Perceptual expertise and the plasticity of other-race face recognition

REFERENCES

• Bentin, S., Allison, T., Puce, A., Perez, E., & McCarthy, G. (1996). Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 551–565. doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.6.551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentin, S., & Deouell, L. (2000). Structural encoding and identification in face processing: ERP evidence for separate mechanism. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 35–54. doi:10.1080/026432900380472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiroro, P., & Valentine, T. (1995). An investigation of the contact hypothesis of the own-race bias in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 48A, 879–894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross, J. F., Cross, J., & Daly, J. (1971). Sex, race, age and beauty as factors in recognition of faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 10, 393–396. doi:10.3758/BF03210319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eimer, M. (2000). Event-related brain potentials distinguish processing stages involved in face perception and recognition. Clinical neurophysiology: Official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 111(4), 694–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farkas, L. G., Katic, M. J., & Forrest, C. R. (2005). International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 16(4), 615–646. doi:10.1097/01.scs.0000171847.58031.9e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1013–1027. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression-formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences on information and motivation on attention and interpretation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 1–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, I., & Tanaka, J. W. (2011). The role of name labels in the formation of face representations in event-related potentials. British Journal of Psychology, 5, 3280–3293.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal of Personality, 74(4), 1464–1480.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 17–41. doi:10.1037/a0015575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward, W. G., Crookes, K., & Rhodes, G. (2013). The other-race effect: Holistic coding differences and beyond. Visual Cognition. doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.824530
   Google Scholar
• Herzmann, G., Willenbockel, V., Tanaka, J. W., & Curran, T. (2011). The neural correlates of memory encoding and recognition for own-race and other-race faces. Neuropsychologia, 49(11), 3103–3115. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills, P. J., & Lewis, M. B. (2006). Reducing the own-race bias by shifting attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51(6), 599–607.
   Google Scholar
• Hills, P. J., & Lewis, M. B. (2011). Reducing the own-race bias in face recognition by attentional shift using fixation crosses preceding the lower half of a face. Visual Cognition, 19(3), 313–339. doi:10.1080/13506285.2010.528250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugenberg, K., Miller, J., & Claypool, H. M. (2007). Categorization and individuation in the cross-race recognition deficit: Toward a solution to an insidious problem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(2), 334–340. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugenberg, K., Wilson, J., See, P., & Young, S. (2013). Toward a synthetic model of own group biases in face memory. Visual Cognition. doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.821429
   Google Scholar
• Hugenberg, K., Young, S. G., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F. (2010). The Categorization-Individuation model: An integrative account of the other-race recognition deficit. Psychological Review, 117(4), 1168–1187. doi:10.1037/a0020463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, T., & Senholzi, K. B. (2013). Us versus them: Understanding the process of race perception with event-related brain potentials. Visual Cognition. doi:10.1080/13506285.2013.821430
   Google Scholar
• Jacques, C., & Rossion, B. (2006). The speed of individual face categorization. Psychological Science, 17(6), 485–492.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, K. E., & Mervis, C. B. (1997). Effects of varying levels of expertise on the basic level of categorization. Journal of experimental psychology. General, 126(3), 248–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolicoeur, P., Gluck, M. A., & Kosslyn, S. M. (1984). Pictures and names: Making the connection. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 243–275. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(84)90009-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, J. M., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2008). Distortions in the brain? ERP effects of caricaturing familiar and unfamiliar faces. Brain research, 1228, 177–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebrecht, S., Pierce, L. J., Tarr, M. J., & Tanaka, J. W. (2009). Perceptual other-race training reduces implicit racial bias. PloS ONE, 4(1), e4215. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, D. T. (2000). Race as a visual feature: Using visual search and perceptual discrimination tasks to understand face categories and cross-race recognition deficit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 559–574. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.129.4.559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLin, O. H., Van Sickler, B. R., MacLin, M. K., & Li, A. (2004). A re-examination of the cross-race effect: The role of race, inversion and basketball trivia. North American Journal of Psychology, 6, 189–204.
   Google Scholar
• Malpass, R. S., & Brigham, J. C. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 330–334. doi:10.1037/h0028434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGugin, R. W., Tanaka, J. W., Lebrecht, S., & Tarr, M. J. (2011). Race-specific perceptual discrimination improvement following short individuation training with faces. Cognitive Science, 35, 330–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 3–35. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, W., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1994). Cross-race facial recognition: Failure of the contact hypothesis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 217–232. doi:10.1177/0022022194252004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosch, E., Mervis, C., Gray, W., Johnson, D., & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976). Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382–439. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(76)90013-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossion, B., Joyce, C. A, Cottrell, G. W., & Tarr, M. J. (2003). Early lateralization and orientation tuning for face, word, and object processing in the visual cortex. NeuroImage, 20(3), 1609–1624. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L., Tanaka, J., Sheinberg, D., & Curran, T. (2006). A reevaluation of the electrophysiological correlates of expert object processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(9), 1–13. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L., Tanaka, J., Sheinberg, D., & Curran, T. (2008). The role of category learning in the acquisition and retention of perceptual expertise: A behavioral and neurophysiological study. Brain Research, 1210, 204–215. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekuler, A. B., Gaspar, C. M., Gold, J. M., & Bennett, P. J. (2004). Inversion leads to quantitative, not qualitative, changes in face processing. Current Biology, 14, 391–396. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, J. W., & Deregowski, J. B. (1981). Races and faces: A comparison of the responses of Africans and Whites to faces of the same and different races. British Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 125–133. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1981.tb00485.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., & Curran, T. (2001). A neural basis for expert object recognition. Psychological science, 12(1), 43–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., Curran, T., Porterfield, A. L., & Collins, D. (2006). Activation of preexisting and acquired face representations: The N250 event-related potential as an index of face familiarity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(9), 1488–1497. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., Curran, T., & Sheinberg, D. L. (2005). The training and transfer of real-world perceptual expertise. Psychological Science, 16(2), 145–151. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00795.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., & Droucker, D. (2008). Training other-race face recognition in adults. Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., & Pierce, L. J. (2009). The neural plasticity of other-race face recognition. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 122–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J. W., & Taylor, M. (1991). Object categories and expertise: Is the basic level in the eye of the beholder? Cognitive Psychology, 23(3), 457–482. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(91)90016-H
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, J., Webster, B., Gordon, I., & Meixner, T. (2012). A test of the perceptual expertise hypothesis with novel race faces. Journal of Vision, 12(9), 987.
   Google Scholar
• Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43A, 161–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, P. M., & Tanaka, J. W. (2003). An encoding advantage for own-race versus other-race faces. Perception, 32, 1117–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar