The importance of detailed context reinstatement for the production of identifiable composite faces from memory

References

• Alison, L., Doran, B., Long, M. L., Power, N., & Humphrey, A. (2013). The effects of subjective time pressure and individual differences on hypotheses generation and action prioritization in police investigations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 19(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. A., & Bower, G. H. (1972). Recognition and retrieval processes in free recall. Psychological Review, 79(2), 97–123. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak, O., Vakil, E., & Levy, D. A. (2013). Environmental context effects on episodic memory are dependent on retrieval mode and modulated by neuropsychological status. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(10), 2008–2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.772647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhardwaj, K., & Hole, G. (2020). Effect of racial bias on composite construction. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(3), 616–627. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower, G. H., & Cohen, P. R. (1982). Emotional influences in memory and thinking: Data and theory. In M. S. Clark, & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Affect and cognition (pp. 263–289). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. M. (2003). Eyewitness memory for arousing events: Putting things into context. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 17(1), 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campeanu, S., Craik, F. I., Backer, K. C., & Alain, C. (2014). Voice reinstatement modulates neural indices of continuous word recognition. Neuropsychologia, 62, 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos, L., & Alonso-Quecuty, M. L. (1999). The cognitive interview: Much more than simply “try again”. Psychology, Crime and Law, 5(1-2), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683169908414993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, M. S., Milberg, S., & Ross, J. (1983). Arousal cues arousal-related material in memory: Implications for understanding effects of mood on memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 22(6), 633–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(83)90375-4
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., & Martens, T. K. (1987). Improving the reliability of eyewitness identifications: Putting context into context. Journal of Psychology, 72(2), 629–637. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.72.4.629
   Google Scholar
• Dando, C. J. (2013). Drawing to remember: External support of older adults’ eyewitness performance. PloS One, 8(7), Article e69937. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069937
   Google Scholar
• Dando, C. J., Wilcock, R., Milne, R., & Henry, L. (2009). A modified cognitive interview procedure for frontline police investigators. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(5), 698–716. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, G. M. (1983). Forensic face recall: The role of visual and verbal information. In S. M. A. Lloyd-Bostock, & B. R. Clifford (Eds.), Evaluating witness evidence (pp. 103–123). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, S. (2009). The effects of stress levels on the construction of facial composites. Diffusion, 2. http://atp.uclan.ac.uk/buddypress/diffusion/?p=1763
   Google Scholar
• Davies, G. M., & Milne, A. (1985). Eyewitness composite production. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 12(2), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854885012002004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. R., McMahon, M., & Greenwood, K. M. (2005). The efficacy of mnemonic components of the cognitive interview: Towards a shortened variant for time-critical investigations. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(1), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eich, J. E. (1980). The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval. Memory and Cognition, 8(2), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eich, E., & Metcalfe, J. (1989). Mood dependent memory for internal versus external events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15(3), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.15.3.443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eich, J. E., Weingartner, H., Stillman, R. C., & Gillin, J. C. (1975). State-dependent accessibility of retrieval cues in the retention of a categorized list. Journal of Memory and Language, 14(4), 408–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(75)80020-X
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, H. D., Shepherd, J. W., & Davies, G. M. (1980). The deterioration of verbal descriptions of faces over different delay intervals. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 8(1), 101–106.
   Google Scholar
• Emmett, D., Clifford, B. R., & Gwyer, P. (2003). An investigation of the interaction between cognitive style and context reinstatement on memory performance of eyewitnesses. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(8), 1495–1508. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00131-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J. R., Marcon, J. L., & Meissner, C. A. (2009). Cross-racial lineup identification: Assessing the potential benefits of context reinstatement. Psychology, Crime and Law, 15(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160802047030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, R., & Geiselman, R. (1992). Memory enhancing techniques for investigative interviewing. Charles Thomas Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Fodarella, C., & Frowd, C. D. (2013, September). Accuracy of relational and featural information in facial-composite images. In 2013 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies (pp. 16–20). IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Fodarella, C., Frowd, C. D., Warwick, K., Hepton, G., Stone, K., Date, L., & Heard, P. (2017). Adjusting the focus of attention: Helping witnesses to evolve a more identifiable composite. Forensic Research and Criminology International Journal, 5(1), Article 00143. https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2017.05.00143
   Google Scholar
• Fodarella, C., Kuivaniemi-Smith, H. J., Gawrylowicz, J., & Frowd, C. D. (2015). Detailed procedures for forensic face construction. Journal of Forensic Practice, 17(4), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFP-10-2014-0033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D. (2011). Eyewitnesses and the use and application of cognitive theory. In G. Davey (Ed.), Introduction to applied psychology (pp. 267–289). BPS Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D. (2015). Facial composites and techniques to improve image recognisability. In T. Valentine, & J. Davis (Eds.), Forensic facial identification: Theory and practice of identification from eyewitnesses, composites and cctv (pp. 43–70). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-118-46911-8.
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D. (2017). Facial composite systems: Production of an identifiable face. In M. Bindemann & A. Megreya (Eds.) Face processing: Systems, disorders and cultural differences (pp. 55–86). Nova Science: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D. (in press). Forensic facial composites. In M. Toglia et al. (Ed.), Methods, measures and theories in eyewitness identification. Taylor and Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., Bruce, V., Ross, D., McIntyre, A., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2007). An application of caricature: How to improve the recognition of facial composites. Visual Cognition, 15(8), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280601058951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., Bruce, V., Smith, A., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2008). Improving the quality of facial composites using a holistic cognitive interview. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14(3), 276–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.14.3.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., Carson, D., Ness, H., Richardson, J., Morrison, L., McLanaghan, S., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2005). A forensically valid comparison of facial composite systems. Psychology, Crime and Law, 11(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160310001634313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., Erickson, W. B., Lampinen, J. M., Skelton, F. C., McIntyre, A. H., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2015). A decade of evolving composite techniques: Regression- and meta-analysis. Journal of Forensic Practice, 17(4), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFP-08-2014-0025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., Hancock, P. J. B., Bruce, V., McIntyre, A. H., Pitchford, M., Atkins, R., Webster, A., Pollard, J., Hunt, B., Price, E., & Morgan, S. (2010, September). Giving crime the‘evo’: Catching criminals using EvoFIT facial composites. In 2010 International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies (pp. 36–43). IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., Jones, S., Fodarella, C., Skelton, F. C., Fields, S., Williams, A., Marsh, J., Thorley, R., Nelson, L., Greenwood, L., Date, L., Kearley, K., McIntyre, A., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2014). Configural and featural information in facial-composite images. Science and Justice, 54(3), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2013.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., Nelson, L., Skelton, F. C., Noyce, R., Atkins, R., Heard, P., Morgan, D., Fields, S., Henry, J., McIntyre, A., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2012). Interviewing techniques for Darwinian facial composite systems. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(4), 576–584. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., Pitchford, M., Skelton, F. C., Petkovic, A., Prosser, C., & Coates, B. (2012). Catching even more offenders with EvoFIT facial composites. In 2012 Third International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies (pp. 20–26). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/EST.2012.26
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., Portch, E., Killeen, A., Mullen, L., Martin, A. J., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2019, July). EvoFIT facial composite images: A detailed assessment of impact on forensic practitioners, police investigators, victims, witnesses, offenders and the media. In 2019 Eighth International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies (pp. 1-7). IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Frowd, C. D., Skelton, F., Atherton, C., Pitchford, M., Hepton, G., Holden, L., McIntyre, A. H., & Hanock, P. J. B. (2012). Recovering faces from memory: The distracting influence of external facial features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 18(2), 224–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawrylowicz, J., Gabbert, F., Carson, D., Lindsay, W. R., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2012). Holistic versus featural facial composite systems for people with mild intellectual disabilities. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(5), 716–720. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., MacKinnon, D. P., & Holland, H. L. (1985). Eyewitness memory enhancement in the police interview: Cognitive retrieval mnemonics versus hypnosis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(2), 401–412. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.70.2.401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenberg, A. M. (1997). What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X97000010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godden, D. R., & Baddeley, A. D. (1975). Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: Land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66(3), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1975.tb01468.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, A. G., & Mackenberg, E. J. (1966). Recognition of human faces from isolated facial features: A developmental study. Psychonomic Science, 6(4), 149–150. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03328001
   Google Scholar
• Hammond, L., Wagstaff, G. F., & Cole, J. (2006). Facilitating eyewitness memory in adults and children with context reinstatement and focused meditation. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 3(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.47
   Google Scholar
• Hanczakowski, M., Zawadzka, K., & Coote, L. (2014). Context reinstatement in recognition: Memory and beyond. Journal of Memory and Language, 72, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2014.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasel, L. E., & Wells, G. L. (2007). Catching the bad guy: Morphing composite faces helps. Law and Human Behavior, 31(2), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9007-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockley, W. E. (2008). The effects of environmental context on recognition memory and claims of remembering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(6), 1412–1429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehn, A., Renken, M. D., Gray, J. M., & Nunez, N. L. (2014). Developmental trends in the process of constructing own- and other-race facial composites. The Journal of Psychology, 148(3), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2013.794122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koen, J. D., Aly, M., Wang, W. C., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2013). Examining the causes of memory strength variability: Recollection, attention failure, or encoding variability? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39(6), 1726–1741. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughery, K. R., Duval, C., & Wogalter, M. S. (1986). Dynamics of facial recall. In A. W. Young (Ed.), Aspects of face processing (pp. 373–387). Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, D. A., Rabinyan, E., & Vakil, E. (2008). Forgotten but not gone: Context effects on recognition do not require explicit memory for context. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(11), 1620–1628. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210802134767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macken, W. J. (2002). Environmental context and recognition: The role of recollection and familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(1), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.28.1.153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpass, R. S., & Devine, P. G. (1981). Eyewitness identification: Lineup instructions and the absence of the offender. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66(4), 482–489. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.66.4.482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, A. J., Hancock, P. J. B., & Frowd, C. D. (2017, September). Breathe, relax and remember: An investigation into how focused breathing can improve identification of EvoFIT facial composites. In 2017 Seventh international Conference on Emerging security Technologies (pp. 79–84). IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, A. J., Hancock, P. J. B., Frowd, C. D., Heard, P., Gaskin, E., Ford, C., & Hewitt, T. (2018, August). EvoFIT composite face construction via practitioner interviewing and a witness-administered protocol. In 2018 NASA / ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems (pp. 311–316). IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• McQuiston-Surrett, D., & Topp, L. D. (2008). Externalizing visual images: Examining the accuracy of facial descriptions vs. composites as a function of the own-race bias. Experimental Psychology, 55(3), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.3.195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memon, A., & Bruce, V. (1995). Context effects in episodic studies of verbal and facial memory: A review. Current Psychological Research and Reviews, 4(4), 349–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686589
   Google Scholar
• Memon, A., Meissner, C. A., & Fraser, J. (2010). The cognitive interview: A meta-analytic review and study space analysis of the past 25 years. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(4), 340–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne, R., & Bull, R. (2002). Back to basics: A componential analysis of the original cognitive interview mnemonics with three age groups. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16(7), 743–753. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnane, K., & Phelps, M. P. (1993). A global activation approach to the effect of changes in environmental context on recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19(4), 882–894. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.19.4.882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ness, H., & Bruce, V. (2006, June). An investigation into the use of CCTV footage to improve likeness in facial composites. In European Association of Psychology and Law Conference, Liverpool, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Neyeloff, J. L., Fuchs, S. C., & Moreira, L. B. (2012). Meta-analyses and forest plots using a microsoft excel spreadsheet: Step-by-step guide focusing on descriptive data analysis. BMC Research Notes, 5(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-52
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell, C., & Bruce, V. (2001). Familiarisation with faces selectively enhances sensitivity to changes made to the eyes. Perception, 30(6), 755–764. https://doi.org/10.1068/p3027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellicano, E., Rhodes, G., & Peters, M. (2006). Are pre-schoolers sensitive to configural information in faces? Developmental Science, 9(3), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00489.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainis, N. (2001). Semantic contexts and face recognition. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15(2), 173–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0720(200103/04)15:2<173::AID-ACP695>3.0.CO;2-Q
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, P. N., & Penrod, S. (1986). Meta-analysis of facial identification studies. Psychological Bulletin, 100(2), 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.100.2.139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. M. (1979). Remembering in and out of context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.5.5.460
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. M. (2013). Effects of environmental context on human memory. In T. J. Perfect, & D. S. Lindsay (Eds.) The SAGE handbook of applied memory (vol. 2, pp. 162–182). SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. M., & Manzano, I. (2010). Video context-dependent recall. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 292–301. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. M., & Vela, E. (2001). Environmental context-dependent memory: A review and meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8(2), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, D. M., Robertson, S. L., & Vogt, R. (1982). Person recognition: The effect of context. Human Learning, 1(1), 37–54.
   Google Scholar
• Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0020071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagstaff, G. F. (1982, July). Context effects in eyewitness reports [Paper presented]. Law and Psychology Conference, Swansea, Wales.
   Google Scholar
• Wagstaff, G. F., Cole, J., Wheatcroft, J., Marshall, M., & Barsby, I. (2007). A componential approach to hypnotic memory facilitation: Focused meditation, context reinstatement and eye movements. Contemporary Hypnosis, 24(3), 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/ch.334
   Google Scholar
• Wagstaff, G. F., Wheatcroft, J. M., Caddick, A. M., Kirby, L. J., & Lamont, E. (2011). Enhancing witness memory with techniques derived from hypnotic investigative interviewing: Focused meditation, eye-closure, and context reinstatement. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 59(2), 146–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2011.546180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, G. L., Memon, A., & Penrod, S. D. (2007). Eyewitness evidence: Improving its probative value. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(2), 45–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00027.x
   Google Scholar
• Wong, C. K., & Read, J. D. (2011). Positive and negative effects of physical context reinstatement on eyewitness recall and identification. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(1), 2–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar