Cognitive control of fixation duration in visual search: The role of extrafoveal processing

REFERENCES

• Alexander, R. G., & Zelinsky, G. J. (2011). Visual similarity effects in categorical search. Journal of Vision, 11(8): 9, 1–15. 10.1167/11.8.9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, R. G., & Zelinsky, G. J. (2012). Effects part-based similarity on visual search: The Frankenbear experiment. Vision Research, 54, 20–30. 10.1016/j.visres.2011.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, W., & Jürgens, R. (1979). An analysis of the saccadic system by means of double step stimuli. Vision Research, 19, 967–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertera, J. H., & Rayner, K. (2000). Eye movements and the span of effective vision in visual search. Perception & Psychophysics, 62, 576–585. 10.3758/BF03212109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bichot, N. P., & Schall, J. D. (1998). Saccade target selection in macaque during feature and conjunction visual search. Visual Neuroscience, 16, 81–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, L. K. H., & Hayward W. G. (2013). Visual search. WIREs Cognitive Science, 4, 415–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., & Zelinsky, G. (2006). Real-world visual search is dominated by top-down guidance. Vision Research, 46, 4118–4133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, V. P., Fan, S., & Hillyard, S. A. (1995). Identification of early visual evoked potential generators by retinotopic and topographic analyses. Human Brain Mapping, 2, 170–187. 10.1002/hbm.460020306
   Google Scholar
• Cornelissen, F. W., Bruin, L. J., & Kooijman, A. C. (2005). The influence of artificial scotomas on eye movements during visual search. Optometry and Vision Science, 82, 27–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1989). Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychological Review, 96, 433–458. 10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994). An introduction to the bootstrap. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Engel, F. L. (1977). Visual conspicuity: Visual search and fixation tendencies of the eye. Vision Research, 17, 95–108. 10.1016/0042-6989%2877%2990207-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findlay, J. M. (1997). Saccade target selection during visual search. Vision Research, 37, 617–631. 10.1016/S0042-6989%2896%2900218-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findlay, J. M., Brown, V., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2001). Saccade target selection in visual search: The effect of information from the previous fixation. Vision Research, 41, 87–95. 10.1016/S0042-6989%2800%2900236-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findlay, J. M., & Gilchrist, I. D. (1998). Eye guidance and visual search. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Eye guidance in reading, driving and scene perception (pp. 295–312). Oxford: Elservier.
   Google Scholar
• Findlay, J. M., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2003). Active vision: The psychology of looking and seeing. Oxford: University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foxe, J. J., & Simpson, G. V. (2002). Flow of activation from V1 to frontal cortex in humans: A framework for defining “early” visual processing. Experimental Brain Research, 142, 139–150. 10.1007/s00221-001-0906-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaholt, M. G., & Reingold, E. M. (2012). Direct control of fixation times in scene viewing: Evidence from analysis of the distribution of first fixation duration. Visual Cognition, 20, 605–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaholt, M. G., Rayner, K., & Reingold, E. M. (2013). Spatial frequency filtering and the direct control of fixation durations during scene viewing. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 75, 1761–1773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, J. D. (1967). Pattern recognition and eye-movement parameters. Perception & Psychophysics, 2, 399–407. 10.3758/BF03208776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, J. D. (1973). Eye movements during visual search and memory search. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 98, 184–195. 10.1037/h0034280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graefe, T. M., & Vaughan, J. (1978). Saccadic and manual reaction times to stimuli initiated by eye or finger movements. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11, 97–99. 10.3758/BF03336776
   Google Scholar
• Greene, H. H., & Rayner, K. (2001). Eye movements and familiarity effects in visual search. Vision Research, 41, 3763–3773. 10.1016/S0042-6989%2801%2900154-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, J. M., & Smith, T. J. (2009). How are eye fixation durations controlled during scene viewing? Further evidence from a scene onset delay paradigm. Visual Cognition, 17(6/7), 1055–1082. 10.1080/13506280802685552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooge, I. Th. C., & Erkelens, C. J. (1996). Control of fixation duration in a simple search task. Perception and Psychophysics, 58, 969–976. 10.3758/BF03206825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooge, I. Th. C., & Erkelens, C. J. (1998). Adjustment of fixation duration in visual search. Vision Research, 38, 1295–1302. 10.1016/S0042-6989%2897%2900287-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooge I. Th. C., & Erkelens, C. J. (1999). Peripheral vision and oculomotor control during visual search. Vision Research, 39, 1567–1575. 10.1016/S0042-6989%2898%2900213-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, A. M. (1986). Eye-movement control in visual search: How direct is visual span control? Perception & Psychophysics, 39, 47–58. 10.3758/BF03207583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, A. M., & O'Regan, J. K. (1987). Spatial and/or temporal adjustments of scanning behaviour to visibility changes. Acta Psychologica, 65, 133–146. 10.1016/0001-6918%2887%2990023-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke, S. G., Nuthmann, A., & Henderson, J. M. (2013). Eye movement control in scene viewing and reading: Evidence from the stimulus onset delay paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 39, 10–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConkie, G. W. & Dyre, B. P. (2000). Eye fixation durations in reading: Models of frequency distributions. In A. Kennedy, R. Radach, D. Heller, & J. Pynte (Eds.), Reading as a perceptual process (pp. 683–700). Amsterdam, Holland: North-Holland.
