References
- Albers, A. M., Kok, P., Toni, I., Dijkerman, H. C., & de Lange, F. P. (2013). Shared representations for working memory and mental imagery in early visual cortex. Current Biology, 23(15), 1427–1431. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.065
- Bae, G., & Luck, S. J. (2019). What happens to an individual visual working memory representation when it is interrupted? British Journal of Psychology, 110(2), 268–287. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12339
- Bettencourt, K. C., & Xu, Y. (2016). Decoding the content of visual short-term memory under distraction in occipital and parietal areas. Nature Neuroscience, 19(1), 150–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4174
- Birman, D., & Gardner, J. L. (2016). Parietal and prefrontal: Categorical differences? Nature Neuroscience, 19(1), 5–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4204
- Brown, H. R., & Friston, K. J. (2013). The functional anatomy of attention: A DCM study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 784. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00784
- Chafee, M. V., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998). Matching patterns of activity in primate prefrontal area 8a and parietal area 7ip neurons during a spatial working memory task. Journal of Neurophysiology, 79(6), 2919–2940. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.2919
- Chennu, S., Noreika, V., Gueorguiev, D., Shtyrov, Y., Bekinschtein, T. A., & Henson, R. (2016). Silent expectations: Dynamic causal modeling of cortical prediction and attention to sounds that weren’t. Journal of Neuroscience, 36(32), 8305–8316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1125-16.2016
- Christophel, T. B., Iamshchinina, P., Yan, C., Allefeld, C., & Haynes, J.-D. (2018). Cortical specialization for attended versus unattended working memory. Nature Neuroscience, 21(4), 494–496. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-018-0094-4
- Christophel, T. B., Klink, P. C., Spitzer, B., Roelfsema, P. R., & Haynes, J.-D. (2017). The distributed nature of working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(2), 111–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.12.007
- Constantinidis, C., Franowicz, M. N., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2001). The sensory nature of mnemonic representation in the primate prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 4(3), 311–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/85179
- Constantinidis, C., & Procyk, E. (2004). The primate working memory networks. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 4(4), 444–465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.4.4.444
- Curtis, C. E., & D’Esposito, M. (2003). Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(9), 415–423. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00197-9
- D’Esposito, M. (2007). From cognitive to neural models of working memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1481), 761–772. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2086
- Dotson, N. M., Hoffman, S. J., Goodell, B., & Gray, C. M. (2018). Feature-based visual short-term memory is widely distributed and hierarchically organized. Neuron, 99(1), 215–226.e4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.05.026
- Druzgal, T. J., & D’Esposito, M. (2001). A neural network reflecting decisions about human faces. Neuron, 32(5), 947–955. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00519-0
- Emrich, S. M. (2015). What are the roles of sensory and parietal activity in visual short-term memory? Mechanisms of Sensory Working Memory, 59–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801371-7.00006-5
- Ester, E. F., Anderson, D. E., Serences, J. T., & Awh, E. (2013). A neural measure of precision in visual working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25(5), 754–761. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00357
- Ester, E. F., Rademaker, R. L., & Sprague, T. C. (2016). How do visual and parietal cortex contribute to visual short-term memory? eNeuro, 3(2), ENEURO.0041-16.2016. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0041-16.2016
- Ester, E. F., Sprague, T. C., & Serences, J. T. (2015). Parietal and frontal cortex encode stimulus-specific mnemonic representations during visual working memory. Neuron, 87(4), 893–905. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.013
- Feredoes, E., Heinen, K., Weiskopf, N., Ruff, C., & Driver, J. (2011). Causal evidence for frontal involvement in memory target maintenance by posterior brain areas during distracter interference of visual working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(42), 17510–17515. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106439108
- Fuster, J. M. (1995). Memory in the cortex of the primate. Biological Research, 28(1), 59–72.
- Fuster, J. M. (1997). Network memory. Trends in Neurosciences, 20(10), 451–459. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01128-4
- Fuster, J. M. (2009). Cortex and memory: Emergence of a new paradigm. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(11), 2047–2072. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21280
- Fuster, J. M., & Bressler, S. L. (2012). Cognit activation: A mechanism enabling temporal integration in working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 207–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.005
- Fuster, J. M., & Bressler, S. L. (2015). Past makes future: Role of pFC in prediction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27(4), 639–654. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00746
- Gayet, S., Guggenmos, M., Christophel, T. B., Haynes, J.-D., Paffen, C. L. E., Van der Stigchel, S., & Sterzer, P. (2017). Visual working memory enhances the neural response to matching visual input. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(28), 6638–6647. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3418-16.2017
- Gilad, A., Gallero-Salas, Y., Groos, D., & Helmchen, F. (2018). Behavioral strategy determines frontal or posterior location of short-term memory in neocortex. Neuron, 99(4), 814–828.e7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.029
- Gottlieb, Y., Vaadia, E., & Abeles, M. (1989). Single unit activity in the auditory cortex of a monkey performing a short term memory task. Experimental Brain Research, 74(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00248287
- Grefkes, C., & Fink, G. R. (2005). The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and monkeys. Journal of Anatomy, 207(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00426.x
- Guo, Z. V., Inagaki, H. K., Daie, K., Druckmann, S., Gerfen, C. R., & Svoboda, K. (2017). Maintenance of persistent activity in a frontal thalamocortical loop. Nature, 545(7653), 181–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22324
- Hallenbeck, G. E., Sprague, T. C., Rahmati, M., Sreenivasan, K. K., & Curtis, C. E. (preprint). Working memory representations in visual cortex mediate the effects of distraction. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.01.429259
- Harrison, S. A., & Tong, F. (2009). Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas. Nature, 458(7238), 632–635. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07832
- Higo, T., Mars, R. B., Boorman, E. D., Buch, E. R., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2011). Distributed and causal influence of frontal operculum in task control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(10), 4230–4235. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1013361108
- Huang, Y., Matysiak, A., Heil, P., König, R., & Brosch, M. (2016). Persistent neural activity in auditory cortex is related to auditory working memory in humans and nonhuman primates. eLife, 5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.15441
- Kamiński, J., Sullivan, S., Chung, J. M., Ross, I. B., Mamelak, A. N., & Rutishauser, U. (2017). Persistently active neurons in human medial frontal and medial temporal lobe support working memory. Nature Neuroscience, 20(4), 590–601. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4509
- Katsuki, F., & Constantinidis, C. (2012). Unique and shared roles of the posterior parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in cognitive functions. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, 17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2012.00017
- Kheradpisheh, S. R., Ganjtabesh, M., & Masquelier, T. (2016). Bio-inspired unsupervised learning of visual features leads to robust invariant object recognition. Neurocomputing, 205, 382–392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2016.04.029
- Kornblith, S., Quian Quiroga, R., Koch, C., Fried, I., & Mormann, F. (2017). Persistent single-neuron activity during working memory in the human medial temporal lobe. Current Biology, 27(7), 1026–1032. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.013
- Kriegeskorte, N., Mur, M., & Bandettini, P. (2008). Representational similarity analysis – Connecting the branches of systems neuroscience. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 2(1), 4–5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.01.016.2008
- Lara, A. H., & Wallis, J. D. (2015). The role of prefrontal cortex in working memory: A mini review. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 9, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00173
- LaRocque, J. J., Riggall, A. C., Emrich, S. M., & Postle, B. R. (2017). Within-category decoding of information in different attentional states in short-term memory. Cerebral Cortex, 27(10), 4881–4890. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw283
- Leavitt, M. L., Mendoza-Halliday, D., & Martinez-Trujillo, J. C. (2017). Sustained activity encoding working memories: Not fully distributed. Trends in Neurosciences, 40(6), 328–346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2017.04.004
- Lee, T. G., & D’Esposito, M. (2012). The dynamic nature of top-down signals originating from prefrontal cortex: A combined fMRI-TMS study. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(44), 15458–15466. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0627-12.2012
- Lee, S.-H., Kravitz, D. J., & Baker, C. I. (2013). Goal-dependent dissociation of visual and prefrontal cortices during working memory. Nature Neuroscience, 16(8), 997–999. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3452
- Lewis-Peacock, J. A., Drysdale, A. T., Oberauer, K., & Postle, B. R. (2012). Neural evidence for a distinction between short-term memory and the focus of attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00140
- Liu, J., Zhang, H., Yu, T., Ni, D., Ren, L., Yang, Q., Lu, B., Wang, D., Heinen, R., Axmacher, N., & Xue, G. (2020). Stable maintenance of multiple representational formats in human visual short-term memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, 32329–32339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006752117
- Lorenc, E. S., Mallett, R., & Lewis-Peacock, J. A. (2021). Distraction in visual working memory: Resistance is not futile. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(3), 228–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.12.004
- Lorenc, E. S., Sreenivasan, K. K., Nee, D. E., Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., & D’Esposito, M. (2018). Flexible coding of visual working memory representations during distraction. Journal of Neuroscience, 38(23), 5267–5276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3061-17.2018
- Mallett, R., & Lewis-Peacock, J. A. (2019). Working memory prioritization impacts neural recovery from distraction. Cortex, 121, 225–238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.08.019
- Mendoza-Halliday, D., Torres, S., & Martinez-Trujillo, J. C. (2014). Sharp emergence of feature-selective sustained activity along the dorsal visual pathway. Nature Neuroscience, 17(9), 1255–1262. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3785
- Miller, E. K., & Desimone, R. (1994). Parallel neuronal mechanisms for short-term memory. Science, 263(5146), 520–522. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8290960
- Miller, E. K., Lundqvist, M., & Bastos, A. M. (2018). Working memory 2.0. Neuron, 100(2), 463–475. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.023
- Miller, B. T., Vytlacil, J., Fegen, D., Pradhan, S., & D’Esposito, M. (2011). The prefrontal cortex modulates category selectivity in human extrastriate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21516
- Olmos-Solis, K., van Loon, A. M., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2021). Content or status: Frontal and posterior cortical representations of object category and upcoming task goals in working memory. Cortex, 135, 61–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.011
- Pasternak, T., & Greenlee, M. W. (2005). Working memory in primate sensory systems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(2), 97–107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1603
- Pinotsis, D. A., Buschman, T. J., & Miller, E. K. (2019). Working memory load modulates neuronal coupling. Cerebral Cortex, 29(4), 1670–1681. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy065
- Postle, B. R. (2006). Working memory as an emergent property of the mind and brain. Neuroscience, 139(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.005
- Rademaker, R. L., Bloem, I. M., De Weerd, P., & Sack, A. T. (2015). The impact of interference on short-term memory for visual orientation. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 41(6), 1650–1665. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000110
- Rademaker, R. L., Chunharas, C., & Serences, J. T. (2019). Coexisting representations of sensory and mnemonic information in human visual cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 22(8), 1336–1344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0428-x
- Rahmati, M., DeSimone, K., Curtis, C. E., & Sreenivasan, K. K. (2020). Spatially specific working memory activity in the human superior colliculus. Journal of Neuroscience, 40(49), 9487–9495. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2016-20.2020
- Riggall, A. C., & Postle, B. R. (2012). The relationship between working memory storage and elevated activity as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(38), 12990–12998. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1892-12.2012
- Riley, M. R., & Constantinidis, C. (2016). Role of prefrontal persistent activity in working memory. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 9, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00181
- Sarma, A., Masse, N. Y., Wang, X.-J., & Freedman, D. J. (2016). Task-specific versus generalized mnemonic representations in parietal and prefrontal cortices. Nature Neuroscience, 19(1), 143–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4168
- Schmitt, L. I., Wimmer, R. D., Nakajima, M., Happ, M., Mofakham, S., & Halassa, M. M. (2017). Thalamic amplification of cortical connectivity sustains attentional control. Nature, 545(7653), 219–223. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22073
- Scimeca, J. M., Kiyonaga, A., & D’Esposito, M. (2018). Reaffirming the sensory recruitment account of working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(3), 190–192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.12.007
- Serences, J. T. (2016). Neural mechanisms of information storage in visual short-term memory. Vision Research, 128, 53–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.09.010
- Serences, J. T., Ester, E. F., Vogel, E. K., & Awh, E. (2009). Stimulus-specific delay activity in human primary visual cortex. Psychological Science, 20(2), 207–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02276.x
- Sprague, T. C., Ester, E. F., & Serences, J. T. (2014). Reconstructions of information in visual spatial working memory degrade with memory load. Current Biology, 24(18), 2174–2180. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.066
- Sprague, T. C., Ester, E. F., & Serences, J. T. (2016). Restoring latent visual working memory representations in human cortex. Neuron, 91(3), 694–707. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.006
- Sreenivasan, K. K., Curtis, C. E., & D’Esposito, M. (2014). Revisiting the role of persistent neural activity during working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(2), 82–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.001
- Sreenivasan, K. K., & D’Esposito, M. (2019). The what, where and how of delay activity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 20(8), 466–481. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-019-0176-7
- Sreenivasan, K. K., Sambhara, D., & Jha, A. P. (2011). Working memory templates are maintained as feature-specific perceptual codes. Journal of Neurophysiology, 106(1), 115–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00776.2010
- Sreenivasan, K. K., Vytlacil, J., & D’Esposito, M. (2014). Distributed and dynamic storage of working memory stimulus information in extrastriate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26(5), 1141–1153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00556
- Stokes, M. G. (2015). “Activity-silent” working memory in prefrontal cortex: A dynamic coding framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(7), 394–405. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.05.004
- Sugase-Miyamoto, Y., Liu, Z., Wiener, M. C., Optican, L. M., & Richmond, B. J. (2008). Short-term memory trace in rapidly adapting synapses of inferior temporal cortex. PLoS Computational Biology, 4(5), e1000073. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000073
- Sun, S. Z., Fidalgo, C., Barense, M. D., Lee, A. C. H., Cant, J. S., & Ferber, S. (2017). Erasing and blurring memories: The differential impact of interference on separate aspects of forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 146(11), 1606–1630. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000359
- Super, H. (2001). A neural correlate of working memory in the monkey primary visual cortex. Science, 293(5527), 120–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1060496
- Tanibuchi, I., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2003). Dissociation of spatial-, object-, and sound-coding neurons in the mediodorsal nucleus of the primate thalamus. Journal of Neurophysiology, 89(2), 1067–1077. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00207.2002
- van Kerkoerle, T., Self, M. W., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2017). Layer-specificity in the effects of attention and working memory on activity in primary visual cortex. Nature Communications, 8(1), 13804. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13804
- van Loon, A. M., Olmos-Solis, K., Fahrenfort, J. J., & Olivers, C. N. (2018). Current and future goals are represented in opposite patterns in object-selective cortex. eLife, 7, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38677
- Wallis, J. D., Anderson, K. C., & Miller, E. K. (2001). Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules. Nature, 411(6840), 953–956. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/35082081
- Watanabe, Y., & Funahashi, S. (2004). Neuronal activity throughout the primate mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus during oculomotor delayed-responses. I. Cue-, delay-, and response-period activity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 92(3), 1738–1755. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00994.2003
- Woloszyn, L., & Sheinberg, D. L. (2009). Neural dynamics in inferior temporal cortex during a visual working memory task. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(17), 5494–5507. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5785-08.2009
- Xu, Y. (2018). Sensory cortex is nonessential in working memory storage. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(3), 192–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.12.008
- Xu, Y. (2020). Revisit once more the sensory storage account of visual working memory. Visual Cognition, 28(5–8), 433–446. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2020.1818659
- Zaksas, D., & Pasternak, T. (2006). Directional signals in the prefrontal cortex and in area MT during a working memory for visual motion task. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(45), 11726–11742. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3420-06.2006
- Zanto, T. P., Rubens, M. T., Thangavel, A., & Gazzaley, A. (2011). Causal role of the prefrontal cortex in top-down modulation of visual processing and working memory. Nature Neuroscience, 14(5), 656–661. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2773
- Zhang, X., Yan, W., Wang, W., Fan, H., Hou, R., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., Ge, C., Duan, S., Compte, A., & Li, C. T. (2019). Active information maintenance in working memory by a sensory cortex. eLife, 8, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.43191