The contribution of shape and surface information in the other-race face effect

REFERENCES

• Balas, B., & Nelson, C. A. (2010). The role of face shape and pigmentation in other-race face perception: An electrophysiological study. Neuropsychologia, 48, 498–506. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Haim, Y., Saidel, T., & Yovel, G. (2009). The role of skin colour in face recognition. Perception, 38, 145–148. doi:10.1068/p6307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanz, V., & Vetter, T. (1999). A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 99, (pp. 187–194) New York, NY: ACM Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brebner, J. L., Krigolson, O., Handy, T. C., Quadflieg, S., & Turk, D. J. (2011). The importance of skin color and facial structure in perceiving and remembering others: An electrophysiological study. Brain Research, 1388, 123–133. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, V., Hanna, E., Dench, N., Healey, P., & Burton, M. (1992). The importance of “mass” in line drawings of faces. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 619–628. doi:10.1002/acp.2350060705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, V., Healey, P., Burton, M., Doyle, T., Coombes, A., & Linney, A. (1991). Recognising facial surfaces. Perception, 20, 755–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, V., & Langton, S. (1994). The use of pigmentation and shading information in recognising the sex and identities of faces. Perception, 23, 803–822. doi:10.1068/p230803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, V., & Young, A. W. (1998). In the eye of the beholder: The science of face perception. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Byatt, G., & Rhodes, G. (2004). Identification of own-race and other-race faces: Implications for the representation of race in face space. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 11, 735–741. doi:10.3758/BF03196628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caharel, S., Jiang, F., Blanz, V., & Rossion, B. (2009). Recognizing an individual face: 3D shape contributes earlier than 2D surface reflectance information. NeuroImage, 47, 1809–1818. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldara, R., & Abdi, H. (2006). Simulating the “other-race” effect with autoassociative neural networks: further evidence in favour of the face-space model. Perception, 35, 659–670. doi:10.1068/p5360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiroro, P., & Valentine, T. (1995). An investigation of the contact hypothesis of the own-race bias in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 48A, 879–894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, G. M., Ellis, H. D., & Shepherd, J. W. (1978). Face recognition accuracy as a function of mode of representation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 180–187. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.63.2.180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, H. D., Deregowski, J. B., & Shepherd, J. W. (1975). Description of white and black faces by white and black subjects. American Journal of Psychology, 10, 119–123.
   Google Scholar
• Farkas, L. G. (1994). Anthropometry of the head and face (2nd Ed). New York, NY: Raven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Furl, N., Phillips, P. J., & O'Toole, A. J. (2002). Face recognition algorithms and the other-race effect: Computational mechanisms for a developmental contact hypothesis. Cognitive Science, 26, 797–815. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2606_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galper, R. E. (1970). Recognition of faces in photographic negative. Psychonomic Science, 19, 207–208.
   Google Scholar
• Hayward, W. G., Crookes, K., Rhodes, G. (2013). The other-race effect: Holistic coding differences and beyond. Visual Cognition, doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.824530
   Google Scholar
• Hills, P. J., & Lewis, M. B. (2006). Reducing the own-race bias in face recognition by shifting attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 996–1002. doi:10.1080/17470210600654750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, F., Blanz, V., & O'Toole, A. J. (2006). Probing the visual representation of faces with adaptation: A view from the other side of the mean. Psychological Science, 17, 493–500. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01734.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, F., Blanz, V., & Rossion, B. (2011). Holistic processing of shape cues in face identification: Evidence from face inversion, composite faces and acquired prosopagnosia. Visual Cognition, 19, 1003–1034. doi:10.1080/13506285.2011.604360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K. J., & Perrett, D. (1997). Presentation-time measures of the effects of manipulations in colour space on discrimination of famous faces. Perception, 26, 733–752. doi:10.1068/p260733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay, S. D., Jack, P. C., & Christian, M. A. (1991). Other-race face perception. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 587–589. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.76.4.587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 330–334. doi:10.1037/h0028434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcon, J. L., Meissner, C. A., Frueh, M., Susa, K. J., & MacLin, O. H. (2010). Perceptual identification and the cross-race effect. Visual Cognition, 18, 767–779. doi:10.1080/13506280903178622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megreya, A. M., White, D., & Burton, M. A. (2011). The other-race effect does not rely on memory: Evidence from a matching task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 1473–1483. doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.575228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analysis review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 3–35. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meissner, C. A., Susa, K. J., & Ross, A. B. (2013). Can I see your Passport please? Perceptual discrimination of own- and other-race faces. Visual Cognition, doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.832451
   Google Scholar
• Michel, C., Caldara, R., & Rossion, B. (2006). Same-race faces are perceived more holistically than other-race faces. Visual Cognition, 14, 55–73. doi:10.1080/13506280500158761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel, C., Rossion, B., Han, J., Chung, C.-S., & Caldara, R. (2006). Holistic processing is finely tuned for faces of one's own race. Psychological Science, 17, 608–615. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01752.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natu, V., & O'Toole, A. J. (2013). Computational perspectives on the other-race effect. Visual Cognition, doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.803505
   Google Scholar
• Ng, W. J., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1994). Cross-race facial recognition: Failure of the contact hypothesis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 217–232. doi:10.1177/0022022194252004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Toole, A., Deffenbacher, K., Abdi, H., & Bartlett, J. (1991). Simulating the “other-race effect” as a problem in perceptual learning. Connection Science, 3, 163–178. doi:10.1080/09540099108946583
   Google Scholar
• O'Toole, A. J., Deffenbacher, K. A., Valentin, D., & Abdi, H. (1994), Structural aspects of face recognition and the other-race effect. Memory and Cognition, 22, 208–224. doi:10.3758/BF03208892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Toole, A. J., Vetter, T., & Blanz, V. (1999). Three-dimensional shape and two-dimensional surface reflectance contributions to face recognition: An application of three-dimensional morphing. Vision Research, 39, 3145–3155. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(99)00034-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, R. J. (1972). Why are faces hard to recognize in photographic negatives. Perception and Psychophysics, 12, 425–426. doi:10.3758/BF03205854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, G., Hayward, W. G., & Winkler, C. (2006). Expert face coding: Configural and component coding of own-race and other-race faces. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 13, 499–505. doi:10.3758/BF03193876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossion, B., & Michel, C. (2011). An experience-based holistic account of the other-race face effect. In A. Calder, G. Rhodes, M. H. Johnson, & J. V. Haxby (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of face perception (pp. 215–243). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, R., Biederman, I., Nederhouser, M., & Sinha, P. (2007). The utility of surface reflectance for the recognition of upright and inverted faces. Vision Research, 47, 157–165. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2006.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, R., & Sinha, P. (2007). Real-world face recognition: The importance of surface reflectance properties. Perception, 36, 1368–1374. doi:10.1068/p5779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, R., Sinha, P., Biederman, I., & Nederhouser, M. (2006). Is pigmentation important for face recognition? Evidence from contrast negation. Perception, 35, 749–759. doi:10.1068/p5490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, J. W., & Deregowski, J. B. (1981). Races and faces: A comparison of the responses of Africans and Europeans to faces of the same and different races. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 125–133. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1981.tb00485.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swets, J. A., Tanner, W. P., & Birdsall, T. G. (1961). Decision process in perception. Psychological Review, 68, 301–340. doi:10.1037/h0040547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J., Kiefer, M., & Bukach, C. M. (2004). A holistic account of the own-race effect in face recognition: Evidence from a cross-cultural study. Cognition, 93, B1–B9. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43A, 161–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, T., & Endo, M. (1992). Towards an exemplar model of face processing: The effects of race and distinctiveness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44A, 671–703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuong, Q. C., Peissig, J. J., Harrison, M. C., & Tarr, M. J. (2005). The role of surface pigmentation for recognition revealed by contrast reversal in faces and Greebles. Vision Research, 45, 1213–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, P. M., & Tanaka, J. W. (2003). An encoding advantage for own-race versus other-race faces. Perception, 32, 1117–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willenbockel, V., Fiset, D., & Tanaka, J. W. (2011). Relative influences of lightness and facial morphology on perceived race. Perception, 40, 621–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar