609
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Does body context affect facial emotion perception and eliminate emotional ambiguity without visual awareness?

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 605-620 | Received 09 May 2020, Accepted 01 Nov 2020, Published online: 23 Nov 2020

References

  • Atkinson, A. P., Dittrich, W. H., Gemmell, A. J., & Young, A. W. (2004). Emotion perception from dynamic and static body expressions in point-light and full-light displays. Perception, 33(6), 717–746. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5096
  • Aviezer, H., Bentin, S., Dudarev, V., & Hassin, R. R. (2011). The automaticity of emotional face-context integration. Emotion, 11(6), 1406–1414. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023578
  • Aviezer, H., Bentin, S., Hassin, R. R., Meschino, W. S., Kennedy, J., Grewal, S., & Moscovitch, M. (2009). Not on the face alone: Perception of contextualized face expressions in Huntington’s disease. Brain, 132(6), 1633–1644. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp067
  • Aviezer, H., Ensenberg, N., & Hassin, R. R. (2017). The inherently contextualized nature of facial emotion perception. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.006
  • Aviezer, H., Hassin, R. R., Bentin, S., & Trope, Y. (2008). Putting facial expressions back in context. In N. Ambady, & J. J. Skowronski (Eds.), First impressions (pp. 255–286). Guilford Publications.
  • Aviezer, H., Hassin, R. R., Ryan, J., Grady, C., Susskind, J., Anderson, A., & Bentin, S. (2008). Angry, disgusted, or afraid? Studies on the malleability of emotion perception. Psychological Science, 19(7), 724–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02148.x
  • Aviezer, H., Messinger, D. S., Zangvil, S., Mattson, W. I., Gangi, D. N., & Todorov, A. (2015). Thrill of victory or agony of defeat? Perceivers fail to utilize information in facial movements. Emotion, 15(6), 791–797. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000073
  • Aviezer, H., Trope, Y., & Todorov, A. (2012). Holistic person processing: Faces with bodies tell the whole story. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(1), 20–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027411
  • Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer, & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition: Basic processes; Applications (pp. 1–40). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Barrett, L. F., Adolphs, R., Marsella, S., Martinez, A. M., & Pollak, S. D. (2019). Emotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 20(1), 1–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100619832930
  • Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., & Gendron, M. (2011). Context in emotion perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(5), 286–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411422522
  • Campbell, J. I., & Thompson, V. A. (2012). Morepower 6.0 for ANOVA with relational confidence intervals and Bayesian analysis. Behavior Research Methods, 44(4), 1255–1265. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0186-0
  • Civile, C., & Obhi, S. S. (2015). Towards a mechanistic understanding of the effects of body posture on facial emotion categorisation. The American Journal of Psychology, 128(3), 367. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.128.3.0367
  • Downing, P. E., Jiang, Y., Shuman, M., & Kanwisher, N. (2001). A cortical area selective for visual processing of the human body. Science, 293(5539), 2470–2473. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063414
  • Ebner, N. C., Riediger, M., & Lindenberger, U. (2010). FACES – A database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: Development and validation. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.351
  • Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48(4), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., O’sullivan, M., Chan, A., & Al, E. (1987). Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 712–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.712
  • Fang, X., Sauter, D. A., & Kleef, G. A. (2017). Seeing mixed emotions: The specificity of emotion perception from static and dynamic facial expressions across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(1), 130–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117736270
  • Fernaández-Dols, J., & Ruiz-Belda, M. (1995). Are smiles a sign of happiness? Gold medal winners at the Olympic Games. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1113–1119. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1113
  • Friesen, E., & Ekman, P. (1978). Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Gelder, B. D. (2009). Why bodies? Twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1535), 3475–3484. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0190
  • Gelder, B. D., Meeren, H. K., Righart, R., Stock, J. V., Riet, W. A., & Tamietto, M. (2006). Chapter 3 beyond the face: Exploring rapid influences of context on face processing. Progress in Brain Research Visual Perception – Fundamentals of Awareness: Multi-Sensory Integration and High-Order Perception, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(06)55003-4
  • Gelder, B. D., & Stock, J. V. (2011). The Bodily Expressive Action Stimulus Test (BEAST). Construction and validation of a stimulus basis for measuring perception of whole body expression of emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00181
  • Gunes, H., & Piccardi, M. (2006). A bimodal face and body gesture database for automatic analysis of human nonverbal affective behavior. 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR’06). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2006.39
  • Hall, G. B., West, C. D., & Szatmari, P. (2007). Backward masking: Evidence of reduced subcortical amygdala engagement in autism. Brain and Cognition, 65(1), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2007.01.010
  • Hassin, R. R., Aviezer, H., & Bentin, S. (2013). Inherently ambiguous: Facial expressions of emotions, in context. Emotion Review, 5(1), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451331
  • Izard, C. E. (1994). Innate and universal facial expressions: Evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research. Psychological Bulletin, 115(2), 288–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.288
  • Izard, C. E. (2007). Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new paradigm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(3), 260–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00044.x
  • Kayyal, M. H., & Russell, J. A. (2013). Americans and Palestinians judge spontaneous facial expressions of emotion. Emotion, 13(5), 891–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033244
  • Kayyal, M., Widen, S., & Russell, J. A. (2015). Context is more powerful than we think: Contextual cues override facial cues even for valence. Emotion, 15(3), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000032
  • Lecker, M., Shoval, R., Aviezer, H., & Eitam, B. (2017). Temporal integration of bodies and faces: United we stand, divided we fall? Visual Cognition, 25(4-6), 477–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2017.1310164
  • Martinez, L., Falvello, V. B., Aviezer, H., & Todorov, A. (2016). Contributions of facial expressions and body language to the rapid perception of dynamic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 30(5), 939–952. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1035229
  • Meeren, H. K., van Heijnsbergen, C. C., & de Gelder, B. (2005). Rapid perceptual integration of facial expression and emotional body language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(45), 16518–16523. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0507650102
  • Mondloch, C. J., Nelson, N. L., & Horner, M. (2013). Asymmetries of influence: Differential effects of body postures on perceptions of emotional facial expressions. PLoS One, 8(9), e73605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073605
  • Mulckhuyse, M., Talsma, D., & Theeuwes, J. (2010). Grabbing attention without knowing: Automatic capture of attention by subliminal spatial cues. Journal of Vision, 7(9), 1081–1081. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280701307001
  • Nelson, N. L., & Mondloch, C. J. (2017). Adults’ and children’s perception of facial expressions is influenced by body postures even for dynamic stimuli. Visual Cognition, 25(4-6), 563–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2017.1301615
  • Ortells, J. J., Daza, M. T., & Fox, E. (2003). Semantic activation in the absence of perceptual awareness. Perception & Psychophysics, 65(8), 1307–1317. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194854
  • Ortells, J. J., Vellido, C., Daza, M. T., & Noguera, C. (2006). Semantic priming effects with and without perceptual awareness. Psicológica: International Journal of Methodology and Experimental Psychology, 27(2), 225–242.
  • Palermo, R., & Rhodes, G. (2007). Are you always on my mind? A review of how face perception and attention interact. Neuropsychologia, 45(1), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.025
  • Peelen, M. V., & Downing, P. E. (2007). The neural basis of visual body perception. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(8), 636–648. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2195
  • Roesch, E. B., Sander, D., Mumenthaler, C., Kerzel, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2010). Psychophysics of emotion: The QUEST for emotional attention. Journal of Vision, 10(3), 4–4. https://doi.org/10.1167/10.3.4
  • Schneider, W, Eschman, A, & Zuccolotto, A. (2007). E-Prime getting started guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools, Inc.
  • Schützwohl, A., & Reisenzein, R. (2012). Facial expressions in response to a highly surprising event exceeding the field of vision: A test of Darwin’s theory of surprise. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(6), 657–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.04.003
  • Schwarzlose, R. F. (2005). Separate face and body selectivity on the fusiform gyrus. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(47), 11055–11059. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2621-05.2005
  • Shields, K., Engelhardt, P. E., & Ietswaart, M. (2012). Processing emotion information from both the face and body: An eye-movement study. Cognition & Emotion, 26(4), 699–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.588691
  • Snodgrass, M., Bernat, E., & Shevrin, H. (2004). Unconscious perception at the objective detection threshold exists. Perception & Psychophysics, 66(5), 888–895. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194982
  • Sokolov, A. A., Krüger, S., Enck, P., Krägeloh-Mann, I., & Pavlova, M. A. (2011). Gender affects body language reading. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00016
  • Stock, J. V., Righart, R., & Gelder, B. D. (2007). Body expressions influence recognition of emotions in the face and voice. Emotion, 7(3), 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.487
  • Susskind, J., Littlewort, G., Bartlett, M., Movellan, J., & Anderson, A. (2007). Human and computer recognition of facial expressions of emotion. Neuropsychologia, 45(1), 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.001
  • Szczepanowski, R., & Pessoa, L. (2007). Fear perception: Can objective and subjective awareness measures be dissociated? Journal of Vision, 7(4), 10–10. https://doi.org/10.1167/7.4.10
  • Thoma, P., Bauser, D. S., & Suchan, B. (2013). BESST (Bochum Emotional Stimulus Set) – A pilot validation study of a stimulus set containing emotional bodies and faces from frontal and averted views. Psychiatry Research, 209(1), 98–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.012
  • Trope, Y. (1986). Identification and inferential processes in dispositional attribution. Psychological Review, 93(3), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.3.239
  • Tzelgov, J. (1997). Automatic but conscious: That is how we act most of the time. Advances in Social Cognition, 10, 217–230.
  • Volkova, E. P., Mohler, B. J., Dodds, T. J., Tesch, J., & Bülthoff, H. H. (2014). Emotion categorization of body expressions in narrative scenarios. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 623. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00623
  • Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(12), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.10.011
  • Wieser, M. J., & Brosch, T. (2012). Faces in context: A review and systematization of contextual influences on affective face processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00471

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.