   Google Scholar
• McConkie, G. W., Kerr, P. W., & Dyre, B. P. (1994). What are “normal” eye movements during reading: Toward a mathematical description. In J. Ygge & G. Lennerstand (Eds.), Eye movements in reading (pp. 315–327). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• McConkie, G. W., & Rayner, K. (1975). The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 17, 578–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffit, K. (1980). Evaluation of the fixation duration in visual search. Perception and Psychophysics, 274, 370–372. 10.3758/BF03206127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motter, B. C., & Belky, E. J. (1998). The guidance of eye movements during active visual search. Vision Research, 38, 1805–1815. 10.1016/S0042-6989%2897%2900349-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., Giard, M.-H., Bentin, S., Aguera, P.-E., & Pernier, J. (2000). Neurophysiological correlates of face gender processing in humans. European Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 303–310. 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00888.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nattkemper, D., & Prinz, W. (1984). Costs and benefits of redundancy in visual search. In A. G. Gale & E. Johnson (Eds.), Theoretical and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 343–351). Amsterdam: North Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Navon, D., & Pearl, D. (1985). Preattentive processing or prefocal processing? Acta Psychologia, 60, 245–262. 10.1016/0001-6918%2885%2990057-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, R. J. (1981). Searching for a target in a random arrangement of names: An eye fixation analysis. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 35, 330–346. 10.1037/h0081192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomplun, M. (2006). Saccadic selectivity in complex visual search displays. Vision Research, 46, 1886–1900. 10.1016/j.visres.2005.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomplun, M., Reingold, E. M., & Shen, J. (2001a). Peripheral and parafoveal cueing and masking effects on saccadic selectivity. Vision Research, 41, 2757–2769. 10.1016/S0042-6989%2801%2900145-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomplun, M., Reingold, E. M., & Shen, J. (2001b). Investigating the visual span in comparative search: The effects of task difficulty and divided attention. Cognition, 81, B57–B67. 10.1016/S0010-0277%2801%2900123-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomplun, M., Reingold, E. M., & Shen, J. (2003). Area activation: A computational model of saccadic selectivity in visual search. Cognitive Science, 27, 299–312. 10.1207/s15516709cog2702_7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomplun, M., Reingold, E. M., Shen, J., & Williams, D. E. (2000). The area activation model of saccadic selectivity in visual search. In L. R. Gleitman & A. K. Joshi (Eds.), Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 375–380). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 372–422. 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K. (2009). The Thirty-Fifth Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1457–1506. 10.1080/17470210902816461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K., & Fisher, D. L. (1987). Letter processing during eye fixations in visual search. Perception & Psychophysics, 42, 87–100. 10.3758/BF03211517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichle, E. D., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D. L., & Rayner, K. (1998). Toward a model of eye movement control in reading. Psychological Review, 105, 125–157. 10.1037/0033-295X.105.1.125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichle, E. D., & Reingold, E. M. (2013). Neurophysiological constraints on the eye–mind link. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 1–6. 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reingold, E. M., Charness, N., Pomplun, M., & Stampe, D. M. (2001). Visual span in expert chess players: Evidence from eye movements. Psychological Science, 12, 49–56. 10.1111/1467-9280.00309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reingold, E. M., Reichle, E. D., Glaholt, M. G., & Sheridan, H. (2012). Direct lexical control of eye movements in reading: Evidence from a survival analysis of fixation durations. Cognitive Psychology, 65, 177–206. 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scialfa, C. T., & Joffe, K. (1998). Response times and eye movements in feature and conjunction search as a function of target eccentricity. Perception & Psychophysics, 60, 1067–1082. 10.3758/BF03211940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sereno, S. C., & Rayner K. (2003). Measuring word recognition in reading: Eye movements and event-related potentials. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 489–493. 10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, J., Elahipanah, A., & Reingold, E. M. (2007). Effects of context and instruction on the guidance of eye movements during a conjunctive visual search task. In R. van Gompel, M. Fischer, W. Murray, and R. Hill (Eds.), Eye-movement Research. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, J., & Reingold, E. M. (1999). Saccadic selectivity during visual search: The effects of shape and stimulus familiarity. In M. Hahn and S. C. Stoness (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st annual conference of the cognitive science society (pp. 649–652). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, J., Reingold, E. M., & Pomplun, M. (2000). Distractor ratio influences patterns of eye movements during visual search. Perception, 29, 241–250. 10.1068/p2933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, J., Reingold, E. M., Pomplun, M., & Williams, D. E. (2003). Saccadic selectivity during visual search: The influence of central processing difficulty. In J. Hyönä, R. Radach, & H. Deubel (Eds.), The mind's eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movements. (pp. 65–88) Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan, H., Rayner, K. & Reingold, E. M. (2013). Unsegmented text delays word identification: Evidence from a survival analysis of fixation durations. Visual Cognition, 21, 38–60. 10.1080/13506285.2013.767296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, H., & Reingold, E. M. (2012a). The time course of contextual influences during lexical ambiguity resolution: Evidence from distributional analyses of fixation durations. Memory & Cognition, 40, 1122–1131. 10.3758/s13421-012-0216-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, H., & Reingold, E. M. (2012b). The time course of predictability effects in reading: Evidence from a survival analysis of fixation durations. Visual Cognition, 20, 733–745. 10.1080/13506285.2012.693548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staub, A. (2011). The effect of lexical predictability on distributions of eye fixation durations. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18, 371–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staub, A., White, S.J., Drieghe, D., Hollway, E.C., & Rayner, K. (2010). Distributional effects of word frequency on eye fixation durations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36, 1280–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavassoli, A., van der Linde, I., Bovik, A. C., & Cormack, L. K. (2009). Eye movements selective for spatial frequency and orientation during active visual search. Vision Research, 49, 173–181. 10.1016/j.visres.2008.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theeuwes, J., Reimann, B., & Mortier, K. (2006). Visual search for featural singletons: No top-down modulation, only bottom-up priming. Visual Cognition, 14, 466–489. 10.1080/13506280500195110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, A. (1988). Features and objects: The 14th Bartlett memorial lecture. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40A, 201–237. 10.1080/02724988843000104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, A. (1996). Selection for perception for selection for action. Visual Cognition, 3, 353–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, A., & Sato, S. (1990). Conjunction search revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 16, 459–478. 10.1037/0096-1523.16.3.459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trukenbrod, H. A., & Engbert, R. (2007). Oculomotor control in a sequential search task. Vision Research, 47, 2426–2443. 10.1016/j.visres.2007.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rullen, R., & Thorpe, S. (2001). The time course of visual processing: From early perception to decision-making. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 454–461. 10.1162/08989290152001880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, J. (1982). Control of fixation duration in visual search and memory search: Another look. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 709–723. 10.1037/0096-1523.8.5.709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, J. (1983). Saccadic reaction time in visual search. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements in reading: Perceptual and language processes (pp. 397–411). New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, J., & Graefe, T. M. (1977). Delay of stimulus presentation after the saccade in visual search. Perception & Psychophysics, 22, 201–205. 10.3758/BF03198755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Grünau, M., Dubé, S., & Galera, C. (1994). Local and global factors of similarity in visual search. Perception & Psychophysics, 55, 575–592. 10.3758/BF03205314
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams, D. E., & Reingold, E. M. (2001). Preattentive guidance of eye movements during triple conjunction search tasks: The effects of feature discriminability and saccadic amplitude. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 476–488. 10.3758/BF03196182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. E., Reingold, E. M., Moscovitch, M., & Behrmann, M. (1997). Patterns of eye movements during parallel and serial visual search tasks. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51, 151–164. 10.1037/1196-1961.51.2.151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, J. M. (1994). Guided search 2.0: A revised model of visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 202–238. 10.3758/BF03200774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, J. M. (1998). Visual search. In H. Pashler (Ed.), Attention (pp. 13–71). London: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe, J. M., & Bennett, S. C. (1997). Preattentive object files: Shapeless bundles of basic features. Vision Research, 37, 25–43. 10.1016/S0042-6989%2896%2900111-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, J. M., Cave, K. R., & Franzel, S. L. (1989). Guided search: An alternative to the feature integration model for visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 15, 419–433. 10.1037/0096-1523.15.3.419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, S. J., & Staub, A. (2012). The distribution of fixation durations during reading: Effects of stimulus quality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38, 603–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, S. J., Staub, A., Drieghe, D., & Liversedge, S. P. (2011). Word frequency effects during reading: Binocular fixations and the distribution of fixation durations. 16th European Conference on Eye Movements (ECEM). Marseille, France.
   Google Scholar
• White, S. J., Warren, T., Staub, A., & Reichle, E. D. (2011). The distribution of fixation durations during reading: Effects of stimulus quality and sentence wrap-up. 16th European Conference on Eye Movements (ECEM). Marseille, France.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., Higgins, E.C., Xiao, M., & Pomplun, M. (2007). Mapping the color space of saccadic selectivity in visual search. Cognitive Science, 31, 877–887. 10.1080/03640210701530789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, S.-N., & McConkie, G. W. (2001). Eye movements during reading: A theory of saccade initiation times. Vision Research, 41, 3567–3585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelinsky, G. J., & Sheinberg, D. L. (1997). Eye movements during parallel-serial visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 23, 244–262. 10.1037/0096-1523.23.1.244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelinsky, G. J. (2008). A theory of eye movements during target acquisition. Psychological Review, 115, 787–835. 10.1037/a0013118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelinsky, G. J., Peng, Y., Berg, A. C., & Samaras, D. (2013). Modeling guidance and recognition in categorical search: Bridging human and computer object detection. Journal of Vision, 13(3), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar