506280500158761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel, C., Rossion, B., Han, J., Chung, C., & Caldara, R. (2006). Holistic processing is finely tuned for faces of one's own race. Psychological Science, 17, 608–615. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01752.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondloch, C. J., Elms, N., Maurer, D., Rhodes, G., Hayward, W. G., Tanaka, J. W., & Zhou, G. (2010). Processes underlying the cross-race effect: An investigation of holistic, featural, and relational processing of own-race versus other-race faces. Perception, 39, 1065–1085. doi:10.1068/p6608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondloch, C. J., Lewis, T. L., Budreau, D. R., Maurer, D., Dannemiller, J. L., Stephens, B. R., & Kleiner-Gathercoal, K. A. (1999). Face perception during early infancy. Psychological Science, 10, 419–422. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natu, V., & O'Toole, A. J. (2013). Neural perspectives on the other-race effect. Visual Cognition. doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.811455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Toole, A., Deffenbacher, K., Abdi, H., & Bartlett, J. (1991). Simulating the “other-race effect” as a problem in perceptual learning. Connection Science, 3, 163–178. doi:10.1080/09540099108946583
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 751–783. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 922–934. doi:10.1002/ejsp.504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezdek, K., Blandon-Gitlin, I., & Moore, C. (2003). Children's face recognition memory: More evidence for the cross-race effect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 760–763. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polka, L., & Werker, J. F. (1994). Developmental changes in perception of nonnative vowel contrasts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 421–435. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.2.421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, P. C., & Tanaka, J. W. (2007). Early development of perceptual expertise: Within-basic-level categorization experience facilitates the formation of subordinate-level category representations in 6- to 7-month-old infants. Memory and Cognition, 35, 1422–1431. doi:10.3758/BF03193612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey, P. G., & Myers, L. C. (1990). Salience of race in young children's cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to social environments. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 11, 49–67. doi:10.1016/0193-3973(90)90031-E
   Google Scholar
• Rennels, J. L., & Davis, R. E. (2008). Facial experience during the first year. Infant Behavior and Development, 31, 665–678. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2008.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, G., Brennan, S., & Carey, S. (1987). Identification and ratings of caricatures: Implications for mental representations of faces. Cognitive Psychology, 19, 473–497. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(87)90016-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, G., Hayward, W. G., & Winkler, C. (2006). Expert face coding: Configural and component coding of own-race and other-race faces. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 13, 499–505. doi:10.3758/BF03193876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, G., Lie, H. C., Ewing, L., Evangelista, E., & Tanaka, J. W. (2010). Does perceived race affect discrimination and recognition of ambiguous-race faces? A test of the sociocognitive hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 217–223. doi:10.1037/a0017680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, G., Locke, V., Ewing, L., & Evangelista, E. (2009). Race coding and the other-race effect in face recognition. Perception, 38, 232–241. doi:10.1068/p6110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangrigoli, S., & de Schonen, S. (2004a). Effect of visual experience on face processing: A developmental study of inversion and non-native effects. Developmental Science, 7, 74–87. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00324.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangrigoli, S., & de Schonen, S. (2004b). Recognition of own-race and other-race faces by three-month-old infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1219–1227. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00319.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangrigoli, S., Pallier, C., Argenti, A. M., Ventureyra, V. A. G., & de Schonen, S. (2005). Reversibility of the other-race effect in face recognition during childhood. Psychological Science, 16, 440–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L. S., Pascalis, O., & Nelson, C. A. (2007). A domain-general theory of the development of perceptual discrimination. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 197–201. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00503.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, L. A., Hatry, A. J., & Mondloch, C. J. (2011). The development of norm-based coding and race-specific face prototypes: An examination of 5- and 8-year-olds’ face space. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 338–357. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shutts, K., & Kinzler, K. D. (2007). An ambiguous-race illusion in children's face memory. Psychological Science, 18, 763–767. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01975.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shutts, K., Roben, C. K. P., & Spelke, E. S. (2013). Children's use of social categories in thinking about people and social relationships. Journal of Cognition and Development, 14, 35–62. doi:10.1080/15248372.2011.638686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporer, S. L. (2001). Recognizing faces of other ethnic groups: An integration of theories. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 36–97. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.36
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., Heptonstall, B., & Hagen, S. ( in press). Perceptual expertise and the plasticity of other-race face recognition. Visual Cognition. doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.826315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., & Pierce, L. J. (2009). The neural plasticity of other-race face recognition. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 122–131. doi:10.3758/CABN.9.1.122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43A, 161–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, T., & Endo, M. (1992). Towards an exemplar model of face processing: The effects of race and distinctiveness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44A, 671–703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, P. M., & Hewstone, M. (2006a). A developmental investigation of other-race contact and the own-race face effect. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 451–463. doi:10.1348/026151005X51239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, P. M., & Hewstone, M. (2006b). A perceptual discrimination investigation of the own-race effect and intergroup experience. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 461–475. doi:10.1002/acp.1191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, P. M., & Tanaka, J. W. (2003). An encoding advantage for own-race versus other-race faces. Perception, 32, 1117–1125. doi:10.1068/p5098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werker, J. F., & Tees, R. C. (1984). Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 49–63. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(84)80022-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, A., Anzures, G., Quinn, P. C., Pascalis, O., Omrin, D. S., & Lee, K. (2011). Caucasian infants scan own- and other-race faces differently. PloS ONE, 6, e18621. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, W. S., Xiao, N. G., Quinn, P. C., Anzures, G., & Lee, K. (2013). Development of face scanning for own- and other-race faces in infancy. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 37, 100–105. doi:10.1177/0165025412467584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zebrowitz, L. A., White, B., & Wieneke, K. (2008). Mere exposure and racial prejudice: Exposure to other-race faces increases liking for strangers of that race. Social Cognition, 26, 259–275. doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.3.259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar